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Sallust (Classics)

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  1.  
  2. Introduction
  3. Gaius Sallustius Crispus (86–35? BCE) was born at Amiternum, about 93 kilometers northeast of Rome. He may have been the first senator in his family, which was no doubt of local importance. He was probably quaestor around 55 BCE and certainly tribune of the plebs in 52 BCE—one of those who opposed Cicero and Milo that year. In 50 BCE, he was expelled from the Senate, allegedly for immorality. As a partisan of Julius Caesar, he was active in the Roman Civil War (49–46 BCE). He and other Caesarians were defeated by Marcus Octavius in the summer of 49 BCE. In 47 BCE, he nearly got killed when trying to suppress a mutiny in Campania. However, as praetor in 46 BCE, he aided the Caesarian party during the African campaign by capturing enemy supplies at Cercina and was subsequently made proconsular governor of the province of Africa Nova in Numidia (modern Algeria). He allegedly acquired tremendous personal wealth from this office, which he used to purchase a mansion and rich gardens in Rome, and only escaped charges of corruption through Caesar’s intervention. Around the time of Caesar’s death in 44 BCE, Sallust retired from political pursuits—whether willingly or compelled by anxiety—to write history, beginning with two short monographs, Bellum Catilinae (War with Catiline) and Bellum Iugurthinum (Jugurthine War), probably from the late 40s. Respectively, they treated events from 63 BCE and 111–105 BCE. His ultimate work, the Historiae (Histories), which covered Roman history from 78 BCE, has survived only in a series of fragments, though a few of these are lengthy, complete speeches. The authenticity of the “Invective against Cicero” and the “Letters to Caesar” has remained a source of debate, though the invective has had fewer defenders than the letters.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews
  6. Syme 1964 is still a good starting point for the study of Sallust and his works, especially with the 2002 edition including an extensive introduction by Mellor. Shorter narrative treatments include Kraus and Woodman 1997 and a chapter in Mellor 1999. Büchner 1982 provides a full overview in German, but Schmal 2001 is the most thorough and best-organized German introduction. Two recent encyclopedic articles by Schmidt 2008 and Levene 2010 offer concise overviews, Schmidt being the longer and more schematic piece, while Levene offers a good but more impressionistic introduction.
  7.  
  8. Büchner, Karl. 1982. Sallust, 2d ed. Heidelberg: Winter.
  9.  
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  11.  
  12. First edition published in 1960. A magisterial overview in German, more concerned with historiographic and literary aspects and less intent on historical background than is Syme.
  13.  
  14. Find this resource:
  15.  
  16. Levene, D. S. 2010. Sallust. In The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Greece and Rome, vol. 6. Edited by Michael Gagarin and Elaine Fantham, 200–202. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press
  17.  
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  19.  
  20. Concise introduction to Sallust and his works, more impressionistic and less methodical than Schmidt.
  21.  
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  23.  
  24. Kraus, Christina Shuttleworth, and A. J. Woodman. 1997. Latin historians. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  27.  
  28. Includes a concise overview for Sallust, pp. 10–50.
  29.  
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  31.  
  32. Mellor, Ronald. 1999. The Roman historians. London and New York: Routledge.
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  35.  
  36. Contains a chapter on Sallust, pp. 30–47, as well as useful general discussions of Roman historiographic practice.
  37.  
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  39.  
  40. Schmal, Stephan. 2001. Sallust. Hildesheim, Germany: Olms.
  41.  
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  43.  
  44. An excellent German introductory text on Sallust and his historical writing.
  45.  
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  47.  
  48. Schmidt, Peter Lebrecht. 2008. Sallust. In Brill’s encyclopedia of the ancient world: New Pauly, vol. 12. Edited by Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider; English edition edited by Christine F. Salazar, 890–894. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
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  51.  
  52. Original German publication, 1996–2003. Excellent concise introduction to Sallust’s life and works.
  53.  
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  55.  
  56. Syme, Ronald. 1964. Sallust. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
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  59.  
  60. An indispensable English treatment of Sallust and his works, discussing his biography, personality, purpose, style, historical background, fame as a historian, and relationship to contemporaries—as well as critical examinations of each of his three historical works and an appendix on the dubious works. Note that there is a revised 2002 edition.
  61.  
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  63.  
  64. Bibliographies
  65. Sallust is long overdue for a general bibliography, the last one being Leeman 1965. See also Paul 1966 for omissions and errors in Leeman. On the Catilinarian Conspiracy, see Criniti 1971. Becker 1973 includes some later items. Neumeister 1986 provides, in German, a survey of trends in Sallustian scholarship from 1961 to 1981. Kraus and Woodman 1997 provides a more recent survey, and the 2002 edition of Syme 1964 includes a helpful bibliographic essay by Mellor.
  66.  
  67. Becker, Carl. 1973. Sallust. Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt I.3:720–754. Berlin: de Gruyter.
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  70.  
  71. An essay on the state of research on Sallust, with pertinent bibliographic references.
  72.  
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  74.  
  75. Criniti, Nicola. 1971. Bibliografia Catilinaria. Milan: Vita e Pensiero.
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  78.  
  79. Includes 809 historical and historiographic entries, mostly from 1800 to shortly before its publication; notes a 1910 Italian film about Catiline.
  80.  
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  82.  
  83. Kraus, Christina Shuttleworth, and A. J. Woodman. 1997. Latin historians. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  84.  
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  86.  
  87. Includes an introductory bibliographic essay on Sallust, pp. 10–50.
  88.  
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  90.  
  91. Leeman, A. D. 1965. A systematical bibliography of Sallust, 2d ed. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  92.  
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  94.  
  95. Covers international Sallustian bibliography from 1879 to 1964, expanded and revised from Leeman’s first edition (1952) which only went to 1950—more than 1,250 items.
  96.  
  97. Find this resource:
  98.  
  99. Neumeister, Christoff. 1986. Neue Tendenzen und Ergebnisse der Sallust-Forschung (1961–1981). Gymnasium 93:51–68.
  100.  
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  102.  
  103. A German bibliographic analysis of trends in Sallustian scholarship from 1961 to 1981.
  104.  
  105. Find this resource:
  106.  
  107. Paul, G. M. 1966. Review of Leeman: A systematical bibliography of Sallus. Phoenix 20.3: 266–267.
  108.  
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  110.  
  111. A review praising Leeman 1965, while noting omissions and errors.
  112.  
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  114.  
  115. Syme, Ronald. 1964. Sallust. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
  116.  
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  118.  
  119. Though the bibliography of the first edition is good on earlier scholarship, note that the 2002 edition includes a new introduction by Ronald Mellor with a bibliographic essay.
  120.  
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  122.  
  123. Biography
  124. Ancient evidence for Sallust’s life, in both Latin and Greek, is conveniently collected by Kurfess (Sallust 1981), pp. xxii-xxxi. Leeman 1965 lists scholarship pertaining to Sallust’s life, pp. 23–30. Useful discussions may be found in Syme 1964 (especially pp. 1–59)—the most extensive discussion—and more recently in Ramsey (Sallust 2007), pp. 1–5, McGushin 1977, pp. 1–6, and Schmidt 2008. See also Politics for scholarship specifically on Sallust’s political views.
  125.  
  126. Leeman, A. D. 1965. A systematical bibliography of Sallust, 2d ed. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  127.  
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  129.  
  130. Well organized international bibliography on Sallust’s life.
  131.  
  132. Find this resource:
  133.  
  134. McGushin, Patrick. 1977. C. Sallustius Crispus: Bellum Catilinae: A commentary. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  135.  
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  137.  
  138. A concise overview of evidence for Sallust’s life.
  139.  
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  141.  
  142. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 1981. C. Sallustii Crispi Catilina, Iugurtha, fragmenta ampliora, 9th ed. Edited by Alphons Kurfess. Leipzig: Teubner.
  143.  
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  145.  
  146. First edition, 1957. This is the best place to find collected Greek and Latin testimonia about Sallust.
  147.  
  148. Find this resource:
  149.  
  150. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 2007. Sallust’s Bellum Catilinae, 2d ed. Edited with introduction and commentary by J. T. Ramsey. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  151.  
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  153.  
  154. First edition, 1984. Includes concise biographical overview.
  155.  
  156. Find this resource:
  157.  
  158. Schmidt, Peter Lebrecht. 2008. Sallust. In Brill’s encyclopedia of the ancient world: New Pauly, vol. 12. Edited by Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider; English edition edited by Christine F. Salazar, 890–894. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  159.  
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  161.  
  162. Original German edition, 1996–2003.Well organized and succinct overview of Sallust’s life.
  163.  
  164. Find this resource:
  165.  
  166. Syme, Ronald. 1964. Sallust. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press
  167.  
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  169.  
