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Japan and Europe: The Christian Century, 1549-1650

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. Between 1549 and 1650, Reformed Catholicism, which the Jesuits under Portuguese patronage introduced to Japan, produced a unique religious and cultural movement termed Kirishitan. The category of Equating this era in Japan to the Renaissance and Reformation in Europe does not simply meet the historiography of late medieval and early modern Japan. Yet the idea of the “Christian Century,” defined by Boxer 1951 and still debated, captures a sense of the period when the “Christian West” first encountered Japan and impacted the outcome of world history. Beginning with Francis Xavier’s arrival in 1549, the period is marked by Jesuit activities and Iberian-Japanese interactions among other significant changes. Christianity spread steadily, although in 1587, the great unifier Toyotomi Hideyoshi, suspicious of Iberian colonialism, issued the Edict of Expulsion of Priests and, in 1597, executed Christians in Nagasaki. In the early decades of the 17th century, rivalry between the Jesuits and newly-arrived mendicant orders, competition among Portuguese, Spanish, English, and Dutch traders, and the establishment of the Tokugawa hegemony led to the persecution and extermination of Christians and to sakoku, the strict ban on all foreign interference. Sakoku is a contentious term discussed in Yamamoto 1995 (cited under Sakoku and the Underground Church). This bibliography first gives an overview to the period in the order of Reference Works and Bibliographies; Essay Collections; Guides for Archival Research; Historical Surveys and Historical Context. The thematic treatments follow under the headings of Jesuit Authors in the Japan Mission; Mendicant Orders; Accommodation; Kirishitan Leaders and The Arts. The last section End of the Christian Century introduces English and Dutch Trading Posts to 1650 and only the beginning years of Sakoku and the Underground Church. Thus this bibliography does not extend its scope into the modern Enlightenment era nor into the long Edo period.
  4.  
  5. Reference Works and Bibliographies
  6.  
  7. Standard bibiographies on the Catholic mission are Polgár 1986 and Streit 1928–1929. The missiological dictionary Anderson 1998 includes entries on some Jesuits in Japan. Reference works such as Mullins 2003 and Nihon Kirisutokyō rekishi daijiten cover this period to varying degrees. Anesaki 1930 and Ebisawa 1960 are older bibliographies, but still useful. Cooper 2004 and Üçerler 2008 deliver current research of leading contemporary scholars.
  8.  
  9. Anderson, Gerald H., ed. Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1998.
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  11. One-volume missiological dictionary that includes succinct entries on several missionaries of the period, e.g., “Fróis, Luis” (p. 230) and “Valignano, Alessandro” (p. 694), etc. Useful for introductory level researchers.
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  13. Anesaki, Masaharu. A Concordance to the History of Kirishitan Missions (Catholic Missions in Japan in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries). Tokyo: Office of the Academy, 1930.
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  15. A chronological table of events, persons, publications, and issues.
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  17. Cooper, Michael. “A Mission Interrupted: Japan.” In A Companion to the Reformation World. Edited by Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, 393–407. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004.
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  19. Cooper focuses on the failure of the Christianization of Japan in Part V, “Christian Europe and the World,” with other essays on India, China, and Latin America, in Hsia’s collection of essays on local perspectives on the Reformation. Essays on “Martyrs and Saints” and “The Society of Jesus” do not mention Japan.
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  21. Ebisawa, Arimichi. Christianity in Japan: A Bibliography of Japanese and Chinese Sources. Part 1 (1543–1858) of two parts. Tokyo: Committee on Asian Cultural Studies, International Christian University, 1960.
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  23. Chronological list of publications and manuscripts written in Japanese and Chinese languages in Japan and China between 1543 and 1858. Each entry gives the author’s name in rōmaji and kanji/kana for easy access by phonetics, with Ebisawa’s English translation of the document title.
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  25. Mullins, Mark R., ed. Handbook of Christianity in Japan. Leiden, The Netherlands; Boston, MA: Brill, 2003.
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  27. Miyasaki Kentarō’s chapter 1, “Roman Catholic Mission in Pre-Modern Japan,” of which the historiography on the Reformations is dated, and chapter 2, “The Kakure Kirishitan Tradition,” are useful for introductory level researchers.
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  29. Nihon Kirisutokyō rekishi daijiten. Tokyo: Kyōbunkan, 1988.
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  31. In English, the Encyclopedia of history of Christianity in Japan. Entries on persons and topics written by reliable specialists in Japanese.
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  33. Polgár, László. Bibliographie sur l’Histoire de la Compagnie de Jésus 1901–80. 3 vols. Rome: Institutum Historicum, 1986.
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  35. See “Japan” in Volume 2, Les pays (nations). Supplemental bibliography is found in the journal Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu, Volumes 51–70 (1982–2001). Polgár supersedes Sommervogel, Carlos, ed. Bibliotèque de la Compagnie de Jésus. 12 vols. Louvain: Editions de la Bibliothèque S. J., Collège philosophique et théologique, 1960; originally published in 1890.
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  37. Streit, Robert. Bibliotheca Missionum. Vols. 4–5. Aachen: Aachener Missionsdruckerei, A.-G., 1928–1929.
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  39. Classic series on Catholic global missions for chronological and geographical references. Streit authored volumes 1 through 5. His successors continued the series in 30 volumes until 1975 published in different locations. Volume 4; Asiatiche Missionliterature 1245–1599 (olim Xavierius Verlagsbuchhandlung, A.-G., 1928) and Volume 5; Asiatiche Missionliterature 1600–1699 (Aachen: Franziskus Xavierius Missionsverein, 1929) are most relevant.
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  41. Üçerler, M. Antoni J. “Jesuit Enterprise in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Japan.” In The Cambridge Companion to the Jesuits. Edited by Thomas Worcester, 153–168. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
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  43. Most up-to-date introduction to the period, with useful notes containing bibliographic information.
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  45. Essay Collections
  46.  
  47. Geo-political, military-mercantile, socio-cultural, and ecclesiastical-religious elements contributed to the development of the Christian century. Boxer 1986 addresses various factors in a broad spectrum, and Pacheco 1977 focuses on local realities. Two conference volumes place the Christian Century in global and regional perspectives: Carneiro and Matos 1994, in the Portuguese East Indies; and Üçerler 2009, in Japan and China. Cooper 1971 and Milward 1994 pay attention to intercultural exchanges between Japan and Europe. Turnbull 2000 provides a kaleidoscopic view of the period.
  48.  
  49. Boxer, C. R. Portuguese Merchants and Missionaries in Feudal Japan, 1543–1640. Aldershot, UK: Variorum, 1986.
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  51. Selective collection of Boxer’s major essays on political, religious, cultural, and individual aspects of the period. Reprinted in 1990.
