1.  Ibn al-Muqaffa‘ (d. 759 CE)
* Accusation: Accused of zandaqa (heresy) for his writings, alleged mockery of religious norms, and beliefs deemed heretical.
• Execution: Executed by Sufyan ibn Mu‘awiya, the governor of Basra, under orders from Caliph al-Mansur. He was brutally killed by being dismembered, roasted in an oven, and burned while still alive.
• Source: Al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya by Ibn Kathir, 10/96.

2.  Al-Farabi (d. 950 CE)
* Accusation: Accused of atheism, preferring philosophers over prophets, denying bodily resurrection, and following heretical philosophical views.
• Outcome: Not executed; faced accusations but no record of execution, exile, or book burnings explicitly mentioned.
• Sources:
• Al-Munqidh min al-Dalal by Al-Ghazali, p. 98.
• Al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya by Ibn Kathir, 11/224.
• Ighathat al-Lahfan by Ibn al-Qayyim, 2/601.

3.  Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (d. 1037 CE)
* Accusation: Labeled as the “leader of atheists” and a Batinite Qarmatian, accused of kufr for denying bodily resurrection, God’s knowledge of particulars, and believing in the eternity of the world.
• Outcome: Not executed; faced accusations but no record of execution, though he experienced social ostracism.
• Sources:
• Tahaful al-Falasifa by Al-Ghazali, p. 98.
• Al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya by Ibn Kathir, 12/42.
• Siyar A‘lam al-Nubala by Al-Dhahabi, 1/531–539.

4.  Abu al-‘Ala’ al-Ma‘arri (d. 1057 CE)
* Accusation: Accused of zandaqa and atheism for his skeptical poetry, following the Brahmin philosophers, mocking religions, and authoring Al-Fusul wa al-Ghayat, which was seen as parodying the Qur’an.
• Execution/Outcome: Not explicitly executed; faced severe persecution and was forced to flee Baghdad due to threats stemming from his heretical reputation. Some sources suggest his death was under suspicious circumstances, possibly linked to his controversial views, though direct execution is not confirmed.
• Sources:
• Al-Muntazam by Ibn al-Jawzi, 8/148.
• Al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya by Ibn Kathir, 12/72.

5.  Abu Bakr al-Razi (Rhazes) (d. 925 CE)
* Accusation: Accused of being a major heretic and atheist, adopting Harranian Sabian beliefs like the “five eternals” (God, soul, matter, time, space).
• Outcome: Not executed; faced accusations and social ostracism but no record of execution or exile.
• Sources:
• Dar’ Ta‘arud al-‘Aql wa al-Naql by Ibn Taymiyya, 9/346.
• Minhaj al-Sunna by Ibn Taymiyya, 1/209.
• Majmu‘ al-Fatawa by Ibn Taymiyya, 6/304.

6.  Ya‘qub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi (d. 873 CE)
* Accusation: Accused of denying divine revelation and attempting to rival the Qur’an with his writings.
• Sources:
• Lisan al-Mizan by Ibn Hajar, 6/373.
• Muqaddimat Ibn Khaldun by Ibn Khaldun, p. 331.
• Majmu‘ al-Fatawa by Ibn Taymiyya, 9/186.

7.  Ibn al-Nadim (d. 995 CE)
* Accusation: Accused of being a Mu‘tazilite and Rafidi (Shi‘ite), with his book Al-Fihrist showing his deviant beliefs.
• Source: Lisan al-Mizan by Ibn Hajar, 5/83.
8.  Ibn Tufayl (d. 1185 CE)
* Accusation: Accused of atheism and believing in the eternity of the world.
• Source: Dar’ Ta‘arud al-‘Aql wa al-Naql by Ibn Taymiyya, 1/11, 6/56.

9.  Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (d. 1040 CE)
* Accusation: Described as an atheist and deviant, accused of believing in the eternity of the world.
• Sources:
• Dar’ Ta‘arud al-‘Aql wa al-Naql by Ibn Taymiyya, 2/281.
• Tarikh al-Falasifa (unknown author), p. 270.
• Fatawa Shaykh al-Islam by Ibn Taymiyya, 35/135.

10.  Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (d. 1274 CE)
* Accusation: Labeled a promoter of kufr and shirk, served as a minister to Hulagu, participated in the killing of the Caliph, and established schools for philosophy and astrology.
• Outcome: Not executed; faced accusations but served in prominent roles.
• Sources:
• Dar’ Ta‘arud al-‘Aql wa al-Naql by Ibn Taymiyya, 5/67.
• Al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya by Ibn Kathir, 13/267.
• Ighathat al-Lahfan by Ibn al-Qayyim, 2/601.

11.  Al-Jahiz (d. 868 CE)
* Accusation: Accused of having corrupt beliefs, not praying, and zandaqa.
• Source: Al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya by Ibn Kathir, 11/19.

12.  ‘Abbas ibn Firnas (d. 887 CE)
* Accusation: Accused of zandaqa due to his work in magic and alchemy.
• Sources:
• Al-Muqtabas min Ahl al-Andalus by Ibn Hayyan, p. 279.
• Nafh al-Tib by Al-Maqqari, 4/348.

13.  Ibn Rushd (Averroes) (d. 1198 CE)
* Accusation: Described as a misguided philosopher who believed in the eternity of the world and denied bodily resurrection.
• Outcome: Not executed; faced exile, and his books were burned.
• Sources:
• Siyar A‘lam al-Nubala by Al-Dhahabi, 21/307.
• Dar’ Ta‘arud al-‘Aql wa al-Naql by Ibn Taymiyya, 1/11, 127, 152.

14.  Muhammad ibn al-Shakir (d. unknown)
* Accusation: Accused of being a heretical philosopher, engaging in music and astrology, and translating Greek philosophical texts.
• Source: Siyar A‘lam al-Nubala by Al-Dhahabi, 7/117.

15.  Thabit ibn Qurra (d. 901 CE)
* Accusation: Described as a Sabian philosopher and atheist who died in his misguidance.
• Sources:
• Siyar A‘lam al-Nubala by Al-Dhahabi, 13/485.
• Al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya by Ibn Kathir, 11/85.

16.  Jabir ibn Hayyan (d. 815 CE)
* Accusation: Accused of zandaqa and sorcery due to his alchemical experiments.
• Source: Al-Fihrist by Ibn al-Nadim, p. 355.

17.  Al-Khwarizmi (d. 850 CE)
* Accusation: Alleged to have Mu‘tazilite leanings, though evidence is weaker compared to others.
• Source: Lisan al-Mizan by Ibn Hajar, 5/92 (mentions his association with Mu‘tazilite circles).