  170. Syme’s biographical examination concentrates on illuminating Sallust’s political and personal views in light of the late republican background, particularly how his environment and personality is reflected in his writing. While always interesting, many points are, of course, highly debatable.
  171.  
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  173.  
  174. Style
  175. Ancient historians embellished and shaped their works stylistically and rhetorically, and Sallust is a master of the art. Two of the rhetorical devices most associated with Sallust are inconcinnitas (use of purposefully imbalanced expressions) and brevitas (concise, even abrupt statement), both often attributed to his imitatio of his Greek model Thucydides (see Sources and Models). Most of the commentaries provide brief overviews of these features in their introductions (see Commentaries). Latte 1935 has a fuller overview of Sallust’s style. On brevitas, see Bolaffi 1910 and Dziuba 2009. Fuchs 1994 provides a survey of zeugma in Sallust. Woodman 1988 argues that Sallust’s style is an indication of his critical attitude.
  176.  
  177. Bolaffi, Ezio. 1910. De Sallustii dicendi brevitate. Forli, Italy: A. Bordandini.
  178.  
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  180.  
  181. A published dissertation on Sallustian brevitas.
  182.  
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  184.  
  185. Dziuba, Agnieszka. 2009. Brevitas as a stylistic feature in Roman historiography. In The children of Herodotus: Greek and Roman historiography and related genres. Edited by Jakub Pigón, 317–328. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars.
  186.  
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  188.  
  189. Essay on brevitas and rhetoric in Sallust and his successors Velleius and Florus.
  190.  
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  192.  
  193. Fuchs, Angelika. 1994. Das Zeugma bei Sallust. Inaug. Diss. Regensberg.
  194.  
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  196.  
  197. A study of zeugma in Sallust, a rhetorical device characteristic to Sallust owing to his brevitas.
  198.  
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  200.  
  201. Latte, Kurt. 1935. Sallust. Leipzig: Teubner.
  202.  
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  204.  
  205. Reprinted in Viktor Pöschl, ed., Sallust (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1981), pp. 400–460. Provides, in German, an overview of stylistic and literary aspects of Sallust’s writing.
  206.  
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  208.  
  209. Woodman, A. J. 1988. Rhetoric in classical historiography. London: Croom Helm.
  210.  
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  212.  
  213. Includes four studies, the third one on Sallust and Livy. Argues that ancient historiography was so profoundly shaped by rhetoric that it is better viewed as literature than as history in the modern sense.
  214.  
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  216.  
  217. Archaisms
  218. Sallust intentionally used numerous archaisms in imitation of his Roman predecessors such as Cato (see Sources and Models). Constans 1880 provides an old but thorough Latin overview of Sallust’s prose style, especially his archaism; he found, as has been repeatedly confirmed, that Sallust includes more archaisms in his later works than in the War of Catiline. Lebek 1970 is controversial in his claim that Sallust was the first true archaizer in Latin, but well worth reading even if one does not agree. The scientific concordance of Rapsch and Najock 1991 backs up earlier findings through an objective and complete statistical analysis of Sallust’s word usage in each work.
  219.  
  220. Constans, Léopold. 1880. De Sermone Sallustiano. Paris: Vieweg.
  221.  
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  223.  
  224. Provides, in Latin, an old but thorough and detailed overview of Sallustian language and finds that Sallustian language becomes more archaic over time, so that the Histories include more archaisms than the short monographs.
  225.  
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  227.  
  228. Lebek, Wolfgang Dieter. 1970. Verba prisca: Die Anfänge des Archaisierens in der lateinischen Beredsamkeit und Geschichtsschreibung. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
  229.  
  230. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  231.  
  232. Argues, in German, through comprehensive analysis of archaism in Latin literature that Sallust was the first Latin author to archaize in the fullest sense.
  233.  
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  235.  
  236. Rapsch, Jürgen, and Dietmar Najock. 1991. Concordantia in corpus Sallustianum. 2 vols. Hildesheim, Germany: Olms-Weidmann.
  237.  
  238. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  239.  
  240. Includes not only the two monographs and fragments of the Histories but also the debated works, provides ample context for understanding each instance of a word, and supplies a full statistical chart of word usage by work at the end of vol. 2.
  241.  
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  243.  
  244. Prose Rhythm
  245. Sallust’s favored prose rhythms, like those of other Roman historians, differ much from common Ciceronian metrical patterns, and they are generally recognized to constitute a system of their own. Ullman 1925 specifically analyzes the prose rhythm of speeches in Sallust, Livy, and Tacitus. Aili 1979 improves on the earlier method of de Groot 1921 and creates what is one of the most objective studies of Latin prose meter to date; it systematically analyzes selections from the narratives of Sallust and Livy. Vretska (Sallust 1976) actually includes the scansion of the entire War with Catiline, clause by clause, in his commentary; this is a praiseworthy venture, though it should be used with care, since it contains errors and inconsistencies. Oberhelman 1986 applies prose metrical arguments to the debate about the “Letters to Caesar” and “Invective against Cicero.”
  246.  
  247. Aili, Hans. 1979. The prose rhythm of Sallust and Livy. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.
  248.  
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  250.  
  251. The most thorough, objective, and scientific analysis of Sallust’s prose rhythms.
  252.  
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  254.  
  255. de Groot, Albert W. 1921. Der antike Prosarhythmus. Groningen, The Netherlands: Wolters.
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  258.  
  259. For its time, one of the most scientific studies of Greek and Latin prose rhythm.
  260.  
  261. Find this resource:
  262.  
  263. Oberhelman, Stephen M. 1986. Clausular rhythms and the authenticity of the Pseudo-Sallustiana. Latomus 45:383–391.
  264.  
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  266.  
  267. Applies rhythmical analysis to the “Letters to Caesar” and “Invective against Cicero.”
  268.  
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  270.  
  271. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 1976. De Catilinae coniuratione. Edited with commentary by Karl Vretska. Heidelberg: Winter.
  272.  
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  274.  
  275. Commentary includes admirable but inconsistent scansion of entire Latin text.
  276.  
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  278.  
  279. Ullman, Ragnar. 1925. Les clausules dans le discours de Salluste, Tite-Live et Tacite. Symbolae Osloenses 3:65–75.
  280.  
  281. DOI: 10.1080/00397672508590160Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  282.  
  283. Analysis of metrical clausulae in the speeches of Sallust, Livy, and Tacitus.
  284.  
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  286.  
  287. Themes and Topoi
  288. Steidle 1958 analyzes the monographs in view of the themes stated in Sallust’s prologues. Earl 1961 is a thorough and penetrating overview of Sallustian political terms and their thematic significance. Tiffou 1975 examines Sallust’s moral themes and concentrates on the importance of key concepts such as virtus and the problematic fortuna, which sometimes subverts virtus. Oniga 1995 treats Sallust’s use of topoi (traditional commonplaces) in his ethnographic digressions. Büchner 1953 looks at characters’ flawed virtus as a theme throughout the Jugurthine War. Scanlon 1987 similarly sees spes (hope or expectation) unaccompanied by action as an important theme in both the monographs. The imperfection of both virtus and spes illustrates Sallust’s characteristic complexity, which requires similar complexity in any thematic analysis. Indeed, imperfection itself may be viewed as a characteristic Sallustian theme (see Bukkard 2003).
  289.  
  290. Büchner, Karl. 1953. Der Aufbau von Sallusts Bellum Jugurthinum. Wiesbaden, Germany: Steiner.
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  293.  
  294. Analyzes the structure and themes of the work, especially the flawed virtus of the characters.
  295.  
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  297.  
  298. Bukkard, Thorsten. 2003. Sallust als Klassiker. In Altera Ratio: Klassische Philologie zwischen Subjektivität und Wissenschaft; Festschrift für Werner Suerbaum zum 70. Geburtstag. Edited by Markus Schauer and Gabriele Thome, 12–24. Stuttgart: Steiner.
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  301.  
  302. Argues that Sallust is a classic because, as a historian, he characteristically concerns himself with judging not each person but each action, because no individual is perfectly good.
  303.  
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  305.  
  306. Earl, Donald C. 1961. The political thought of Sallust. Amsterdam: Hakkert.
  307.  
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  309.  
  310. Argues that Sallust’s political thought was profound and was influenced by his own experience and by Roman conceptions (especially virtus, which he sees as a sort of political virtue connected to ingenium or natural aptitude) rather than derived from Greek thought.
  311.  
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  313.  
  314. Oniga, Renato. 1995. Sallustio e l’etnografia. Pisa, Italy: Giardini.
  315.  
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  317.  
  318. Provides, in Italian, a unique overview of Sallust’s ethnographic digressions in the Jugurthine War and Histories, considers his literary and cultural models and the question of the mysterious libri Punici (Jugurthine War 17.7).
  319.  
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  321.  
  322. Scanlon, Thomas. 1987. Spes frustrata: A reading of Sallust. Heidelberg: Winter.
  323.  
