2016-11-08 TOEFL: word roots, biology vocab

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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http://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-are-sharks-so-awesome-tierney-thys
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Word Root List 3 - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain each root.
ego = self
endo = inside
equi = same
erg = work
esth/aesth = feeling (often more specifically “beauty”)
	anesthesia = without feeling, synesthesia = “same feeling” (but it means when one sense perceives things that belong to another, so for example numbers have colors)
eu = good (euphemism = a good word for something distasteful or impolite to discuss)
ex/exo = outside (and sometimes “former”)
extra = beyond
fac/fact = make
fer = carry
flect = bend
fore = front (“foretell” is the Germanic version of “predict”, and “foresee” of “preview”)
fract/frag = break
fug = flee/escape
funct = perform
gen = birth/create
geo = earth (geocentrism = Earth at the center)
graph = write
grat = thanks/pleasing
helio = sun (heliocentrism = Sun at the center)
hemo = blood (hemophilia = inability of the blood to clot)
hetero = different
homo = same
hydro = water (or sometimes “fluid” more generally) (hydrophobia = rabies, which includes an aversion to water)
hyper = over
hypo = under
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Grimm’s Law (for Germanic language sound changes)
bʰ > b > p > ɸ/f
dʰ > d > t > θ (th)
gʰ > g > k > /x/ or h
gʷʰ > gʷ > kʷ > xʷ > hw/wh
pod -> foot
pater -> father
quod -> hwat -> what
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hyper/super/ultra/over - have basically the same meaning
hypo/sub/infra/under - have basically the same meaning


supersonic/subsonic = faster or slower than the speed of sound
ultrasonic/infrasonic = higher or lower than the frequency of sound we can hear
superluminal/subluminal = faster or slower than the speed of light
ultraviolet/infrared = higher or lower frequency of light (than violet or red, respectively)
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Biology Vocabulary - Find the words in each sentence that have the given meanings.
1 distinguish (v) (distinguished/distinguishing - adj)
2 evolved (adj) (evolve - v, evolution - n)
3 estimate (n/v) (estimation - n, for the action of estimating something)
4 cell (n) (cellular - adj)
5 vary (v) (variation - n, various - adj, variable - adj/n)
6 genetic (adj) (genetics - n for the field, geneticist - n for the person)
7 factor (n)
8 identify (v) (identification - n, identity - n)
9 DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid
10 process (n/v) (processed - adj)
11 nutrients (n) (nutrition - n)
12 adapt (v) (adaptation - n, adapted/adaptive/adaptable - adj)
13 system (n) (systemic/systematic - adj)
14 survive (v) (survival - n, survivor - n, survivable - adj, surviving - adj)
15 layer (n/v) (layered/layering - adj)
16 classify (v) (classified - adj, classification - n)
17 characteristic (n/adj) (characterize - v, characterization - n)
18 organism (n) (organic - adj)
19 microscopic (adj) (microscope - n)
20 link (n/v) (linked/linking - adj)
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Handout (p. 24-27) p. 25 - Do parts A and B. In part B, make sure to use the correct form of each word.
1 a
2 c
3 a
4 b
5 c
6 a
7 c
8 b
1 cellular (or microscopic)
2 microscope
3 identification (We don’t need DNA to characterize species, because for that we look at other characteristics, but we might need DNA to see how closely related to organisms are so we can decide whether they belong to the same species or not.)
4 survival
5 characterized (This is a characteristic of polar bears, but it is not sufficient to identify them.)
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Some adjectives (especially for positions) don’t have normal comparative or superlative forms, but do have -most forms:
innermost/outermost
topmost/bottommost
foremost/hindmost
northernmost/southernmost
easternmost/westernmost
leftmost/rightmost
(“utmost”, from (o)ut+most, means “greatest” or “highest”)
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Handout p. 26-27 - Listen to part of a lecture and take notes. Then answer the questions on p. 26.
1 B
2 A
3 C
4 D
5 D
6 B
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DELTA practice tests (test 3 p. 129-130) - Listen to the lecture and take notes.
(test 4 p. 163-164) - Listen to the lecture in a botany class.
6 A
7 D
8 A C
9 C
10 C
11 B
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Homework: reading about the sense of smell