2018-08-28 TOEFL: word roots, reading paraphrase

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word Roots (list 5) - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
morph (amorphous, metamorphosis) = form/shape
multi (multicolored, multilayers, multilingual) = many (This is the Latin root.)
nat (native, innate, natal) = birth
neo (neoclassical, neocolonialism) = new
nom/nym (nominate, misnomer, pseudonym) = name
nov (innovate, novelty) = new
nov (November) = nine
ob/op (obstruct, object, opposite) = in front of
omni (omnipotent, omnidirectional, omnivore) = all (This is the Latin root.)
optim (optimal, optimize) = best
opt (optician, optometry) = sight
paleo (paleontology, Paleolithic) = old (The opposite prefix is “neo”.)
pan (panacea, panorama, pandemic) = all (This is the Greek root.)
path (pathology, antipathy, empathy) = suffer/feeling
ped (pedestrian, pedicure) = foot
ped/paed (pediatrician) = child
peri (perimeter, peripheral) = around
phil (philanthropy, philosophy, bibliophile) = love
phob (arachnophobia, claustrophobia) = fear
phon (phonograph, microphone, homophone) = sound
photo (photograph, photosynthesis, photogenic) = light
pod (podium, podiatry, tripod) = foot
poly (polygon, polyglot) = many (This is the Greek root.)
port (transport, portable) = pass through / carry
post (posthumous, postpone) = after
proto (prototype, proton, protocol) = first
pseudo (pseudonym, pseudopod) = false
psych (psychopath, psychotherapy, psychology) = mind
pute (computer, dispute) = think/reckon
pyro (pyromaniac, pyrotechnics) = fire
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Reading Question Types:
- fact
- negative fact
- vocabulary
- paraphrase
- purpose
- reference
- inference
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize/categorize
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To paraphrase something, you give the same information with different words.
Each reading probably only has one paraphrase question (where you have to identify the paraphrase of one specific sentence from the text), however, many fact and inference questions also require you to identify restated information.
The difference is that paraphrase questions ask for all and only the essential information from one sentence. Incorrect answers often leave out important information from that sentence, or add (true) information that is not from that sentence. (However, a pronoun in the highlighted sentence might refer to the previous sentence, in which case the correct answer will also include that information.)

“This is why scientists didn’t initially believe Baker’s theory.” - “This” refers to the entire previous sentence, so the correct answer might be something like
“Scientists were first skeptical of the new theory because [paraphrase of the previous sentence].”
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Handout (Cengage) exercise 5.1 - Is the restatement correct (a good paraphrase of the sentence), incomplete (true information but not all the important information), or inaccurate (false information)?
1 incomplete (the restatement doesn’t mention anything about today)
2 correct
3 inaccurate (The town is Muncie, not Middleton.)
4 inaccurate
5 correct
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BREAK
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Take 4 minutes to do the next 4.
6 inaccurate (all formations have two-word names)
7 correct (leaving out the example is fine)
8 incomplete (the original sentence is primarily about checkers, which isn’t mentioned in the restatement)
9 inaccurate (the “because” part isn’t indicated in the original; we can infer that Handel wrote pieces before the mid-nineteenth century)
Take 7 minutes to finish this exercise.
10 correct
11 correct
12 inaccurate (they had similar talent)
13 inaccurate (it’s no exception, so poetry developed earlier)
14 inaccurate (he studied sand dunes, not glaciers)
15 incomplete (the new sentence doesn’t mention visual spectacles)
16 inaccurate (there’s “no validity” to those stories, which means this doesn’t happen)
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http://thecluerace.launchrock.com/ - For Thursday’s activity from the professional certificate class.
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DELTA p. 111-112 describes some clues for answering these questions
p. 114-115 exercise 1.6.A - Take 4 minutes to answer these four paraphrase questions.
1 D
2 A
3 C
4 B (“They” is the folkways, and only B maintains the same comparison as the original sentence.)
Do the same for 5-8 on p. 116-117.
5 D (Bacterial action begins in the stomach, and chewing cud helps with further action, meaning some has already happened.)
6 B
7 C
8 A
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Homework: DELTA p. 118-121 - Finish 1.6.A and do 1.6.B. Choose the correct answers and identify why the other answers are wrong.