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  325.  
  326. Argues that spes in Sallust’s short monographs is thematically treated as largely negative, since it is not often accompanied by appropriate deliberation and action.
  327.  
  328. Find this resource:
  329.  
  330. Steidle, Wolf. 1958. Sallusts historische Monographien. Wiesbaden, Germany: Steiner.
  331.  
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  333.  
  334. Examines both monographs in view of the themes Sallust cites in his prologues.
  335.  
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  337.  
  338. Tiffou, Étienne. 1975. Essai de la pensée morale de Salluste. Montreal: Univ. of Montreal Press.
  339.  
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  341.  
  342. Argues that the prologues are the key to understanding the overall themes of Sallust’s historical works and emphasizes, like Earl 1961, key moral and political terms such as virtus and fortuna.
  343.  
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  345.  
  346. Politics
  347. Sallust was active in politics—as quaestor, tribune of the plebs, praetor, legionary commander, and governor—both at home and at war during the Roman Civil War that saw the fall of the Republic, so scholars have naturally been quite concerned with his political views and his portrayal of contemporary or near-contemporary politics. Allen 1954 accepts Sallust’s autobiographical statements and considers why he abandoned politics to write history. Drummond 1995 deals with the debate, both ancient and modern, about whether the execution of Catilinarian conspirators was legal, and concludes that it was motivated more by political interests than by legal precedent. Sallust appears in von Fritz 1943 as an angry newcomer who portrays senators unfairly in the Jugurthine War. Wistrand 1968, accepting the “Letters to Caesar” as genuine, explores their political significance. Paananen 1972 surveys Sallust’s use of key political terms and argues, not always convincingly, that they can tell us about Sallust’s political views. Lehmann 1980 and Samotta 2009 deal with Sallust’s ideas for political reform in comparison with other contemporary suggestions. See also Earl 1961 under Themes and Topoi.
  348.  
  349. Allen, Walter. 1954. Sallust’s political career. Studies in Philology 51.1: 1–14.
  350.  
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  352.  
  353. Accepting Sallust’s autobiographical statements in his prologues, examines his reasons for abandoning politics for historiography.
  354.  
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  356.  
  357. Drummond, Andrew. 1995. Law, politics and power: Sallust and the execution of the Catilinarian conspirators. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.
  358.  
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  360.  
  361. Examines in detail all the ancient and modern views on the propriety and legality of the execution of the Catilinarian conspirators and finds that personal perceptions and interests were more important in bringing about the executions.
  362.  
  363. Find this resource:
  364.  
  365. Fritz, Kurt von. 1943. Sallust and the attitude of the Roman nobility at the time of the wars against Jugurtha (112–105 B.C.). Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 74:134–168.
  366.  
  367. DOI: 10.2307/283595Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  368.  
  369. Argues that Sallust as a newcomer to the Roman political system was highly anti-senatorial and carefully portrayed senators negatively in his Jugurthine War, and so he should be viewed as a complex propagandist.
  370.  
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  372.  
  373. Lehmann, Gustav Adolf. 1980. Politische Reformverschläge in der Krise der spätten römischen Republik. Meisenheim am Glan, Germany: Hain.
  374.  
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  376.  
  377. Discusses Sallust’s suggestions for political reform on pp. 52–99.
  378.  
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  380.  
  381. Malitz, Jürgen. 1975. Ambitio mala: Studien zur politischen Biographie des Sallust. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  382.  
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  384.  
  385. A revised dissertation dealing with Sallust’s political biography and accepting many debatable facts in its reconstruction.
  386.  
  387. Find this resource:
  388.  
  389. Paananen, Unto. 1972. Sallust’s Politico-social terminology: Its use and biographical significance. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.
  390.  
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  392.  
  393. A survey of Sallust’s use of political terms such as nobilis and plebs and their possible implications for Sallust’s biography.
  394.  
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  396.  
  397. Samotta, Iris. 2009. Das Vorbild der Vergangenheit: Geschichtsbild und Reformvorschläge bei Cicero und Sallust. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.
  398.  
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  400.  
  401. Accepts the authenticity of the “Letters to Caesar” and examines Sallust’s view of Roman history and how it is reflected in his suggestions for political reform.
  402.  
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  404.  
  405. Wistrand, Erik. 1968. Sallust on judicial murders in Rome: A philological and historical study. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.
  406.  
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  408.  
  409. Accepting the authenticity of the “Letters to Caesar,” he examines the political and cultural background.
  410.  
  411. Find this resource:
  412.  
  413. Studies of Individual Works
  414. The following subsections present studies of the individual works of Sallust, the War with Catiline, Jugurthine War, Histories, and “Letters” and “Invective.”
  415.  
  416. War with Catiline
  417. The second chapter of La Penna 1968 is devoted to a provocative Marxist analysis of Sallust’s War with Catiline. Batstone 1988 concentrates on understanding the literary features of Sallust’s comparison of Caesar and Cato, and Batstone 1990 looks at the conflict rhetoric of the prologue. Heldman 1993 provides a literary analysis of the War with Catiline which concentrates on the monograph’s connections with Hellenistic histories. Wilkins 1994 provides a full analysis of the ambiguity of Catiline and the resulting complications for our interpretation of Sallust. Ledworuski 1994 examines where Sallust either errs or falsifies information and how that affects our understanding of his historiographic practice. Sklenár 1994 argues that Sallust’s own characteristic morality pervades the speeches of Caesar and Cato. Krebs 2008 shows how Sallust uses a moralizing, mythical image as a model for his own life choice in the prologue.
  418.  
  419. Batstone, William W. 1988. The antithesis of virtue: Sallust’s “synkrisis” and the crisis of the late Republic. Classical Antiquity 7.1: 1–29.
  420.  
  421. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  422.  
  423. Examines the literary and rhetorical aspects of the comparison of Caesar and Cato in the War with Catiline in the light of the ancient rhetorical device synkrisis.
  424.  
  425. Find this resource:
  426.  
  427. Batstone, William W. 1990. Intellectual conflict and mimesis in Sallust’s Bellum Catilinae. In Conflict, antithesis, and the ancient historian. Edited by J. W. Allison, 112–132. Columbus: Univ. of Ohio Press.
  428.  
  429. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  430.  
  431. An analysis of the rhetoric in Sallust’s prologue.
  432.  
  433. Find this resource:
  434.  
  435. Heldmann, Konrad. 1993. Sallust über die römische Weltherrschaft. Ein Geschichtsmodell im Catilina und seine Tradition in der hellenistischen Historigraphie. Stuttgart: Teubner.
  436.  
  437. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  438.  
  439. A close literary analysis of the War with Catiline and an examination of its relationship to Hellenistic histories such as those of Polybius and Diodorus.
  440.  
  441. Find this resource:
  442.  
  443. La Penna, Antonio. 1968. Sallustio e la “rivoluzione romana.” Milan: Feltrinelli.
  444.  
  445. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  446.  
  447. A Marxist study that concentrates on Sallust’s connection to and reflection of his revolutionary times.
  448.  
  449. Find this resource:
  450.  
  451. Ledworuski, Gabriele. 1994. Historiographische Widersprüche in der Monographie Sallusts zur catilinarischen Verschwörung. Frankfurt am Main: Lang.
  452.  
  453. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  454.  
  455. Collects and classifies the historical errors and falsifications in Sallust’s War with Catiline in order to assess Sallust as a historian.
  456.  
  457. Find this resource:
  458.  
  459. Krebs, Christopher. 2008. The imagery of “the Way” in the proem to Sallust’s Bellum Catilinae (1–4). American Journal of Philology 129.4: 581–594.
  460.  
  461. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  462.  
  463. Shows how Sallust used the imagery of the Way (as in Hercules’s mythical choice to follow the path of virtue) to justify his turn from politics to historiography.
  464.  
  465. Find this resource:
  466.  
  467. Sklenár, Robert. 1994. La Republique des signes: Caesar, Cato, and the language of Sallustian morality. Transactions of the American Philological Association 128:205–220.
  468.  
  469. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  470.  
  471. Examines the parallels between the speeches of Caesar and Cato and Sallust’s authorial expressions of morality.
  472.  
  473. Find this resource:
  474.  
  475. Wilkins, Ann Thomas. 1994. Villain or hero: Sallust’s portrayal of Catiline. New York: Peter Lang.
  476.  
  477. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  478.  
  479. Full treatment of the ambiguity of Catiline in Sallust.
  480.  
  481. Find this resource:
  482.  