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  53. Carneiro, Roberto, and A. Teodoro de Matos, eds. O Século Cristão do Japão: Actas do Colóquio Internacional Comemorativo dos 450 anos de Amizade Portugal-Japão (1543–1993). Braga, Portugal: Barbpsa & Xavier, 1994.
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  55. Large conference volume on various aspects of the period, conveying social historical, gender, race, and postcolonial critical perspectives. In Portuguese with English abstracts.
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  57. Cooper, Michael, ed. The Southern Barbarians: The First Europeans in Japan. Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1971.
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  59. Southern Barbarian is Cooper’s translation of nambanjin 南蛮 人, which the Japanese dubbed the Iberians at their first encounter. Collection of essays by Doi Tadao (literature), Micahel Cooper (culture), Diego Pacheco (church), Ebisawa Arimichi (Christianity), and Fernando G. Gutiérrez (art).
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  61. Milward, Peter, ed. Portuguese Voyages to Asia and Japan in the Renaissance Period. Renaissance Monographs 20. Tokyo: Renaissance Institute, Sophia University, 1994.
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  63. Collection of essays on Renaissance travel literature, Shakespeare, and comparative literature and cultures.
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  65. Pacheco, Diego. Kyūshū Kirishitanshi kenkyū. Tokyo: Kirishitan Bunka Kenkyūkai, 1977.
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  67. In English: “A study of history of Christianity in Kyushu”; this is a collection of major essays by Diego Pacheco (naturalized as Yūki Ryōgo), former director of the Twenty-Six Martyrs Museum in Nagasaki. Pacheco published widely on Christians in Japan in Japanese and Spanish.
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  69. Turnbull, Stephen R., ed. Japan’s Hidden Christians, 1549–1999. 2 vols. Tokyo: Japan Library, Synapse, 2000.
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  71. Volume 1, Open Christianity in Japan, 1549–1639, conveniently reprints hard-to-locate previously published essays on various aspects of Christian life by writers such as Naojirō Murakami and Minako Debergh. Essays in volume 2, Secret Christianity in Japan, 1640–1999, investigate the degrees of retention of Christianity and religious synchretism among the underground Christians.
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  73. Üçerler, M. Antoni J., ed. Christianity and Cultures: Japan & China in Comparison, 1543–1644. Bibliotheca Instituti Historici S.I. 68. Rome: Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu, 2009.
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  75. Conference volume on the comparative study of the Jesuit missions in Japan and China. Topics include: cultural encounters and accommodation, Christianity and Buddhism, translation, liturgy, lay sodalities, and Maria Kannon. Writers include Kishino Hisashi, Ignatia Kataoka Rumiko, Asami Masakazu, Wakakuwa Midori, Kawamura Shinzō, and Yamamoto Hirofumi, who have published inovative research primarily in Japanese.
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  77. Guides for Archival Research
  78.  
  79. Numerous textual sources remain in European archives. The largest is the Japonica Sinica (Jap.Sin.) collection of the Archives of the Society of Jesus in Rome (ARSI). Navigating through this vaste sea of information requires essential guides such as Schütte 1968, Schütte 1975, and Ruiz de Medina 1990–1995. Schütte 1961 and Schütte 1964 are helpful for the archives in Madrid which have post-expulsion materials from Macau and Manila. Ruiz de Medina 2000 gives source information for martyrs from Japan. The most extensive introduction to European collections is Matsuda 1967. Obara 1981 provides the index to the Jap.Sin. and other major archives. Another useful guide is Laures 1957 including its website updates.
  80.  
  81. Laures, Johannes. Kirishitan Bunko: A Manual of Books and Documents on the Early Christian Mission in Japan; With Special Reference to the Principal Libraries in Japan and More Particularly to the Collection at Sophia University, Tokyo; With an Appendix of Ancient Maps of the Far East, Especially Japan. 3d ed. Tokyo: Sophia University, 1957.
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  83. The majority of the rarebooks at Kirishitan Bunko are 16th- and 17th-century European publications. Constant updates on the bibliographic information and numerous digitized materials are available at the Laures Rarebook Database and Virtual Library
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  85. Matsuda, Kiichi. Kinsei shoki Nihon kankei Nanban shiryō no kenkyū. Tokyo: Kazamashobō, 1967.
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  87. In English: “Study of early modern Namban sources.” Comprehensive descriptions of archival collections throughout Europe. Also includes critical editions of letters sent by the Japanese to Europe. Author’s several essays compare important evidence from Japanese sources with European sources. Extensive bibliography. In Japanese.
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  89. Obara, Satoru. Kirishitan Bunko: Iezusukai Nihon kankei monjo. Tokyo: Nansōsha, 1981.
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  91. Indexed catalogue of materials pertaining to the Jesuit Japan mission in Jap.Sin. (ARSI), Biblioteca da Ajuda (Lisbon), and the British Museum. Kirishitan Bunko at Sophia Univeristy in Tokyo owns microfilms of all materials in this catalogue, as well as materials from the Cortes collection (see Schütte 1961) and Jesuitas collection (see Schütte 1964) in Madrid. In Japanese.
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  93. Ruiz de Medina, Juan G., ed. Monumenta historica Japoniae 2: Documentos Del Japon. 1547–1557. 2 vols. Rome: Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu, 1990–1995.
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  95. Monumenta Historica Japoniae (MHJ) series volumes 2 and 3. Monumenta Historica Societatis Jesu (MHSI) vols. 137 and 148. Critical editions of 181 documents in the original languages from the ARSI pertaining to the Jesuit Japan mission from 1547–1562. Ruiz de Medina’s “Introduction,” in Spanish, provides a historical overview (1:21–42; 2: 21–45). Each document is accompanied by an abstract, and one paragraph on authorship and source. Good bibliography, glossary, and maps. No further volumes of the MHJ series have been published.
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  97. Ruiz de Medina, Juan G. El Martirologio del Japón (1558–1873). Rome: Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu, 2000.
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  99. Author’s essay gives a historical survey of martyrdom in Japan. Most useful is the meticulous choronological and regional catalogues of all known martyrs. Entries contain overviews of persecution and source information, with some archival texts translated into Spanish. Appendix lists names of cannonized saints and the blessed of Japan as of 2000.
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  101. Schütte, Josef Franz. Documentos sobre el Japon conservados en la Coleccion “Cortes” de la Real Academia de la Historia. Madrid: Maestre, 1961.
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  103. Description of materials pertaining to the Jesuit Japan mission in sections 562, 565, 566, and 567 in the Cortes collection (transferred from the Jesuit College in Alcalá) in the library of Real Academia de la Historia (Royal Academy of History) in Madrid. In Spanish.
