this.connection = new Connection(
      `https://solana-mainnet.g.alchemy.com/v2/${env.ALCHEMY_API_KEY}`,
      'confirmed',
    );

async preparePrivyTransaction(params: TransactionParams) {
    try {
      const instructions: TransactionInstruction[] = [];

      if (params.isNative) {
        instructions.push(
          SystemProgram.transfer({
            fromPubkey: new PublicKey(params.senderAddress),
            toPubkey: new PublicKey(params.recipientAddress),
            lamports: params.amount,
          }),
        );
      } else if (params.tokenMint) {
        const senderTokenAccount = await this.getTokenAccount(
          params.senderAddress,
          params.tokenMint,
        );
        if (!senderTokenAccount) {
          throw new Error('Sender token account not found');
        }

        const { tokenAccount: recipientTokenAccount, shouldCreate } =
          await this.getOrCreateTokenAccount(
            params.recipientAddress,
            params.tokenMint,
          );

        if (shouldCreate) {
          instructions.push(
            createAssociatedTokenAccountInstruction(
              new PublicKey(params.senderAddress),
              recipientTokenAccount,
              new PublicKey(params.recipientAddress),
              new PublicKey(params.tokenMint),
            ),
          );
        }

        instructions.push(
          createTransferInstruction(
            senderTokenAccount,
            recipientTokenAccount,
            new PublicKey(params.senderAddress),
            params.amount,
          ),
        );
      }

      const { blockhash } = await this.connection.getLatestBlockhash({
        commitment: 'processed',
      });

      const messageV0 = new TransactionMessage({
        payerKey: new PublicKey(params.senderAddress),
        recentBlockhash: blockhash,
        instructions,
      }).compileToV0Message();

      return new VersionedTransaction(messageV0);
    } catch (error) {
      console.error('Error in preparePrivyTransaction:', error);
      throw error;
    }
  }