  483. Jugurthine War
  484. Vretska 1955 analyzes the structure of the monograph according to the chief segments of the war rather than according to topoi and other literary concerns, as is more common. Levene 1992 argues, based on literary conventions, that Sallust wrote the Jugurthine War in the manner of a historical fragment. Claasen 1993 provides a stimulating, though not always convincing, discussion of the inconsistent presentation of Jugurtha in Sallust. Wiedemann 1993 argues that the digressions are thematically connected to the main narrative. Kraus 1999 argues that the disorder of Sallust’s historical subject is unintentionally reflected in his discordant narrative. Morstein-Marx 2001 similarly shows how closely Sallust has connected his digression on Numidian origins to the historical narrative. Parker 2004 argues that Sallust’s narrative shows a prejudicial arrangement that distorts the historical facts in order to emphasize Rome’s venal decadence.
  485.  
  486. Claasen, Jo-Marie. 1993. Sallust’s Jugurtha: Rebel or freedom fighter? On crossing crocodile-infested waters. Classical World 86.4: 273–297.
  487.  
  488. DOI: 10.2307/4351360Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  489.  
  490. Explores the ambiguity of Sallust’s presentation of Jugurtha with reference to modern parallels.
  491.  
  492. Find this resource:
  493.  
  494. Kraus, Christina Shuttleworth. 1999. Jugurthine disorder. In The limits of historiography. Edited by C. S. Kraus, 217–247. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  495.  
  496. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  497.  
  498. Shows how disorder in Sallust’s historical subject destabilizes his discordant narrative.
  499.  
  500. Find this resource:
  501.  
  502. Levene, D. S. 1992. Sallust’s Jugurtha: An ‘historical fragment.’ Journal of Roman Studies 82:53–70.
  503.  
  504. DOI: 10.2307/301284Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  505.  
  506. Argues that Sallust has written the Jugurthine War in such a way that it reads like a fragment of a longer historical work because of its lack of strong climax and closure.
  507.  
  508. Find this resource:
  509.  
  510. Morstein-Marx, Robert. 2001. The myth of Numidian origins in Sallust’s African excursus (Iugurtha 17.7–18.12). American Journal of Philology 122.2: 179–200.
  511.  
  512. DOI: 10.1353/ajp.2001.0026Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  513.  
  514. A literary analysis of Sallust’s myth of Numidian origins, discussing how and why Sallust has shaped his sources.
  515.  
  516. Find this resource:
  517.  
  518. Parker, Viktor L. 2004. Romae omnia venalia esse: Sallust’s development of a thesis and the prehistory of the Jugurthine War. Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 53.4: 408–423.
  519.  
  520. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  521.  
  522. Argues that Sallust’s prejudicial arrangement of material has made the Senate appear to favor Jugurtha, though evidence suggests a constant opposition.
  523.  
  524. Find this resource:
  525.  
  526. Vretska, Karl. 1955. Studien zu Sallusts Bellum Jugurthinum. Vienna: Rohrer.
  527.  
  528. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  529.  
  530. Unlike Büchner 1982, divides the structure by chief segments of the war and avoids emphasizing virtus.
  531.  
  532. Find this resource:
  533.  
  534. Wiedemann, Thomas. 1993. Sallust’s Jugurtha: Concord, discord, and the digressions. Greece & Rome 40.1: 48–57.
  535.  
  536. DOI: 10.1017/S0017383500022580Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  537.  
  538. Explores the thematic concerns of the digressions and Sallust’s paradoxical emphasis on concordia despite recurrent images of discord.
  539.  
  540. Find this resource:
  541.  
  542. Histories
  543. Rawson 1987 proposes that the scholia to Lucan may derive some historical details not from Livy but from Sallust and thus may be helpful in reconstructing his Histories. Ahlheid 1988 argues against taking the “Letter of Mithridates” as a good indication of the king’s true sentiments. Adler 2006 shows that Sallust’s complexity allows him to use Mithridates to make an attack on Roman policy.
  544.  
  545. Adler, Eric. 2006. Who’s anti-Roman? Sallust and Pompeius Trogus on Mithridates. Classical Journal 101.4: 383–407.
  546.  
  547. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  548.  
  549. Adler argues that the figure of Mithridates in Trogus and the fragments of Sallust actually provides a positive anti-Roman voice, contrary to common expectation.
  550.  
  551. Find this resource:
  552.  
  553. Ahlheid, Frans. 1988. Oratorical strategy in Sallust’s Letter of Mithridates reconsidered. Mnemosyne 41.1/2: 67–92.
  554.  
  555. DOI: 10.1163/156852588X00057Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  556.  
  557. Argues that Sallust’s “Letter of Mithridates” is full of Sallustian invention and includes little of the true sentiment of Mithridates VI.
  558.  
  559. Find this resource:
  560.  
  561. Keyser, Paul T. 1997. Sallust’s Historiae, Dioskorides and the sites of the Korykos captured by P. Servilius Vatia. Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 46.1: 64–79.
  562.  
  563. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  564.  
  565. A reassessment of the location of Korykos, mentioned by Sallust, argues that it must be the Lydian, not the Cilician Korykos.
  566.  
  567. Find this resource:
  568.  
  569. Rawson, Elizabeth. 1987. Sallust on the eighties? Classical Quarterly 37.1: 163–180.
  570.  
  571. DOI: 10.1017/S0009838800031748Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  572.  
  573. Examines the coverage of Sallust’s fragmentary Histories for the 80s BCE and suggests that some details from Lucanian scholia are derived from Sallust rather than Livy.
  574.  
  575. Find this resource:
  576.  
  577. Letters and Invective
  578. The debate continues on the authenticity of the two “Letters to Caesar” and “Invective against Cicero.” Some scholars accept all or part of them as genuine, while others reject them or do not feel the evidence is conclusive either way. Nisbet 1958 rejects all three and argues suggestively that the second letter used the invective as a source. Syme 1964 also rejects them strongly. Seel 1930 and Seel 1966 argue that the letters are genuine but the invective is not. Wistrand 1968 likewise defends the authenticity of the letters. Oberhelman 1986 applies rhythmical analysis to the debate. See also works cited under Commentaries and Letters and Invective.
  579.  
  580. Nisbet, R. G. M. 1958. The Invectiva in Ciceronem and Epistula secunda of Pseudo-Sallust. Journal of Roman Studies 48.1/2: 30–32.
  581.  
  582. DOI: 10.2307/298209Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  583.  
  584. Rejects the authenticity of the Pseudo-Sallustian works and argues that the second letter probably used the invective as a source.
  585.  
  586. Find this resource:
  587.  
  588. Oberhelman, Stephen M. 1986. Clausular rhythms and the authenticity of the Pseudo-Sallustiana. Latomus 45:383–391.
  589.  
  590. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  591.  
  592. Statistically analyzes prose rhythm in the question of the authorship of the “Letters to Caesar” and “Invective against Cicero.”
  593.  
  594. Find this resource:
  595.  
  596. Seel, Otto. 1930. Sallust: von den Briefen ad Caesarem zur Coniuratio Catilinae. Berlin: Teubner.
  597.  
  598. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  599.  
  600. Argues, in German, that the Letters are genuine by justifying apparent anachronisms and attacks the claim that Sallust wrote the War with Catiline to defend Caesar against charges of complicity with Catiline.
  601.  
  602. Find this resource:
  603.  
  604. Seel, Otto. 1966. Sallusts Briefe und die pseudosallustische Invective. Nürnberg, Germany: Carl.
  605.  
  606. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  607.  
  608. Argues, in German, that the Letters are genuine while the Invective is not.
  609.  
  610. Find this resource:
  611.  
  612. Syme, Ronald. 1964. Sallust. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
  613.  
  614. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  615.  
  616. Includes an important appendix on the dubious works.
  617.  
  618. Find this resource:
  619.  
  620. Wistrand, Erik. 1968. Sallust on judicial murders in Rome: A philological and historical study. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.
  621.  
  622. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  623.  
  624. Defends the authenticity of the “Letters to Caesar” against possible historical and linguistic objections, often by explaining the political and cultural background.
  625.  
  626. Find this resource:
  627.  
  628. Manuscript Tradition
  629. See also the critical editions under Histories and Multiple Works; Maurenbrecher and Reynolds are particularly good in their notes on manuscript history. Canfora 1987 provides an Italian account of the manuscript history of Sallust. Maurenbrecher 1903 treats the problem of the passage missing in many manuscripts of the Jugurthine War (103.2–112.2). Munk Olsen 1985 discusses manuscripts of Sallust from the 9th to 12th centuries, while Osmond and Ulery 2005 provides a catalog and discussion of medieval and Renaissance editions of Sallust.
  630.  
  631. Canfora, Luciano. 1987. Per la storia del testo di Sallustio. In Filologia e forme letterarie: Studi offerti a Francesco della Corte. Vol. 2. Edited by Sandro Boldrini, 377–398. Urbino, Italy: Università degli studi di Urbino.
  632.  
  633. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  634.  
  635. Italian study of the manuscript history of Sallust.
  636.  
  637. Find this resource:
  638.  