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  105. Schütte, Josef Franz. El “Archivo del Japon”: Vicisitude del Archive Jesuitico del Extremo Oriente y Descripción del Fond Existente en la Real Academia de la Historia de Madrid. Archivo documental español, 20. Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia, 1964.
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  107. Reconstruction of the archives of the post-expulsion Jesuit Japan Province in Macau, taken to Manila, and eventually transported to the Royal Academy of History, Archivo Historíco Nacional (National Historical Archives), and Archivo Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid (The Archives of the National Library of Madrid). Especially useful for examination of martyrs of Japan.
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  109. Schütte, Josef Franz. Introductio ad historiam Societatis Jesu in Japonia, 1549–1650, ac prooemium ad catalogos Japoniae edendos ad edenda Societatis Jesu monumenta historica Japoniae propylaeum. Opus composuit plurimisque tabellis instruxit et adnotationibus auxit Josephus Franciscus Schütte. Rome: Institutum Historicum Societatis Jesu, 1968.
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  111. Chrolological outlines and statistical analyses of the various catalogues of the Jesuit Japan mission in the Jap.Sin. in ARSI. Schütte explains visitor Alessandro Valignano’s directives for these catalogues, and comments on various non-religious aspects of the mission. Written in Latin; preserves original Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, and Latin in citation.
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  113. Schütte, Joseph Franz, ed. Monumenta Historica Japoniae I: Textus Catalogorum Japoniae aliaeque de Personis Domibusque S.J. in Japonia, Informationes et Relationes, 1549–1654. Monumenta Historica Societatis Jesu (MHSI), Vol. 111. Rome: Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu, 1975.
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  115. First of Monumenta Historica Japoniae (MHJ). Chronological reconstruction of the catalogues of the Jesuits in the Japan mission in the ARSI. The 1,333 pages include critical editions of primary texts. The index has biographical summaries of the Jesuits, members of other orders, politicians, and laypersons. In Latin; preserves original languages of the citations.
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  117. Historical Surveys
  118.  
  119. Charles Ralph Boxer pioneered research on both the Portuguese and the Dutch East Indies and left monumental works, among which Boxer 1951 and Boxer 1959 are essential. Standard monographic narratives are Elison 1973, Moran 1993, and Ross 1994. Cooper 1965 gives an anthology of European voices. A new generation of research resulted in Higashibaba 2001, and Ward 2009. All works listed are in English; copious works written in Japanese require a separate bibliography.
  120.  
  121. Boxer, C. R. The Christian Century in Japan, 1549–1650. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951.
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  123. Definitive and influential narrative history of the period. Coined the term “The Christian Century.” Useful data in the appendix.
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  125. Boxer, C. R. The Great Ship from Amacon: Annals of Macau and the Old Japan Trade, 1555–1640. Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos, 1959.
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  127. Another comprehensive narrative history, focused on the maritime mercantile world. Includes English translations as well as Portuguese transcriptions of archival materials. Especially useful for economic historians.
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  129. Cooper, Michael. They Came to Japan: An Anthology of European Reports on Japan, 1543–1640. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965.
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  131. Cooper’s introductions and modern English translations of selective short passages on Japan by various Europeans.
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  133. Elison, George. Deus Destroyed: The Image of Christianity in Early Modern Japan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973.
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  135. The first two parts pursue historical inquiries into the incompatability of Western Christianity and the Japanese worldview, and the Japanese rejection of Christianity apparent in anti-Christian literature and Fabian Fucan’s apostasy. The last part consists of English translations of four anti-Christian propaganda tracts.
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  137. Higashibaba, Ikuo. Christianity in Early Modern Japan: Kirishitan Belief and Practice. Leiden, The Netherlands; Boston: Brill, 2001.
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  139. Focuses on liturgical doctrine and practices of the sacraments such as baptism. Utilizes published Japanese translations of the original sources in European langauges.
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  141. Moran, J. F. The Japanese and the Jesuits: Alessandro Valignano in Sixteenth-Century Japan. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
  142. DOI: 10.4324/9780203306970Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  143. Readable but critically written textbook. Pursues discrepancies between Valignano and the expectations of European Jesuits for Japanese members of the Society and the latters’ experiences.
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  145. Ross, Andrew C. A Vision Betrayed: The Jesuits in Japan and China 1542–1742. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1994.
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  147. Despite the lack of consultation of archival sources and its negative title, this work by a Protestant missiologist provides a compelling argument for the contributions of the Jesuit mission in Japan and its influence in China.
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  149. Ward, Haruko Nawata. Women Religious Leaders in Japan’s Christian Century, 1549–1650. Women and Gender in the Early Modern World. Farnham, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2009.
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  151. Revisioning the period from the perspective of a historian of women’s history, the book examines both women converts and rejectors of Christianity. Investigates questions of continuity and discontinuity of religious experiences of women converts from Shinto-Buddhism. Utilizes primary sources in original languages.
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  153. Historical Context
  154.  
  155. The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) was designated the Portuguese padroado real (royal patronage) to the East Indies. On the imaginary globe of the Renaissance, golden Zipangu existed at the end of the ocean voyage. Lach and Van Kley 1965; Boxer 1978; Witek 1988; Alden 1996; and Levenson, et al. 2007 explain European political, religious, military, and mercantile enterprises in the web of global interactions. Japan had its own long sovereign history. Japanese histories, such as Sanson 1958–1963 and Hall 1991, note the arrival of Portuguese firearms and Catholicism during Japan’s feudal wars and the powershift towards national unification by the Tokugawa shogunate, without relating the European Renaissance and Reformation to Japan’s Christian Century. De Barry, et al. 2001–2005 is the principal collection of Japanese primary sources. McMullin 1984 is helpful for the context of late medieval reform of Japanese Buddhism; and for women in Buddhism, Ruch 2002 is excellent.
  156.  
  157. Alden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540–1750. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996.
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  159. Thorough examination of economic activities of the Jesuits under the Portuguese padroado connecting the trade routes between Lisbon, the East Indies, and Brazil.
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  161. Boxer, C. R. The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion, 1440–1770. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
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  163. Discussion of the Iberian Catholic imperial worldviews and their global consequences, including such problems as (non)ordination of native clergy and the slave trade.
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  165. De Bary, William Theodore, Yoshiko Kurata Dykstra, William M. Bodiford, et al. Sources of Japanese Tradition. 2d ed. 2 vols. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001–2005.
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  167. Anthology containing important Buddhist and other document excerpts concerning Japanese foreign relations, translated into English.
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  169. Hall, John Whitney, ed. The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 4. Early Modern Japan. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
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  171. Encyclopedic work, strong in social history.
