Fig_08

pdf("fig_08.pdf", width = 5, height = 5)
par(bty = "n", las = 1, mar = c(8, 4, 1, 1) + 0.2)

# función suma armónicos
sum_arm <- function(n) {
  a <- numeric(n)
  for (i in 1:n) {
    for (j in 1:i) {
      a[j] <- a[j] + 1/i
    }
  }
  a/n
}

# datos
obs <- c(16.7, 14.1, 11, 7.6, 7.2, 6.4, 5.7, 5.1, 4.5, 4.3, 4.3, 4, 2.2, 2.1, 1.4, 1.2, 0.7, 0.6, 0.6, 0.3)
nomb <- c("industria", "comercio", "construcción", "transporte", "adm. pública", "hostelería", "agric/ganadería/pesca", "técnica/ciencia", "administración", "comunicación", "educación", "sanidad", "finaciera", "artes/recreativas", "otros servicios", "saneamiento", "inmobiliaria", "energía", "hogar", "minería")
n <- length(obs)
teor <- 100*sum_arm(n)

R2 <- 1 - sum((obs - teor)^2) / var(obs) / (n - 1)

# gráfico
plot(1:n - 0.1, obs, ylab = "Población (%)", type = "h", las = 2, ylim = c(0, 20), lwd = 2, xlab = "", xaxt = "n")
axis(1, at = 1:n, labels = nomb, las = 2, cex.axis = 0.8)
lines(1:n + 0.1, teor, type = "h", col = "red", lwd = 2)
legend("topright", bty = "n", cex = 0.8, c("observado", "teórico"), lty = 1, lwd = 2, col = c("black", "red"))
text(10, 10, bquote(R^2 ~ ":" ~ .(round(R2, 2))))

dev.off()