  639. Maurenbrecher, Bertold. 1903. Sallustiana: Die Überlieferung der Jugurthalücke. Halle an der Saale, Germany: C. A. Kaemmerer.
  640.  
  641. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  642.  
  643. Deals, in German, with textual problems in the passage missing from many manuscripts of the Jugurthine War (103.2–112.2).
  644.  
  645. Find this resource:
  646.  
  647. Munk Olsen, Birger. 1985. Catalogue des manuscrits classiques latins copiés du IXe au XIIe siècle, vol 2. Paris: Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
  648.  
  649. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  650.  
  651. Discusses the manuscripts of Sallust on pp. 307–363.
  652.  
  653. Find this resource:
  654.  
  655. Osmond, Patricia J., and Robert Ulery, Jr. 2005. Sallust. In Catalogus translationum et commentariorum, vol. 8. Edited by Virginia Brown, James Hankins, and Robert A. Kaster, 183–326. Washington, DC: Catholic Univ. of America.
  656.  
  657. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  658.  
  659. An exhaustive catalog of ancient, medieval, and Renaissance editions, translations, and commentaries on Sallust.
  660.  
  661. Find this resource:
  662.  
  663. Texts
  664. The following subsections present Latin text editions for the works of Sallust: first, editions of multiple works, then individually of the War with Catiline, Jugurthine War, Histories, and “Letters” and “Invective.”
  665.  
  666. Multiple Works
  667. Rolfe (Sallust 1931) is useful as a Latin-English edition, though both its text without apparatus and its translation do not rival later editions. Kurfess (Sallust 1981) is a good critical edition that includes texts of ancient testimonia on Sallust. Ernout and Hellegouarc’h (Sallust 2003) is a solid French-Latin edition with a sound critical text. The best critical text is arguably Reynolds (Sallust 1991).
  668.  
  669. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). Sallust. 1931. Edited and translated by J. C. Rolfe. Loeb Classical Library. New York: G. P. Putnam’s son.
  670.  
  671. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  672.  
  673. Unauthoritative Latin-English bilingual edition with the monographs, longer fragments of the Histories, and the debated works.
  674.  
  675. Find this resource:
  676.  
  677. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 1981. C. Sallustii Crispi Catilina, Iugurtha, fragmenta ampliora, 9th ed. Edited by Alphons Kurfess. Leipzig: Teubner.
  678.  
  679. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  680.  
  681. First edition, 1957. One of the better Latin texts of the Sallustian corpus including the longer fragments—compare Reynolds (Sallust 1991).
  682.  
  683. Find this resource:
  684.  
  685. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 1991. C. Sallusti Crispi Catilina, Iugurtha, Historiarum fragmenta selecta, appendix Sallustiana. Edited with introduction by L. D. Reynolds. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  686.  
  687. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  688.  
  689. Excellent critical Latin text with preface in Latin which concisely discusses the manuscripts and the problems in the text tradition.
  690.  
  691. Find this resource:
  692.  
  693. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 2003. Sallust. Catilina, Jugurtha, fragments des Histoires. Edited by Alfred Ernout and revised by Jean Hellegouarc’h. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
  694.  
  695. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  696.  
  697. First edition by Ernout in 1946, originally revised by Hellegouarc’h in 1972. French-Latin bilingual critical edition with the longer fragments of the Histories.
  698.  
  699. Find this resource:
  700.  
  701. War with Catiline
  702. Vretska (Sallust 1976), McGushin (Sallust 1980), and Ramsey (Sallust 2007a) all provide Latin texts with their commentaries, though reference to a critical edition is recommended (see Texts, Multiple Works). Mariotti (Sallust 2007b) provides a Latin-Italian bilingual edition.
  703.  
  704. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 1976. De Catilinae coniuratione. Edited with commentary by Karl Vretska. Heidelberg: Winter.
  705.  
  706. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  707.  
  708. Latin text accompanied by German commentary.
  709.  
  710. Find this resource:
  711.  
  712. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 1980. Sallust, Bellum Catilinae. Edited with introduction and commentary by Patrick McGushin. London: Bristol Classical Press.
  713.  
  714. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  715.  
  716. Includes an introduction and Latin text with shorter adaptation of the fuller commentary from McGushin (Sallust 1977).
  717.  
  718. Find this resource:
  719.  
  720. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 2007a. Sallust’s Bellum Catilinae. Edited with introduction and commentary by J. T. Ramsey. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  721.  
  722. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  723.  
  724. First edition, 1984. Includes maps, introduction with detailed outline of the structure of Sallust’s work, Latin text, and commentary; the online companion includes an updated bibliography.
  725.  
  726. Find this resource:
  727.  
  728. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 2007b. Coniuratio Catilinae. Edited with introduction and commentary by Italo Mariotti. Bologna, Italy: Pàtron.
  729.  
  730. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  731.  
  732. Bilingual Latin-Italian text with full Italian commentary.
  733.  
  734. Find this resource:
  735.  
  736. Jugurthine War
  737. Comber and Balmaceda (Sallust 2009) has an eclectic Latin text, and there is no easy way to tell which reading is followed at any time. Thus it is mostly useful as a bilingual Latin-English edition with a more contemporary translation than Rolfe.
  738.  
  739. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 2009. The war against Jugurtha. Edited with introduction, translation, and commentary by Michael Comber and Catalina Balmaceda. Oxford: Oxbow.
  740.  
  741. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  742.  
  743. Provides a decent, but not critical, Latin text and corresponding English translation on facing pages.
  744.  
  745. Find this resource:
  746.  
  747. Histories
  748. Maurenbrecher (Sallust 1891–1893) is still held in high regard and typically used for citations, but Funari (Sallust 1996) is now a sound alternative for the full Latin text.
  749.  
  750. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 1891–1893. C. Sallusti Crispi Historiarum reliquiae. 2 vols. Edited with commentary by Bertold Maurenbrecher. Leipzig: Teubner.
  751.  
  752. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  753.  
  754. Still standard Latin edition of the fragmentary Histories, vol. 1 with prefatory essays and vol. 2 with fragments and comments, in Latin.
  755.  
  756. Find this resource:
  757.  
  758. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 1996. C. Sallusti Crispi Historiarum fragmenta. 2 vols. Edited with commentary by Rodolpho Funari. Amsterdam: Hakkert.
  759.  
  760. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  761.  
  762. The most recent Latin edition. It has yet to replace Maurenbrecher (Sallust 1891-1893) as the standard edition for citations.
  763.  
  764. Find this resource:
  765.  
  766. Letters and Invective
  767. Kurfess (Sallust 1962) remains a good edition of all three, as is Vretska (Sallust 1961) whose text is based on an earlier edition of Kurfess. Pasoli (Sallust 1974) and Pasoli and Soverini (Sallust 1989) are perhaps better for the “Invective against Cicero,” and Novokhatko (Sallust 2009) is an excellent critical edition of the invective. Cugusi (Sallust 1968) is an Italian-Latin bilingual edition of the “Letters to Caesar.”
  768.  
  769. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 1961. Invektive und Episteln. Edited and translated with commentary by Karl Vretska. Heidelberg: Winter.
  770.  
  771. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  772.  
  773. Text based on Kurfess (cf. Sallust 1962), with extensive summary of scholarship and full commentary.
  774.  
  775. Find this resource:
  776.  
  777. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 1962. Appendix Sallustiana, 6th ed. Edited by Alphons Kurfess. 2 vols. Leipzig: Teubner.
  778.  
  779. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  780.  
  781. Sixth revised and augmented edition of vol. 1, fourth of vol. 2. Critical text of the dubious works, the letters to Caesar (vol. 1) and invectives attributed to Sallust and Cicero (vol. 2).
  782.  
  783. Find this resource:
  784.  
  785. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 1974. Invectiva in M. Tullium Ciceronem, 2d ed. Edited by Elio Pasoli. Bologna, Italy: R. Pàtron.
  786.  
  787. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  788.  
  789. First edition, 1965. Critical Latin text of the invective.
  790.  
  791. Find this resource:
  792.  
  793. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 1968. Epistole a Cesare. Edited and translated by Paolo Cugusi. Rome: Palombi.
  794.  
  795. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  796.  
  797. Italian-Latin edition of the Letters to Caesar.
  798.  
  799. Find this resource:
  800.  
  801. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 1989. Invectiva in M. Tullium Ciceronem. Edizioni e saggi universitari di filologia classica 43. Edited by Elio Pasoli and revised by Paolo Soverini. Bologna, Italy: Pàtron.
  802.  
  803. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  804.  
  805. Combines Pasoli’s earlier text of the invective (Sallust 1974) and his commentary from an earlier study (Pasoli 1974, cited under General Overviews).
  806.  
  807. Find this resource:
  808.  
  809. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 2009. The invectives of Sallust and Cicero. Edited and translated by Anna A. Novokhatko. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter.
  810.  
  811. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  812.  