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  173. Lach, Donald F., and Edwin J. Van Kley. Asia in the Making of Europe. 9 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965.
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  175. Comprehensive overview of the European Renaissance imagination of the East Indies and actual European encounters with Asian civilizations and cultures. Useful analysis of the West and Japan in the global context, including cartography and images.
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  177. Levenson, Jay A., Diogo Ramada Curto, and Jack Turner, ed. Encompassing the Globe: Portugal and the World in the 16th & 17th Centuries. Washington, DC: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, 2007.
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  179. Exhibition volume with numerous reproductions. Excellent visual presentation of the Portuguese padroado enterprise including Japan. Its companion website is helpful for teachers.
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  181. McMullin, Neil. Buddhism and State in Sixteenth Century Japan. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1984.
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  183. Discusses various schools of medieval Buddhism and their relationship to the shifting political leadership.
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  185. Ruch, Barbara, ed. Engendering Faith: Women and Buddhism in Pre-modern Japan. Michigan Monograph Series in Japanese Studies, 431. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2002.
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  187. Collection of essays on mysoginist Buddhist teachings on women and realities of Buddhist nuns and laywomen. Helpful illustrations.
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  189. Sansom, George Bailey. A History of Japan. 3 vols. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1958–1963.
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  191. A standard political and cultural history. Volume 2 (1334–1615) and volume 3 (1615–1867) are relevant.
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  193. Witek, John W. “From India to Japan: European Missionary Expansion, 1500–1650.” In Catholicism in Early Modern History: A Guide to Research. Edited by John W. O’Malley, 193–210. St. Louis, MO: Center for Reformation Research, 1988.
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  195. Bibliographical essay on the Portuguese padroado, ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and missionary activities.
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  197. Jesuit Authors in the Japan Mission
  198.  
  199. Jesuit missionaries wrote prolifically. The works of Francis Xavier, Alessandro Valignano, Luís Fróis, and João Rodrigues Tçuzu provide details of the period that Japanese sources rarely recorded.
  200.  
  201. Francis Xavier (b. 1506–d. 1552)
  202.  
  203. Xavier’s stay in Japan was short, between 1549 and 1551. His letters and instructions for the Jesuits, written between 1535 and 1552, as presented in Xavier 1944–1945 and Xavier 1992, portray the first European-Japanese encounters in the context of the Portuguese East Indies. His biography, Schurhammer 1973–1982, also places Xavier on a global scale.
  204.  
  205. Schurhammer, Georg. Francis Xavier: His Life and Times. 4 vols. Translated M. Joseph Costelloe. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, 1973–1982.
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  207. Thoroughly researched biography, with detailed notes, illustrations, list of major political and ecclesiastical figures, and bibliography. See especially volume 3, Indonesia and India, 1545–1549 and volume 4, Japan, 1549–1552. But also consult volume 1, Europe, 1506–1541 and volume 2, India, 1541–1544.
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  209. Xavier, Francis. Epistolae S. Francisci Xaverii, Aliaque Eius Scripta. Edited by George Schurhammer and José Wicki. 2 vols. Vols. 67–68 of MHSI. Rome: Monumenta Historica Societatis Iesu, 1944–1945.
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  211. Only critical edition of Xavier’s letters in his original Spanish (volume 1, 1535–1548; volume 2, 1549–1552) and additional relevant documents, with the editors’ thorough historical introduction, notes, and literary analyses in Latin.
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  213. Xavier, Francis. The Letters and Instructions of Francis Xavier. Edited and Translated M Joseph Costelloe. Jesuit Primary Sources in English Translations 10. St. Louis, MO: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1992.
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  215. English translation of Xavier’s letters in the identical order of Xavier 1944–1945, with a succinct introduction and useful notes.
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  217. Alessandro Valignano (b. 1538–d. 1606)
  218.  
  219. Valignano, Visitor to East India (1573–1595) and Japan and China (1595–1606), is known for his policy of accommodation. Among his many writings, only his Catechism in Valignano 1972 and Valignano 1954, his guidelines for European Jesuits in Japan, are listed here. Valignano arranged the Tenshō emissary of four Japanese youths representing three Kirishitan Daimyō, who travelled between 1582 and 1590 to the Portuguese and Spanish courts, and Italy, where they witnessed the papal succession in Rome. Valignano supervised the publication of their travel accounts in de Sande 2012. Schütte 1980–1985 gives a critical study of Valignano’s life and work. See also Moran 1993 and Ross 1994 cited under Historical Surveys. Closer analyses of Valignano’s Reformation writings are rare except for Mühlberger 2001.
  220.  
  221. De Sande, Duarte. Japanese Travellers in Sixteenth-Century Europe: A Dialogue Concerning the Mission of the Japanese Ambassadors to the Roman Curia (1590). Translated by J. F. Moran. Edited by Derek Massarella. Farnham, UK; and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2012. For the Hakluyt Society.
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  223. English translation of Latin colloquia De missione legatorum Iaponensium ad Romanam curiam, attributed to Duarte de Sande. Demonstrates Valignano’s ideal for Europeanized Japanese.
  224. Find this resource:
  225. Mühlberger, Joseph B. Glaube in Japan: Alexandro Valignanos Katechismus, Seine Moraltheologischen Aussagen Im Japanischen Kontext. St. Ottilien: Eos, 2001.
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  227. A close analysis of moral theology in Valignano’s Catechismus (Valignano 1972).
  228. Find this resource:
  229. Schütte, Josef Franz. Valignano’s Mission Principles for Japan. Translated by John J. Coyne. 2 vols. St. Louis, MO: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1980–1985.
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  231. Foundational study of Valignano’s accommodation policy. Provides analysis of primary sources on Valignano’s life, work, and writings.
  232. Find this resource:
  233. Valignano, Alessandro. Sumario de las cosas de Japon (1583): Adiciones del Sumario de Japon (1592). Edited by José Luis Alvarez-Taladriz. Monumenta Nipponica monographs 9. Tokyo: Sophia University, 1954.
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  235. Valigano’s guide for the superiors in the Japan mission based on his observations during his two brief visitations (1579–1582 and 1590–1592). Deals with difficult issues of governance, native members, class of dōjucu, finance, and charity. Valuable “Introduction” and notes by Alvarez-Taladriz, who also published numerous significant journal essays in Japanese and Spanish.
  236. Find this resource:
  237. Valignano, Alessandro. Catechismus Christianae Fidei, in quo veritas nostrae religionis ostenditur, et sectae Iaponenses confutantur. Lisbon: A. Riberius, 1586. Facsimile, Tenri Central Library, Classica Japonica, Section 2: Kirishitan materials, 3. Tokyo: Yūshōdō, 1972.
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  239. Valignano lists errors of the Japanese sects of Buddhism in his apologetic catechism in Latin.
