2019-02-13 TOEFL: note taking and listening question types

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Reading Question Types (and example questions from yesterday’s test)
- fact (1, 5, 9, 11): scan for key words (or synonyms) from the question, or for key words from the answer choices to decide if each one is correct or incorrect
- vocabulary (2, 4, 8, 10, 12): read the sentence, see how the word is used, look for context clues
- purpose/method (3, 7) (asking why or how the author mentions or explains something)
- paraphrase (6): look for answers that don’t leave out important information and that keep the connection between the ideas (often information will be presented in a different order)
- negative fact (18): look for each answer choice in the text, eliminate the ones you find
- inference (23): check each answer choice; does the text imply that that choice is true? (B and C are about administrators, which isn’t the point where we know what teachers think; D is the best inference from the description that teachers couldn’t find time to work on reflection)
- reference (not on this test): identify what a pronoun or expression refers to in the text
- sentence insertion (13): look at references to previous or later information; make sure the new sentence doesn’t break apart an idea in the original paragraph
- summary (14): eliminate answers that are just minor details or false according to the text
- organization/categories (not on this test) (like fact questions, but with more answer choices)
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Cengage p. 381-393 - Note Taking information and practice
- One key thing to remember is that you don’t need these notes for very long, so you can shorten things much more than you would in a real university lecture.
One way to shorten words is to write only the first few letters.
Another way is to omit vowels and other letters in the middle of the word.
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p. 386 Note-taking Exercise 1 - Write your own abbreviations for the words you hear.
1 business organizations - biz orgs
2 sole proprietorship - sole propshp
3 partnership - partnrshp
4 corporation - corp
5 limited liability company - lim lia co (LLC)
6 advantage - adv
7 corporate tax - corp tax
8 sole agent - sole ag
9 responsibility - respns-ty
10 legal documents - leg docs
11 distinct legal entities - dist leg ents
12 artificial persons - artfcl psns
13 stockholders - stockhldrs
14 profit - prof
15 investments -invmnts
16 double taxation - 2x tax’n
17 executive - exec
18 board of directors - board of dirs
19 popular - poplr
20 hybrid - hyb
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BREAK
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p. 387 Note-taking exercise 3 - Now take notes for each sentence.
Using your notes, what were the sentences?
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exercise 5 - Take notes on each section of the lecture, then answer the yes/no questions about your notes.
- section 1
1 Did you note that there were once three main types of business organizations, but that now there are four?
2 Did you note the names of the four main types of organizations?
3 Did you abbreviate the names of the four types?
- section 2
4 Did you note that one person is in complete control of a sole proprietorship?
5 Did you note that a sole proprietorship begins when the owner makes the decision to start a business?
6 Did you write down Paul Samuelson’s example of when a sole proprietorship begins?
7 Did you write down the main advantage of a sole proprietorship?
8 Did you write down the main disadvantage?
- section 3
9 Did you note that a partnership is similar to a sole proprietorship except that a partnership has more than one owner?
10 Did you note that a partnership has the same tax advantage as a sole proprietorship?
11 Did you note the example the author gave of the problem the two partners had because they were both sole agents?
12 Did you note that some partnerships have silent partners who contribute money but don’t take part in management decisions?
- section 4
13 Did you write down that the corporation is the most complext and the most expensive business organization?
14 Did you note that the most important feature of a corrporation is limited liability and that corporations are distinct legal entities?
15 Did you note in some way (by underlining, circling, etc.) that the professor emphasized the point that corporations are distinct legal entities?
16 Did you note that double taxation is a disadvantage to corporations? Did you define double taxation?
17 Did you write down that there are three important elements in the structure of the corporation?
18 Did you note that shareholders have ultimate control but usually give their votes to the corporate officers (voting by proxy)?
19 Did you write down that the board of directors makes major decisions and sets company policy?
20 Did you note that day-to-day operations of corporations are performed by the executive officers and the corporate bureaucracy?
21 Did you note that the CEO is often the chairman of the board?
- section 5
22 Did you note that the limited liability company (LLC) is becoming more popular with smaller businesses?
23 Did you note that an LLC is a hybrid organization with features of both a partnership and a corporation?
24 Did you note that the LLC eliminates double taxation?
(25) Did you note that they’ll discuss LLC in a later class?
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Listening Question Types:
- main idea (main purpose or main topic)
- detail/fact (negative fact is possible but rare in listening)
- inference
- predictions
- purpose/method
- attitude
- function (replay questions)
- ordering/matching/charts (These are essentially types of detail questions, but the way you answer is different.)