  813. An excellent, original critical edition which downplays, though does not ignore, the debate over authenticity and concentrates on the value of the two as classical examples of invective regardless of their authors.
  814.  
  815. Find this resource:
  816.  
  817. Commentaries
  818. The following subsections present commentaries for the works of Sallust: first, editions of multiple works, then individually of the War with Catiline, Jugurthine War, Histories, and “Letters” and “Invective.”
  819.  
  820. War with Catiline
  821. The German commentary of Vretska (Sallust 1976) is the largest and most complete commentary, and the only one to analyze prose rhythm—every line is scanned, though with occasional errors and inconsistencies. McGushin 1977 and Ramsey (Sallust 2007) are standard English commentaries and equally useful, though Ramsey obviously incorporates more recent scholarship. McGushin (Sallust 1980) is a condensed adaptation of his earlier commentary; it includes a Latin text and is obviously meant for students, though the commentary remains at a higher level than many school editions. McGushin 1987 is even less ambitious; it provides basic commentary as a companion to an English translation. Garbugino (Sallust 1998) provides a full Italian commentary dealing more with literary than with historical points. Mariotti (Sallust 2007) provides a bilingual edition with full and more recent Italian commentary.
  822.  
  823. McGushin, Patrick. 1977. C. Sallustius Crispus, Bellum Catilinae: A commentary. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  824.  
  825. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  826.  
  827. Fullest English commentary on the Latin text of the War with Catiline with notes on historical, literary, and linguistic topics.
  828.  
  829. Find this resource:
  830.  
  831. McGushin, Patrick. 1987. Sallust, the Conspiracy of Catiline. London: Bristol Classical Press.
  832.  
  833. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  834.  
  835. Concise English commentary on the War with Catiline, keyed to the translation of Handford (Sallust 1963, cited under English Translations).
  836.  
  837. Find this resource:
  838.  
  839. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 1976. De Catilinae coniuratione. Edited with commentary by Karl Vretska. Heidelberg: Winter.
  840.  
  841. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  842.  
  843. Includes the most comprehensive commentary, in German.
  844.  
  845. Find this resource:
  846.  
  847. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 1980. Sallust, Bellum Catilinae. Edited with introduction and commentary by Patrick McGushin. London: Bristol Classical Press.
  848.  
  849. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  850.  
  851. Includes an introduction, Latin text, and commentary on sections and on specific words and phrases—a shorter adaptation of the fuller commentary of McGushin 1977.
  852.  
  853. Find this resource:
  854.  
  855. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 1998. La congiura di Catilina. Studi latini 32. Translated with introduction and commentary by Giovanni Garbugino. Naples, Italy: Loffredo.
  856.  
  857. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  858.  
  859. An Italian translation with commentary mostly on text, style, and rhetoric.
  860.  
  861. Find this resource:
  862.  
  863. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 2007. Sallust’s Bellum Catilinae, 2d ed. Edited with introduction and commentary by J. T. Ramsey. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  864.  
  865. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  866.  
  867. First edition, 1984. Includes commentary that supplements but does not replace McGushin 1977. The revised 2007 edition incorporates more recent bibliography in the commentary.
  868.  
  869. Find this resource:
  870.  
  871. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 2007. Coniuratio Catilinae. Edited with introduction and commentary by Italo Mariotti. Bologna, Italy: Pàtron.
  872.  
  873. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  874.  
  875. Bilingual Latin-Italian text with full Italian commentary.
  876.  
  877. Find this resource:
  878.  
  879. Jugurthine War
  880. Koestermann 1971 is the standard on literary, linguistic, and rhetorical details, while Paul 1984 is better on historical matters. Comber and Balmaceda (Sallust 2009), though a school edition, includes some good commentary and is worth consulting.
  881.  
  882. Koestermann, Eric. 1971. C. Sallustius Crispus, Bellum Iugurthinum. Heidelberg: Winter.
  883.  
  884. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  885.  
  886. Standard German commentary on the Jugurthine War—Paul 1984 being better on historical points.
  887.  
  888. Find this resource:
  889.  
  890. Paul, G. M. 1984. A historical commentary on Sallust’s Bellum Iugurthinum. Liverpool, UK: Francis Cairns.
  891.  
  892. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  893.  
  894. Devotes attention mostly to historical details and broad historiographic structure and often omits textual, linguistic, and literary points that are covered more fully by Koestermann 1971.
  895.  
  896. Find this resource:
  897.  
  898. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 2009. The war against Jugurtha. Edited with introduction, translation, and commentary by Michael Comber and Catalina Balmaceda. Oxford: Oxbow.
  899.  
  900. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  901.  
  902. Latin-English bilingual edition. Includes a thorough introduction and substantial commentary keyed to the English translation. Balmaceda particularly attends to the theme of virtus.
  903.  
  904. Find this resource:
  905.  
  906. Histories
  907. Maurenbrecher (Sallust 1891–1893) provides brief Latin commentary, but McGushin (Sallust 1992–1994) is fuller in his comments, which address secondary scholarship since Maurenbrecher, and his translation, as is often the case, acts as a commentary of its own. Funari (Sallust 1996) includes original Italian commentary.
  908.  
  909. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 1891–1893. C. Sallusti Crispi Historiarum reliquiae. 2 vols. Edited with commentary by Bertold Maurenbrecher. Leipzig: Teubner.
  910.  
  911. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  912.  
  913. Vol. 1 includes essays on Sallust’s fragments and the reconstruction of the Histories, and vol. 2 provides the fragments and commentary, both in Latin. Reprinted by Teubner in 1967.
  914.  
  915. Find this resource:
  916.  
  917. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 1992–1994. Sallust, The Histories. 2 vols. Edited and translated with commentary by Patrick McGushin. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  918.  
  919. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  920.  
  921. Includes full English commentary on the fragments of the Histories, vol. 1 on books 1 and 2 and vol. 2 on books 3–5 and uncertain fragments. See Maurenbrecher (Sallust 1891–1893) or Funari (Sallust 1996) for the Latin text.
  922.  
  923. Find this resource:
  924.  
  925. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 1996. C. Sallusti Crispi Historiarum fragmenta. 2 vols. Edited with commentary by Rodolpho Funari. Amsterdam: Hakkert.
  926.  
  927. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  928.  
  929. A recent Latin edition with full commentary in Italian.
  930.  
  931. Find this resource:
  932.  
  933. Letters and Invective
  934. Vretksa (Sallust 1961) remains an important commentary on all three, as does the edition of Pasoli (1965). The later revised edition of Pasoli and Soverini (Sallust 1989) and especially the edition of the invectives by Novokhatko (Sallust 2009) provide good commentaries and also incorporate more recent scholarship.
  935.  
  936. Pasoli, Elio. 1965. Le Historiae e le opere minori di Sallustio. Bologna, Italy: Pàtron.
  937.  
  938. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  939.  
  940. Italian commentary on the fragmentary Historiae, the Letters, and invective.
  941.  
  942. Find this resource:
  943.  
  944. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 1961. Invektive und Episteln. Edited and translated with commentary by Karl Vretska. Heidelberg: Winter.
  945.  
  946. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  947.  
  948. Includes extensive summary of scholarship and full commentary along with Latin text.
  949.  
  950. Find this resource:
  951.  
  952. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 1989. Invectiva in M. Tullium Ciceronem. Edited by Elio Pasoli and revised by Paolo Soverini. Edizioni e saggi universitari di filologia classica 43. Bologna, Italy: Pàtron.
  953.  
  954. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  955.  
  956. Combines Pasoli’s earlier text of the invective (Sallust 1974) and his commentary from an earlier study (Pasoli 1965).
  957.  
  958. Find this resource:
  959.  
  960. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 2009. The invectives of Sallust and Cicero. Edited with introduction, translation, and commentary by Anna A. Novokhatko. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter.
  961.  
  962. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  963.  
  964. An excellent, original critical edition which downplays, though does not ignore, the debate over authenticity and concentrates on the value of the two as classical examples of invective regardless of their authors.
  965.  
  966. Find this resource:
  967.  
  968. English Translations
  969. Rolfe (Sallust 1931) is dated and really only useful as a bilingual Latin-English edition. Handford (Sallust 1963) has a companion volume for readers of the War with Catiline (McGushin 1987). The best recent translations are by Woodman (Sallust 2007) and Batstone (Sallust 2010). Woodman, whose introduction concentrates on style and historiography, stays closer to the original linguistic and stylistic texture of the Latin than any other translator, though this means that Sallust here is as obscure in English as in Latin. Batstone, whose introduction deals more with Sallust’s life and historical background, does not attempt to stay so close to the Latin, though he tries to represent Sallustian style in other ways. Comber and Balmaceda (Sallust 2009) provide a clear contemporary translation for the Jugurthine War with a notable peculiarity: virtus has always been translated as “virtue,” but Balmaceda is an expert on virtus, so the notes explain the nuances of the word where it appears. Finally, McGushin (Sallust 1992–1994) is excellent and the only complete English translation of the Histories.