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  241. Luís Fróis (b. 1532–d. 1597)
  242.  
  243. Fróis is the most prolific writer of the Japan mission. Already a reputed editor of annual letters in Goa, he became the chief editor of annual letters upon his arrival in Japan in 1563 until his death there in 1597. Fróis 1976–1984, the author’s magnum opus, provides detailed accounts of the Jesuit and Japanese activities to 1593. Commissioned by Rome, but suppressed by Valignano, manuscripts of the three-part História circulated between Europe and the Americas until its recovery and publication as Fróis 1976–1984 and Matsuda 1977–1980. Fróis 1955 compares European and Japanese cultures, drawing attention from contemporary scholars such as Jorissen 1988 and recent modern language translations such as Fróis 1993, Fróis 1998, and Gill and Fróis 2004.
  244.  
  245. Fróis, Luís. Kulturgegensätze Europa-Japan (1585): Tratado em que se contem muito susinta e abreviadamente algumas contradições e diferenças de custumes antre a gente de Europa e esta provincial de Japão. Edited and translated by Josef Franz Schütte. Tokyo: Sophia University, 1955.
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  247. Six hundred nine paired comparisons of European and Japanaese socio-cultural differences. This is Schütte’s critical edition of the Portuguese original, with his German translation.
  248. Find this resource:
  249. Fróis, Luís. História de Japão. Edited by José Wicki. 5 vols. Lisbon: Biblioteca Nacional, 1976–1984.
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  251. Wicki’s “Introduction” is the best study of Fróis’s life, writings and publication history. Contains Wicki’s invaluable notes and bibliographies.
  252. Find this resource:
  253. Fróis, Luís. EuropaJapão: um diálogo civilizacional no século XVI: tratado . . . Edited by Raffaella D’Intino. Lisbon: Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses, 1993.
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  255. Recent Portuguese edition of Fróis’s Tratado.
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  257. Fróis, Luís. Européens & Japonais: Traité sur les Contradictions & Différences de Moeurs. Translated by Xavier de Castro; Preface by Claude Lévi-Strauss. Paris: Chandeigne, 1998.
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  259. A French translation of Fróis’s Tratado with a preface by the famous anthropologist Lévi-Strauss. Revision of Traité de Luís Fróis, S. J. (1585): sur les contradictions de moeurs entre Européens et Japonais. Translated by Xavier de Castro. Preface by José Manuel Garcia; Chronology and notes by Robert Schrimpf. Paris: Chandeigne, 1993.
  260. Find this resource:
  261. Gill, Robin, and Fróis, Luís. Topsy-turvy 1585: A Translation and Explication of Luis Frois S. J.’s Tratado (Treatise) Listing 611 Ways Europeans & Japanese Are Contrary. Edited and Translated Robin Gill. Key Biscayne, FL: Paraverse, 2004.
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  263. An English translation of Fróis’s Tratado.
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  265. Jorissen, Engelbert. Das Japanbild im Traktat (1585) des Luis Frois. Münster, Germany: Aschendorffsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1988.
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  267. Insightful analysis of Tratado in the light of História de Japão.
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  269. Matsuda, Kiichi, and Kawasaki Momota, ed. and trans. Nihonshi. 12 vols. Tokyo: Chūōkōronsha, 1977–1980.
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  271. Matsuda reorganizes the original chronicle format of História into geographically arranged chapters in his translation in Japanese. Editorial notes provide numerous Japanese cross-references and bibliographies.
  272. Find this resource:
  273. João Rodrigues Tçuzu (b. 1558–d. 1633)
  274.  
  275. Rodrigues was an effective interpreter in political negotiations for the mission, thus given the nickname of tçuzu (interpreter). The lexiconographic contributions of Rodrigues 1976 and Rodrigues 1993 are the subject of linguistic scholarship, most recently Lamers 2002. Composed after the author’s expulsion to Macau, Rodrigues 1954 provides a socio-cultural study of Japan in comparison to China, where Rodrigues became known as a sinologist. Pioneer studies of Rodrigues are delivered in Cooper 1973, Cooper 2001, and Cooper 1974.
  276.  
  277. Cooper, Michael, ed. This Island of Japon: João Rodrigues’ Account of 16th-century Japan. Tokyo; New York: Kodansha International, 1973.
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  279. Cooper edited, annotated and translated the incomplete draft of Historia da Igreja do Japao (history of the church of Japan), which Rodrigues complied in Portuguese c. 1620–1633 after his expulsion to Macau in 1610. Despite its title, it only contains introductory treatises on geography, architecture, ceremonies, language, arts and culture.
  280. Find this resource:
  281. Cooper, Michael. Rodrigues, the Interpreter: An Early Jesuit in Japan and China. New York: Wetherhill, 1974.
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  283. Definitive biography of João Rodrigues Tçuzu.
  284. Find this resource:
  285. Cooper, Michael, ed. João Rodrigues’s Account of Sixteenth-Century Japan. London: Hakluyt Society, 2001.
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  287. A revision of Cooper 1973. Contains valuable cultural observations of Japan between 1577 and 1610 when Rodrigues resided there.
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  289. Lamers, Jeroen Pieter. Treatise on Epistolary Style: João Rodriguez on the Noble Art of Writing Japanese Letters. Michigan monograph series in Japanese studies 39. Ann Arbor: Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan, 2002.
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  291. Translation and analysis of the chapters on letter writing in Arte da lingoa de Iapam (Rodrigues 1976).
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  293. Rodrigues, João. Historia da Igreja do Japão. Edited by João do Amaral Abranches Pinto. 2 vols. Macau: Noticias de Macau, 1954.
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  295. Rich descriptions of Japanese culture and social decorum. Partial English translations are available in Cooper 1973 and Cooper 2001, which omit final chapter on Chinese cosmology in book II.
  296. Find this resource:
  297. Rodrigues, João. Nihon daibunten. Edited by Tadao Doi and Takeshi Mitsuhashi. Tokyo: Benseisha, 1976.
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  299. Rodrigues published Arte da lingoa de Iapam in Nagasaki sometime between 1604 and 1608. Reproduction of Oxford University Bodleian Library copy. This Great Japanese Grammar includes Rodrigues’ observations on Japanese poetry, literature, letter-writing, calendar, chronology, geography, money table, and other cultural matters.
  300. Find this resource:
  301. Rodrigues, João. Arte Breve da Lingoa Iapoa tirada da arte grande da mesma lingoa, pera os que comecam a aprender os primeiros principios della (Amacau 1620). Tokyo: Shin-Jimbutsu-Ōrai-Sha, 1993.
