2019-01-29 TOEFL: word roots, reading paraphrase

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word Roots (list 3) - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
ego (egotistical, egomania) = self
endo (endotherm, endocrine) = inside
epi (epiphyte, epidermis, epidemic) = on/upon
equi (equidistant, equation) = same (quantity)
erg (ergonomic, energy) = work
esth/aesth (anesthetic, kinesthesia) = feeling/perception (many words that start with this root have to do with beauty)
eu (euphemism, euphoria, eulogy) = good/well (sometimes in opposite pairs with “dys”)
ex/ect (ex-husband, exit, excavate, ectotherm) = out/away from (as a hyphenated prephix, usually “former”)
extra (extraordinary, extrovert, extraterrestrial) = beyond/outside (This is ex+tra, the same “tra/tro” in “intro” and “retro” and “contra”)
fac/fact (artifact, factory) = make
fer (transfer, ferry) = carry
flect/flex (deflect, reflection, flexible) = bend
fore (foreground, forecast) = in front / ahead (This root is related to first, front, pre-, prime, proto, etc.)
fract/frag (fracture, fragment) = break
fug (refugee, fugitive) = escape/flee
funct (function, defunct) = perform
gen (generation, generate, genealogy) = birth (family -> relation -> kind/type)
	(This root is related to the English words “kin”, “kind”, and even possibly “king”.)
geo (geography, geology, geocentric) = Earth
graph (autograph, graphite, seismograph) = draw/write, more generally “communicate”
grat (gratify, gratuity, grateful) = please (v)
helio (heliocentric, heliograph) = Sun
hemo (hemophilia, hemorrhage, hemoglobin) = blood
hetero (heterogeneous, heteronym) = different
homo (homogeneous, homonym) = same (quality, not quantity)
hydro (hydrate, hydraulic, hydrophobia) = water (more generally, “fluid”)
hyper (hyperextend, hyperactive, hypertension) = over
hypo (hypodermic, hypothermia, hypotension) = under
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TOEFL = Test of English as a Foreign Language
- about 4 hours, 4 sections, 30 points per section (120 total), $205
1 Reading: 60 or 80 minutes, 3 or 4 passages, about 14 questions each
2 Listening: about 60-90 minutes, 2 or 3 sets (1 convo, 1 lecture, 1 discussion; 17 Qs; 10 min to choose)
	(10-minute break)
3 Speaking: 20 minutes, 6 tasks, 5.5 minutes of speaking time
4 Writing: about 60 minutes, 2 tasks, 20+30 minutes of writing time
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BREAK
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Reading Question Types:
- fact
- negative fact
- inference
- reference
- vocabulary
- purpose
- paraphrase
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize
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Paraphrase Questions
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Cambridge exercise R11 - Do these sentences give the same or different information? What’s different?
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Handout (Cengage) describes paraphrase questions.
Exercise 5.1 - If the restatement has the same information write C (correct), if it’s missing information, write I (incomplete), and if it says something different from the original, write D (different)
1 incomplete - The restatement doesn’t include information about today. (In addition, “reptiles” is a much larger group than “lizards”.)
2 correct
3 different - The name of the town was Muncie, not Middleton.
4 different - It switches the information.
5 correct
6 different - They all have two-word names.
7 correct - The specific example is not essential information.
8 incomplete - The second sentence leaves out all the information about checkers.
9 different - Handel wrote long before the mid-19th century, so the clarinet didn’t become famous because of him.
10 correct - The new sentence simply switches the order of the information.
11 correct
12 different - “rivaled” means “was as good as”
13 different - “no exception” means Greece followed the general rule: poetry was first
14 different - He learned something about sand dunes, not glaciers.
15 incomplete - The new sentence doesn’t mention the visual spectacles film could present.
16 different - “no validity” means this won’t happen
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Handout (Cambridge) R13 - Take 5 minutes to at least try to eliminate one or two wrong answers from each choice.
2 D (A and C are wrong because they’re not about how gorillas behave; B is wrong because all gorillas are vegetarian)
3 C
4 B (You should be able to eliminate the other answers even if you don’t know “quackery” refers to fake cures.)
5 D
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Homework: Finish this handout (6-10 and exercise R14) and do the other handout (DELTA 1.6.A and B)