What are all the common undefined behaviour that a C++ programmer should know about?

a[i] = i++;

// This expression has three parts:
(a) a[i]
(b) i++
(c) Assign (b) to (a)

// (c) is guaranteed to happen after (a) and (b)
// But (a) and (b) can be done in either order.
// See n2521 Section 5.17
// (b) increments i but returns the original value.
// See n2521 Section 5.2.6
// Thus this expression can be written as:

int rhs  = i++;
int lhs& = a[i];
lhs = rhs;

// or
int lhs& = a[i];
int rhs  = i++;
lhs = rhs;

A* a = new A("plop");

// Looks simple enough.
// But this can be split into three parts.
(a) allocate Memory
(b) Call constructor
(c) Assign value to 'a'

// No problem here:
// The compiler is allowed to do this:
(a) allocate Memory
(c) Assign value to 'a'
(b) Call constructor.
// This is because the whole thing is between two sequence points.

// So what is the big deal.
// Simple Double checked lock. (I know there are many other problems with this).
if (a == null) // (Point B)
{
    Lock   lock(mutex);
    if (a == null)
    {
        a = new A("Plop");  // (Point A).
    }
}
a->doStuff();

// Think of this situation.
// Thread 1: Reaches point A. Executes (a)(c)
// Thread 1: Is about to do (b) and gets unscheduled.
// Thread 2: Reaches point B. It can now skip the if block
//           Remember (c) has been done thus 'a' is not NULL.
//           But the memory has not been initialized.
//           Thread 2 now executes doStuff() on an uninitialized variable.

// The solution to this problem is to move the assignment of 'a'
// To the other side of the sequence point.
if (a == null) // (Point B)
{
    Lock   lock(mutex);
    if (a == null)
    {
        A* tmp = new A("Plop");  // (Point A).
        a = tmp;
    }
}
a->doStuff();

// Of course there are still other problems because of C++ support for
// threads. But hopefully these are addresses in the next standard.

// The simple obvious one.
callFunc(getA(),getB());

int a = getA();
int b = getB();
callFunc(a,b);

int b = getB();
int a = getA();
callFunc(a,b);

const int i = 10;
int *p =  const_cast<int*>( &i );
*p = 1234; //Undefined

int i =1;
i = ++i;

// Undefined. Assignment to i twice in the same expression.