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  303. Facsimile with Japanese translation by Hiroshi Hino. This is a shorter Japanese-Portuguese grammar dictionary published in Macau in 1620 that came after the larger but less accurate Arte da lingoa de Iapam (Rodrigues 1976).
  304. Find this resource:
  305. Other Authors
  306.  
  307. Other Jesuits wrote on a wide range of subjects. Gómez 1997 is a scholastic theological textbook; Lucena 1972 describes a local mission in Bungo; Giram 1970 and Morejón 1974 portray martyrology; and Carvalho 2007 presents an apology. Although not a Jesuit, but a merchant supporter of the mission, Avila Girón 1965 provides important descriptions of the Christian Century.
  308.  
  309. Avila Girón, Bernardino de. Abira Hiron Nihon Ōkoku ki. Edited by Yu Aida. Translated by Tadashi Sakuma and Akio Okada. Tokyo: Iwanami, 1965.
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  311. This Japanese translation of his Relación del Reino de Nippon is the only critical edition of the manuscript from the Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu. A partial Spanish edition is available in Archivo Iberoamericano, vols. 36–38 (1933–1935).
  312. Find this resource:
  313. Carvalho, Valentim. Apologia do Japão. Edited by José Eduardo Franco and Cristina Lopes. Lisbon: Centro Científico e Cultural de Macau, 2007.
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  315. Valentim Carvalho (b. 1558–d. 1631), Provincial of Japan (1611–1614), wrote this defense of the Jesuit style of mission against a tract written by Franciscan Sebastião de São Pedro.
  316. Find this resource:
  317. Giram, João Rodrigues. The Palme of Christian Fortitude or the Glorious Combats of Christians in Iaponia. Vol. 21. St. Omar, 1630. Edited and Translated by Edmund Neville. English Recusant Literature 1558–1640. Edited by D. M. Rogers. Facsimile. London: Scolar, 1970.
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  319. Edmund Neville (b. 1605–d. 1647) translated the annual letter (1624) of João Rodrigues Giram (b. 1558–d. 1629) as The Palme for his persecuted English Catholic readers. Bound with Francis Arias’ A Treatise of Patience. Giram’s letters, many of which were almost immediately published in Europe, remain major sources on the Japanese church under persecution.
  320. Find this resource:
  321. Gómez, Pedro. Compendium catholicae veritatis, in gratiam Iapponicorum fratrum Societatis Iesu, confectum per Reverendum Patrem Petrum Gomezium Vice-Provincialem Societatis Iesu in provincia Iapponica. 3 vols. Tokyo: Ōzorasha, 1997.
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  323. Volume 1 is facsimile from the Vatican Library Archives of the Latin textbook in three parts (De Sphaera; De Anima; De Theologia) for the Jesuit College of Japan, complied by Pedro Gómez (b. 1533–d. 1600). Volume 2 contains partial Japanese translations by Kobayashi Kentei and Pedro Ramón. Volume 3 contains an interpretive essay in English by Antoni M Üçerler (pp. 11–60).
  324. Find this resource:
  325. Lucena, Afonso de. Erinnerungen aus der Christenheit von Omura: de algumas cousas que ainda se alembra o Pe Lucena que pertencem à Christandade de Omura (1578–1614); erstmalige, kritische ausgabe des eigenhändigen Portugiesischen textes. Edited by Josef Franz Schütte. Rome: Institutum historicum S.I., 1972.
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  327. Afonso de Lucena (b. 1551–d. 1623) was a long-time superior of Bungo and was expelled to Macau in 1614. This comprises his first-hand observations of the development of the Ōmura mission. In Portuguese.
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  329. Morejón, Pedro. A Briefe Relation of the Persecution Lately Made Against the Catholike Christians, in the kingdome of Iaponia; devided into two Bookes, Taken out of the Annuall Letters of the fathers of the Society of Iesus, and other authenticall informations. Written in Spanish, and printed first at Mexico in the West Indies, the yeare of Christ M.DC.XVI. And Newly translated into English by W. W. Gent. The Frist Part [S.Omer: English College Press, 1619]. English recusant literature, 1558–1640, vol. 213. Ilkley: Scolar, 1974.
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  331. English translation of Part 1 of two parts, Breve relación de la persecución que huo estos años conra la Iglesia de Japón . . . Mexico: Juan Ruyz, 1616. Expelled from Japan in 1614, Pedro Moréjon (b. c. 1562–d. 1639) published Relations with varied titles in Mexico, Spain, Portugal, and Macau between 1616 and 1631, all prints of which are still available.
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  333. Kirishitanban and Anti-Christian Literature
  334.  
  335. Kirishitanban, or Christian edition, is the term for about sixty titles published by the Jesuit Press in Japan between 1591 and 1614, using movable type in rōmaji (alphabet) or kanamajiri (Chinese-Japanese characters). Missionary and Japanese translators of Kirishitanban worked together to creatively transform Western ideas into Japanese ones. Unlike the China mission, few works of single Japanese authorship survived the persecution. Kirishitanban convey traces of some Japanese contributions. Satow 1888 surveys existing copies; see also Laures 1957 (cited under Guides for Archival Research). Selective examples of published facsimiles and critical editions include Calepino 1953; Manuale Ad Sacramenta Ecclesiae Ministranda; Kōso 2006; Tenri Central Library 1976; Ebisawa, et al. 1993; Ebisawa 1970; and Fabian 1976–1977. Fabian Fucan (b. 1565–d. 1621) left both pro- and anti-Christian literature. The latter genre is represented in Ebisawa 1970. Ide 1995 is an in-depth study on Fabian. See also Elison 1973 (cited under Historical Surveys).
  336.  
  337. Calepino, Ambrogio. Dictionarivm Latino Lvsitanicvm, Ac Iaponicvm, Ex Ambrosii Calepini Volumine Depromptum. 3 vols. in quo omissis nominibus proprijs tam locorum, qu`am hominum, ac quibusdam alijs minus usitatis, omnes vocabuloru significationes, elegantioresq; dicendi modi apponuntur: in vsum, & gratiam laponicae iuuentuits, quae Latino idiomati operam nanat, nee non Europeorü, qui Iaponicü sermonem addiscunt. Tokyo: Tōyō bunko, 1953.
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  339. Reproduction of the Kirishitanban Calepino’s Latin dictionary, with Portuguese and Japanese in pararell columns (original from the Jesuit Press in Amacusa, 1595). Accompanying booklet of an essay by Hirosato Iwai, “On the Latin-Portuguese-Japanese Dictionary Published by the Jesuit Mission Press in Japan.”
