Mechanical Music

6 Artificial music. (2021). In Renaissance Fun: The machines behind the scenes, 2021 (pp. 236–276). Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv18msqmt.15

Chen, Y., Ceccarelli, M., & Yan, H. (2017). A historical study and mechanical classification of ancient music-playing automata. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 121, 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2017.10.015

Clockwork music: an illustrated history of mechanical musical instruments from the musical box to the pianola, from automaton lady virginal players to orchestrion : Ord-Hume, Arthur W. J. G : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive. (1973). Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/clockworkmusicil0000ordh/page/n343/mode/2up

Commerce, B. (2023, June 14). Art of sound. Retrieved from https://rauantiques.com/blogs/canvases-carats-and-curiosities/art-of-sound

Fowler, C. B. (1967). The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments. Music Educators Journal, 54(2), 45–49. https://doi.org/10.2307/3391092

Kallmann, Helmut. "Barrel Organs". The Canadian Encyclopedia, 20 January 2014, Historica Canada. thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/barrel-organs-emc. Accessed 09 October 2026.

Knowles, S. D. G. (2003). Death by Gramophone. Journal of Modern Literature, 27(1/2), 1–13. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/3831830

Koetsier, T. (2001). On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 36(5), 589–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0094-114x(01)00005-2

Levaux, C. (2017). The forgotten history of repetitive audio technologies. Organised Sound, 22(2), 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355771817000097

McElhone, K. (2004). Mechanical Music. Princes Risborough : Shire.

The mechanical music man. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.mechanicalmusicman.com/

Thompson, C. (2015, December 30). How the Phonograph Changed Music Forever. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.smithsonianmag.com

Wikipedia contributors. (2026, September 25). John Philip Sousa. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa

Wills, M. (2019). Player pianos and the commodification of music. JSTOR Daily. Retrieved from https://daily.jstor.org/what-player-pianos-meant-to-american-families/

Wood, G. (2003). Edison’s Eve : a magical history of the quest for mechanical life. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.