2015-05-13 Structure: modals & advisability

Greg Malivuk
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http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
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Homework: p. 247-248 exercise 2
1 b has got to (necessity)
  c ‘d better (urgent advice)
  d should (suggestion/advice)
2 a ‘ll be able to
  b can’t
  c ought to
  d ‘ll have to
  e may not (it’s a possibility and a conclusion)
  f Should (asking about advice)
3 a can (ability)
  b could (possibility)
  c can (ability)
  d must (necessity)
  e be able to (ability)
  f could (one possibility / weak suggestion)
4 a must (conclusion)
  b should (advisability - it’s a good idea)
  c may not
  d has to (conclusion, “I’m sure of it”)
  e couldn’t (past ability AND negative)
  f must
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p. 249 exercise 3
2 couldn’t be
3 can keep / will be able to keep
4 may/might get rid of
5 should be
6 had to go
7 must not know (“mustn’t” is only for prohibition, not conclusions)
8 won’t have to worry about (not necessary = don’t have to, necessary not = must not)
9 may/might/could go
10 should get on
11 may/might/could win (future possibility, it’s not in your control so “could” is okay)
(if we use “may” for 11, it means bigfan believes Elly will definitely get on the show)
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You must do your homework every day. (It’s the only option.)
You had better do your homework every day. (It’s the best option AND something bad will happen if you don’t.)
You should do your homework every day. (It’s a good option (maybe it’s the best option), but you have other choices.)
You could do your homework. (It’s one option, but you have many other options.)
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She must be sick today. (It’s the only explanation I can think of.)
She could/may/might be sick today. (It’s one explanation, but there are others.)
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p. 256 part B
1 must not give / had better not give (it’s a *very* bad idea)
2 had better register (“or we won’t be able to attend classes” = specific negative consequence if you don’t follow the advice)
3 must not be
4 must get / has to get
5 must not / can’t / may not (against the rules = not permitted = prohibited)
6 may / might (about possibility, it’s his choice but we’re not talking about ability, so no “could”)
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You should study tonight because the test will be tomorrow. (future advisability)
You should have studied last night because the test is today. (past advisability)
= It was a good idea to study, but you didn’t do it.

I shouldn’t have stayed up so late last night.
= It was a bad idea, but I did it.

If you should have done something, you regret not doing it. (= you didn’t, and you feel bad)
If you shouldn’t have done something, you regret doing it. (= you did, and you feel bad)
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Azar grammar books (red -> black -> blue) are very well-written.
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Homework: p. 257-259 reading and questions