  340. Find this resource:
  341. Ebisawa, Arimichi, ed. Kirishitansho, haiyasho. Tokyo: Iwanami, 1970.
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  343. In English: “Kirishitan literature, anti-Christian literature.” Critical edition of nine Kirishitanban including Doctrina Christan, a kanamajiri catechism of 1591; and five anti-Christian texts, including Fabian Fucan, Ha daiusu (Deus Destroyed) of 1620, of which an English translation is found in Elison 1973 (cited under Historical Surveys).
  344. Find this resource:
  345. Ebisawa, Arimichi, Katsumi Ide, and Hisashi Kishino, eds. Kirishitan kyōrisho. Kirishitan kenkyū 30. Tokyo: Kyōbunkan, 1993.
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  347. Critical edition of seven Kirishitanban doctrinal texts, including Doctrina Christan, catechisms of 1592 and 1600 in rōmaji, and Fabian Fucan, Myōtei mondō (Myōtei Dialogue) of 1605, a religious dialogue between two women on Buddhism, Shinto, Confucianism, and Christianity.
  348. Find this resource:
  349. Fabian, Fucan. Amakusa-ban Heike monogatari. 2 vols. Edited by Kunimichi Fukushima. Tokyo: Benseisha, 1976–1977.
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  351. Facsimile of Oxford University Library copy of Nifon no cotoba to historia uo narai xiran to fossuru fito no tame ni xeva ni yavaraguetaru Feiqe no monogatari (The Tale of Heike, abridged and rendered in vernacular for those who wish to learn Japanese language and history), Amacusa, 1592. A text by Fabian written while a Jesuit catechist.
  352. Find this resource:
  353. Ide, Katsumi. Kirishitan shisōshi kenkyū josetsu: Nihonjin no Kirisutokyō juyō. Tokyo: Perikansha, 1995.
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  355. In English: “Introduction to the study of the history of Kirishitan ideas: Japanese acceptance of Christianity.” Major study in Japanese of Fabian Fucan’s life, work, and thoughts; discusses the question of compatabiliity of Christianity and Japanese identity.
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  357. Kōso, Toshiaki, ed. Sanctos no gosagveo no vchi nvqigaqi. 2 vols. Tokyo: Yūshodo, 2006.
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  359. In English: “Excerpts from the Acts of the Saints.” Facsimile of Sanctos no gosagvueo no vchi nvqigaqi (Kazusa, 1591) from a copy in Marciana National Library, Venice. Preserves names of Japanese translators, Yōhō Paulo (b. c. 1508–d. 1595) and Tōin Vicente (c. 1540–d. 1609). In rōmaji. Separate booklet of an essay in Japanese by Kōso Toshiaki.
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  361. Manuale Ad Sacramenta Ecclesiae Ministranda: Opera Ad Usum Sui Cleri Ordinatum. Kirishitan-ban Seisen Kirishitan Publications, Printed by the Jesuit Mission Press in Japan. Tōkyō: Yūshōdō, 2006.
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  363. Critical edition of a partially preserved liturgical manual for clergy by Bishop Luís Cerqueira (off. 1598–1614), originally published in Nagasaki: Collegio Japonico Societatis Iesu, 1605.
  364. Find this resource:
  365. Satow, Ernest Mason. The Jesuit Mission Press in Japan, 1591–1610. Tokyo: Privately printed, 1888.
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  367. Comprehensive list of existing Kirishitanban copies, with annotations and photos of the title pages of the original prints.
  368. Find this resource:
  369. Tenri Central Library, ed. Tenri Toshokan-zo Kirishitan-ban shusei. 8 vols. Tokyo: Yagi; Yūshōdō, 1976.
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  371. Collection of Kirishitanban housed in Tenri Central Library (Tenri Toshokan). Facsimile collection of Kirishtianban including Bauchizumo no sazukeyō (how to baptize); Kontemutsusu munji, a free translation of the Imitation of Christ published by Harada Antonio, Kyoto, 1610; Taiheiki nukigaki (abridged novella, Taiheiki), 1611–1614; Guia do pecador: zainin uo jen ni michibicu no gui nari, Nagasaki, 1599, a free translation of Luis de Granada, Guía de pecadores.
  372. Find this resource:
  373. Letter Collections
  374.  
  375. Jesuit Constitutions require each global mission to send regular reports to their Generalate in Rome. Japan letters were also quickly edited and published in the European anthologies. Reading these publications alongside the archival originals may reveal the differences between the interests and values of the Jesuits in Japan and those of European book consumers. Widely circulated collections, including Cartas que los Padres y Hermanos de la Compañia de Iesus, Cartas que os Padres e Irmãos da Companhia de Jesus, Guerreiro 1930, and Hay 1977 contain these Japan letters. A steady demand for martyrology can be seen in Pasio, et al. 1609; Matos 1617; and Bonelli, et al. 1632. See also Giram 1970 and Morejón 1974 (both cited under Other Authors); Trigault 2005–2009 (cited under Histories); and Vega 1965 (cited under Mendicant Orders). Matsuda 1987–1998 is an anthology of Japanese translations of selective letters from these European collections. See also Laures Rarebook Database and Virtual Library for more examples.
  376.  
  377. Bonelli, Giovanni Battista, Christovão Ferreira, Pedro Morejon, and João Rodrigues. Lettere annve del Giappone de gl’anni MDCXXV, MDCXXVI, MDCXXVII, al molto reu. in Christo P. Mvtio Vitelleschi, Preposito generale della Compagnia di Giesv. Rome: F. Corbelletti, 1632.
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  379. Bonelli and Ferreira hid in Japan under persecution, and secretly sent their letters in 1625, 1626, and 1627 to Moréjon and Giram in Macau, who sent all Japan letters to General Vintelleschi in Rome. Bonelli and Ferreira later apostatized under torture.
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  381. Cartas que los Padres y Hermanos de la Compañia de Iesus, que andan en los Reynos de Iapon escrivieron a los de la misma Compañia, desde el año de mil y quinientos y quarenta y nueve, hasta el de mil y quinientos y setenta y uno. Alcala: Juan Iniguez de Lequerica, 1575.
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  383. Spanish edition/translation of Jesuit Japan letters, mostly faithful to the archival original. Covers initial stages of the mission.
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  385. Cartas que os Padres e Irmãos da Companhia de Jesus escreverão dos Reynos de Iapão e China aos da mesma Companhia da India e Europa, desdo anno de 1549 ate o de 1580. Evora, 1598. Classica japonica: facsimile series, section 2 Kirishitan materials 1. 2 vols. Nara: Tenri Central Library, 1992.
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  387. Mostly faithful Portuguese edition/translation of the original.
  388. Find this resource:
  389. Guerreiro, Fernão. Relação Anual das Coisas que Fizeram os Padres da Companhia de Jesus nas suas Missões do Japão, China . . . nos anos de 1600 a 1609. 3 vols. Lisbon and Evora: 1603–1611. Facsimile. Coimbra: Coimbra University Press, 1930.