  970.  
  971. McGushin, Patrick. 1987. Sallust: The conspiracy of Catiline. London: Bristol Classical Press.
  972.  
  973. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  974.  
  975. Concise English commentary on the War with Catiline, keyed to the translation of Handford (Sallust 1963).
  976.  
  977. Find this resource:
  978.  
  979. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 1931. Sallust. Edited and translated with introduction by J. C. Rolfe. Loeb Classical Library. New York: G. P. Putnam’s son.
  980.  
  981. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  982.  
  983. Latin-English bilingual edition with the monographs, longer fragments of the Histories, and the debated works.
  984.  
  985. Find this resource:
  986.  
  987. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 1963. Sallust: Jugurthine War, Conspiracy of Catiline. Translated with introduction by S. A. Handford. London: Penguin.
  988.  
  989. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  990.  
  991. May be read with the companion volume for the War with Catiline by McGushin 1987.
  992.  
  993. Find this resource:
  994.  
  995. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 1992–1994. Sallust: The histories. 2 vols. Edited and translated with commentary by Patrick McGushin. Oxford: Clarendon.
  996.  
  997. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  998.  
  999. The best and most complete English translation of the fragments of the Histories, vol. 1 on Books 1 and 2 and vol. 2 on Books 3–5 and uncertain fragments.
  1000.  
  1001. Find this resource:
  1002.  
  1003. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 2007. Sallust: Catiline’s War, the Jugurthine War, Histories. Translated with an introduction and notes by A. J. Woodman. London: Penguin.
  1004.  
  1005. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1006.  
  1007. Introduction excellent on historiographic and literary concerns, translation closely imitating Sallust’s vocabulary and stylistic tricks and traits.
  1008.  
  1009. Find this resource:
  1010.  
  1011. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 2009. The war against Jugurtha. Edited with introduction, translation, and commentary by Michael Comber and Catalina Balmaceda. Oxford: Oxbow.
  1012.  
  1013. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1014.  
  1015. Latin-English bilingual edition. Includes a clear English translation, much more up to date than that of Rolfe (Sallust 1931), with accompanying commentary.
  1016.  
  1017. Find this resource:
  1018.  
  1019. Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). 2010. Sallust: Catiline’s Conspiracy, the Jugurthine War, Histories. Translated with an introduction and notes by William W. Batstone. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  1020.  
  1021. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1022.  
  1023. Introduction on Sallust’s life and the historical and political background of his works, translation less close to the Latin than Woodman (Sallust 2007).
  1024.  
  1025. Find this resource:
  1026.  
  1027. Sources and Models
  1028. Discussion of the historical sources for the monographs and the Histories is best found in introductions and notes of the relevant commentaries (see Commentaries). Sallust’s chief literary models were Thucydides and the early Roman historians, particularly Cato the Elder. He also imitated other Greek historians and philosophers and even Greek and Roman poets. Perrochat 1949 and Avenarius 1957 consider Sallust’s various Greek models, including Thucydides, Plato, Isocrates, and Hellenistic historians. Grethlein 2006 argues persuasively that Sallust’s debt to Herodotean history needs more recognition. Skard 1956 is controversial in some claims but remains an important overview of Sallust’s relationship to his Roman predecessors, especially Ennius and earlier historians including Cato. Renehan 1976 examines a diverse set of allusions in Sallust and argues that they help us understand his personality. Earl 1972 suggests that Sallust’s odd prologue style imitates Aristotle. While it is generally accepted that Plato was influential on Sallust, MacQueen 1981 sometimes overstates his case. Dué 2000 argues that Sallust alludes to Euripides, Ennius, and Catullus in the Jugurthine War in order to enhance his tragic history.
  1029.  
  1030. Avenarius, Wilhelm. 1957. Die griechischen Vorbilder des Sallust. Symbolae Osloenses 33:48–86.
  1031.  
  1032. DOI: 10.1080/00397675708590488Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1033.  
  1034. Examines Sallust’s Greek models, including Thucydides, Plato, and Hellenistic authors.
  1035.  
  1036. Find this resource:
  1037.  
  1038. Dué, Casey. 2000. Tragic history and barbarian speech in Sallust’s “Jugurtha.” Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 100:311–325.
  1039.  
  1040. DOI: 10.2307/3185222Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1041.  
  1042. Argues that Sallust alludes to the Medea plays of Euripides and Ennius along with Catullus 64, so that he is producing tragic history like some of his Hellenistic Greek predecessors.
  1043.  
  1044. Find this resource:
  1045.  
  1046. Earl, Donald C. 1972. Prologue-form in ancient historiography. Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt I.2: 842–856. Berlin: de Gruyter.
  1047.  
  1048. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1049.  
  1050. Argues that Sallust’s prologues did not follow the historiographic norm because they were influenced by the discovery of a lost work of Aristotle.
  1051.  
  1052. Find this resource:
  1053.  
  1054. Grethlein, Jonas. 2006. The unthucydidean voice of Sallust. Transactions of the American Philological Association 136.2: 299–327.
  1055.  
  1056. DOI: 10.1353/apa.2006.0012Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1057.  
  1058. Argues that, despite the scholarly emphasis on Thucydidean influence in Sallust, the narrator also displays a Herodotean voice at times.
  1059.  
  1060. Find this resource:
  1061.  
  1062. MacQueen, Bruce D. 1981. Plato’s Republic in the monographs of Sallust. Chicago: Bolchazy-Carducci.
  1063.  
  1064. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1065.  
  1066. Proposes Platonic influences—especially from books 8 and 9 of the Republic—on Sallust’s characterization of major figures.
  1067.  
  1068. Find this resource:
  1069.  
  1070. Perrochat, Paul. 1949. Les modèles grecs de Salluste. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
  1071.  
  1072. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1073.  
  1074. Discusses Sallust’s Greek models, including Thucydides and Plato.
  1075.  
  1076. Find this resource:
  1077.  
  1078. Renehan, Robert. 1976. A traditional pattern of imitation in Sallust and his sources. Classical Philology 71.1: 97–105.
  1079.  
  1080. DOI: 10.1086/366238Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1081.  
  1082. Examines Sallust’s imitations of Aeschylus, Herodotus, Thucydides, Plato’s Seventh letter, and Cicero so as to argue that the original context of each borrowing shows Sallust’s attitudes or beliefs.
  1083.  
  1084. Find this resource:
  1085.  
  1086. Skard, Eiliv.1956. Sallust und seine Vorgänger. Oslo, Norway: A. W. Brøgger.
  1087.  
  1088. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1089.  
  1090. A monograph on Sallust’s relationship to his Roman predecessors, especially Ennius and Cato.
  1091.  
  1092. Find this resource:
  1093.  
  1094. Thucydides
  1095. Scanlon 1980 is the standard treatment of Sallust’s imitation of Thucydides, and Keitel 1987 provides a close study of one passage. Meyer 2010 argues persuasively that the “Letter of Pompey” meaningfully alludes to Thucydides’s “Letter of Nicias.”
  1096.  
  1097. Keitel, Elizabeth. 1987. The influence of Thucydides 7.61–71 on Sallust Cat. 20–21. Classical Journal 82.4: 293–300.
  1098.  
  1099. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1100.  
  1101. A close look at a specific Thucydidean influence.
  1102.  
  1103. Find this resource:
  1104.  
  1105. Meyer, Elizabeth A. 2010. Allusion and contrast in the letters of Nicias (Thuc. 7.11–15) and Pompey (Sall. Hist. 2.98M). In Ancient historiography and its contexts: Studies in honor of A. J. Woodman. Edited by Christina S. Kraus, John Marincola, and Christopher Pelling, 97–118. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press
  1106.  
  1107. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199558681.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1108.  
  1109. Argues that Sallust’s “Letter of Pompey” is influenced by Thucydides’s “Letter of Nicias” and thus intended to introduce Thucydidean themes of civil war.
  1110.  
  1111. Find this resource:
  1112.  
  1113. Scanlon, Thomas. 1980. The influence of Thucydides on Sallust. Heidelberg: Winter.
  1114.  
  1115. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1116.  
  1117. The standard examination of Sallust’s relationship to Thucydides.
  1118.  
  1119. Find this resource:
  1120.  
  1121. Cato
  1122. Skard 1956 examines the influence of all Sallust’s Roman predecessors, and Cato gets much attention. Levene 2000 deals solely with Cato’s presence in the War with Catiline.
  1123.  
  1124. Levene, D. S. 2000. Sallust’s Catiline and Cato the Censor. Classical Quarterly 50.1: 170–191.
  1125.  
  1126. DOI: 10.1093/cq/50.1.170Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1127.  
  1128. A study of the linguistic and thematic influence of Cato in Sallust’s War with Catiline.
  1129.  
  1130. Find this resource:
  1131.  
  1132. Skard, Eiliv. 1956. Sallust und seine Vorgänger. Oslo, Norway: A. W. Brøgger.
  1133.  
  1134. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1135.  
  1136. Sallust’s relationship to Cato is one of Skard’s chief interests and is treated in the fourth and final section.
  1137.  
  1138. Find this resource:
  1139.  
  1140. Later Reception
  1141. Sallust’s influence on later literature and thought was profound and wide-ranging from Roman times to the early modern period. Leeman 1965 provides bibliography on Sallust’s reception in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and modern times, pp. 96–102. Schindler 1939 in German and Bolaffi 1949 in Italian provide surveys of Sallust’s reception, but Stein 1977 is the most recent, though it only goes through the Renaissance. Poignault 1997 collects papers from a conference on Sallust in the classical tradition.
  1142.  
  1143. Bolaffi, Ezio. 1949. Sallustio e la sua fortuna nei secoli. Rome: Perrella.
  1144.  
  1145. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1146.  
  1147. An Italian survey of Sallust’s reception.
  1148.  
  1149. Find this resource:
  1150.  
  1151. Leeman, A. D. 1965. A systematical bibliography of Sallust, 2d ed. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  1152.  
  1153. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1154.  
  1155. Contains a categorized bibliography of scholarship on Sallust’s reception from 1879 to 1964.
  1156.  
  1157. Find this resource:
  1158.  
  1159. Poignault, Rémy. 1997. Présence de Salluste. Tours, France: Université de Tours.
  1160.  
  1161. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1162.  
  1163. Collects papers from a colloquium on Sallust in the classical tradition at Tours, in 1996.
  1164.  
  1165. Find this resource:
  1166.  
  1167. Schindler, Friedrich. 1939. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Sallustbildes. Breslau, Poland: Maruschke & Berendt.
  1168.  
  1169. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1170.  
  1171. A German survey of Sallust’s reception.
  1172.  
  1173. Find this resource:
  1174.  
  1175. Stein, Robert M. 1977. Sallust for his readers, 410–1550. Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia Univ.
  1176.  
  1177. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1178.  
  1179. A thorough overview of Sallust’s postclassical reception.
  1180.  
  1181. Find this resource:
  1182.  
  1183. Classical
  1184. Tacitus is Sallust’s chief classical imitator. Schneider 1964 discusses Sallust’s influence on Tacitus. Ash 1997 argues that Tacitus alludes simultaneously to Sallust and to Naevius. Sailor 2004 shows how extensively Tacitus’s political and authorial career was modeled on Sallust. McCreight 1998 explores Apuleius’s allusions to Sallust in his Apology.
  1185.  
  1186. Ash, Rhiannon. 1997. Warped intertextualities: Naevius and Sallust at Tacitus Histories 2.12.2. Histos 1.
  1187.  
  1188. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1189.  
  1190. Argues that Tacitus alludes to Naevius Bell. Pun. fr. 32 and Sallust BJ 41.2 and 41.5 at Hist. 2.12.2 so as to enhance his presentation of the inversions of the Civil War.
  1191.  
  1192. Find this resource:
  1193.  
  1194. McCreight, Thomas D. 1998. Apuleius, lector Sallustii: Lexicographical, textual and intertextual observations on Sallust and Apuleius: Sallust, “Historiae” Frr. 3.102–103 and 4.62 Mauren-Brecher = 4.14–15 and Uncertain # 28 McGushin; Apuleius “Apology” 12.1; 26.1. Mnemosyne 51.1: 41–63.
  1195.  
  1196. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1197.  
  1198. Shows how Apuleius employs Sallustian allusions in the Apology as a way of situating himself in the literary tradition.
  1199.  
  1200. Find this resource:
  1201.  
  1202. Sailor, Dylan. 2004. Becoming Tacitus: Significance and inconsequentiality in the prologue of Agricola. Classical Antiquity 23.1: 139–177.
  1203.  
  1204. DOI: 10.1525/ca.2004.23.1.139Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1205.  
  1206. Argues that Tacitus’s imitation of Sallust’s works and career focus his readers’ perception of who he is.
  1207.  
  1208. Find this resource:
  1209.  
  1210. Schneider, Kurt. 1964. Tacitus und Sallust. Inaug. Dissertation, Heidelberg.
  1211.  
  1212. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1213.  
  1214. Discusses, among other topics, Tacitus’s relation to and imitation of Sallust.
  1215.  
  1216. Find this resource:
  1217.  
  1218. Postclassical
  1219. Philip 1947 looks at Sallust’s influence on one of the most famous Scottish historical documents, the Declaration of Arbroath (1320). Byrne 1986 looks at Lebègue’s reception of Sallust and his production of an illustrated text (1430s) with contemporary relevance. La Penna 1968 discusses Sallust’s historiography of revolution and includes two chapters on its influence on later European literature. Osmond 1995 provides a narrative overview of Sallust’s influence in the late medieval and Renaissance periods, with an appendix of Renaissance editions and translations. Osmond and Ulery 2005 is a descriptive catalog of medieval and Renaissance editions, translations, and commentaries. Pade 2005 contains two essays on Sallust’s reception in specific Renaissance commentaries. Sellers 1994 looks briefly at Sallust’s influence on early American republicanism. Finally, Simons 2007 argues that Lucas’s Star Wars series imitates the model of decadence presented by Sallust and Tacitus.
  1220.  
  1221. Byrne, Donal. 1986. An early French humanist and Sallust: Jean Lebègue and the iconographical programme for the Catiline and Jugurtha. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 49:41–65.
  1222.  
  1223. DOI: 10.2307/751289Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1224.  
  1225. A close study of Lebègue’s illustrated edition of Sallust and its contemporary relevance.
  1226.  
  1227. Find this resource:
  1228.  
  1229. La Penna, Antonio. 1968. Sallustio e la “rivoluzione romana.” Milan: Feltrinelli.
  1230.  
  1231. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1232.  
  1233. The final two chapters in this Marxist study consider Sallust’s stylistic innovations and influence on later European literature.
  1234.  
  1235. Find this resource:
  1236.  
  1237. Osmond, Patricia J. 1995. Princeps historiae romanae: Sallust in Renaissance political thought. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 40:101–143.
  1238.  
  1239. DOI: 10.2307/4238730Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1240.  
  1241. Discusses Sallust’s influence on European thought from the late medieval period through Italian and northern European humanism, with an appendix on editions and translations of Sallust from 1470 to 1650.
  1242.  
  1243. Find this resource:
  1244.  
  1245. Osmond, Patricia J., and Robert Ulery, Jr. 2005. Sallust. In Catalogus translationum et commentariorum, vol. 8. Edited by Virginia Brown, James Hankins, and Robert A. Kaster, 183–326. Washington, DC: Catholic Univ. of America.
  1246.  
  1247. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1248.  
  1249. An exhaustive catalog of ancient, medieval, and Renaissance editions, translations, and commentaries on Sallust.
  1250.  
  1251. Find this resource:
  1252.  
  1253. Pade, Marianne. 2005. On Renaissance commentaries: Noctes neolatinae. Hildesheim, Germany: Georg Olms.
  1254.  
  1255. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1256.  
  1257. Includes essays on Sallust’s Renaissance reception by Robert Ulery, Jr., “Sallust’s Bellum Catilinae in the edition of Venice 1500: The medieval commentary and the Renaissance reader,” pp. 7–28, and Patricia Osmond, “The Valla commentary on Sallust’s Bellum Catilinae: Questions of authenticity and reception,” pp. 29–48.
  1258.  
  1259. Find this resource:
  1260.  
  1261. Philip, J. R. 1947. Sallust and the Declaration of Arbroath. Scottish Historical Review 26. 101.1: 75–78.
  1262.  
  1263. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1264.  
  1265. Discusses a political document of independence from the barons of Scotland to Pope John XXII (1320 CE) that adapts Sallust’s War with Catiline 33.
  1266.  
  1267. Find this resource:
  1268.  
  1269. Sellers, M. N. S. 1994. American republicanism: Roman ideology in the United States Constitution. New York: New York Univ. Press.
  1270.  
  1271. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1272.  
  1273. Chapter 16, “Sallust and corruption,” is a brief overview of Sallust’s influence on American thought in the colonial and early republican periods.
  1274.  
  1275. Find this resource:
  1276.  
  1277. Simons, Benedikt. 2007. Das Dekadenzmodell in der Star-Wars-Hexalogie von George Lucas, bei Sallust und Tacitus. Der altsprachliche Unterricht 6: 30–39.
  1278.  
  1279. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1280.  
  1281. Explores the course of the Star Wars hexalogy and suggests that Lucas has imitated the model of decadence presented by Sallust and his greatest imitator, Tacitus.
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