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  391. Placed Japan letters among letters from other missions in the Portuguese East Indies. A more dramatic Portuguese edition/translation of the original.
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  393. Hay, John. De Rebvs Iaponicis, Indicis, et Pervanis Epistolae Recentiores. A Ioanne Hayo Dalgatiensi Scoto Societatis Iesu in liberum unum coaceruatae. Antwerp, Belgium: Martini Nutij, 1605. Facsimile. Nara: Tenri Central Library, 1977.
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  395. Scottish Jesuit John Hay’s accurate edition/translation in Latin.
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  397. Matos, Gabriel de. Lettera annua del Giappone del M.DCXIV. al molto Rever. padre generale de la Compagnia di Giesu. Rome: Zanneti, 1617.
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  399. Eye-witness account of the Great Expulsion of 1614 by Gabriel de Matos, a Procurator to Rome.
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  401. Matsuda, Kiichi, trans. and ed. Jūroku-shichiseiki Iezusukai Nihon hōkokushū. 15 vols. Kyoto: Dōhōsha, 1987–1998.
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  403. This anthology of selective Japan letters helps provide the overview of the period.
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  405. Pasio, Francesco, Mateo de Couros, and João Rodrigues Giram, to Claudio Acquaviva. Lettres annales dv Iapon [des années 1603, 1604, 1605 & 1606]. Lyon: P. Rigavd, 1609.
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  407. Mostly faithful French translations of reports on the mission and martyrdom in Bungo. Editions in Latin and Portuguese were also published.
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  409. Histories
  410.  
  411. Numerous narrative histories based on Japan letters were published in Europe such as Guzmán 1976. Despite their increasing factual inaccuracies after the expulsion of the missionaries in 1614, and the lack of direct contact between the Propaganda Fide (est. 1622) with the sakoku Japan, examples such as Trigault 2005–2009; Bartoli 1857–1858; Crasset 1715; Charlevoix 1828 and Pagés 1869 show sustained European interest in the Christian Century in Japan. See also Schütte 1980–1985, in the section Alessandro Valignano (b. 1538–d. 1606), and Laures Rarebook Database and Virtual Library for more examples.
  412.  
  413. Bartoli, Daniello. Istoria della compagnia di Gesú: Il Giappone: secunda parte dell’Asia. 8 vols. Naples: Uffizio de’libri ascetici e predicabili, 1857–1858.
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  415. Originally published in 1660 (Rome: Ignatio de’ Lazzeri). Section on the Japan mission in the massive Jesuit official history of East India.
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  417. Charlevoix, Pierre-François-Xavier de. Histoire de l’établissement, des progrés et de la décadence du Christianisme dans l’empire du Japon, ou, L’on voit les différentes révolutions qui ont agité cette monarchie pendant plus d’un siècle. 2 vols. Louvain, Belgium: Vanlinthout et Vandenzande, 1828.
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  419. Frequently cited history of Japan by a French missionary to Canada, first published in Rouen in 1715; its English translation, History of the Church of Japan also appeared in 1715. Caution needs to be taken when reading this more fictional than factual work with imaginative illustrations.
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  421. Crasset, Jean. Histoire de l’église du Japon. 2d ed. Paris: F. Montalant, 1715.
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  423. First published in 1689. Work of an armchair historian in France. Despite inaccuracies, its rapid English translation as The History of the Church of Japan (London, 1705–1707) shows its wide popularity.
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  425. Guzmán, Luis de. Historia de las missiones que han hecho los religiosos de la Compañia de lesus: para predicar el Sancto Euangelio en la India oriental, y en los reynos de la China y Iapon. 2 vols. Facsimile. Tenri Central Library. Classica Japonica: Section 9, Varia I. Tokyo: Yūshōdō, 1976.
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  427. Covers the early years of the Jesuit mission in the East Indies including Japan, faithfully utilizing the Jesuit letters. Originally published in 1601, Alcala, Spain: Viuda de Iuan Gracian.
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  429. Pagés, Léon. Histoire de la Religion Chrétienne au Japon depuis 1598 jusqu’a 1651: comprenant les faits relatifs aux deux cent cinq martyrs béatifiés le 7 juilllet 1867. 2 vols. Paris: Charles Douniol, 1869.
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  431. Written after the rediscovery of the hidden Christians. Despite its lack of source information, History of the Christian Religion is surprisingly thorough and accurate.
  432. Find this resource:
  433. Trigault, Nicolas. Les triomphes chrétiens des martyrs du Japon (1624). Edited by Susumu Kudo, Florence Levet, Jean-Pierre Levet, and Catherine Liébert. Translated by Pierre Morin. Tôzai, hors-série 1 (2005) and 2 (2009). Limoges, France: Universitaires de Limoges, 2005–2009.
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  435. Trigault was a recruiter for missionary candidates in Europe who used Japanese martyrology in his recruitment.
  436. Find this resource:
  437. Mendicant Orders
  438.  
  439. Reversing the padroado in 1608, Pope Paul V gave permission for Spanish mendicants from Manila to enter Japan. Orfanel 1989 and Orfanel 1633 provide source on the Dominicans. Aduarte 1962–1963 places the Japan mission in the context of the Spanish Dominicans in Manila, while Vega 1965 shows its reception in Golden Age Spain. Uyttenbroeck 1959 is a missionary history of Franciscans; Schilling 1950 provides a detailed study of the Franciscan hospitals. Amati 1615 shows European reception of the Franciscan Keichō delegation. Hartmann 1965 begins the investigation into the under-researched Augustinian mission.
  440.  
  441. Aduarte, Diego. Historia de la Provincia del Santo Rosario de la Orden de Predicadores en Filipinas, Japón, y China. Manila: Colegio de Sâcto Thomas, 1640. 2 vols. Facsimile. Edited by Manuel Ferrero. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Misionología Española, 1962–1963.
  442. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  443. Official chronicles of the Dominican missionary activities in East Asia including Japan by Diego Aduarte (b. 1569–d. 1636), based in Manila.
  444. Find this resource:
  445. Amati, Scipione. Historia Del Regno Di Voxv Del Giapone: Dell’Antichita, Nobilta, E Valore Del Svo Re Idate Masamvne, Delli Favori, C’Ha Fatti alla Christianità, e desiderio che tiene d’esser Christiano, e dell’aumento di nostra santa Fede in quelle parti; E dell’Ambasciata che hà inuiata alla S[ancti]tà di N. S. Papa Paolo V. e delli suoi successi, con altre varie cose di edificatione, e gusto spirituale dei Lettori . . . Rome: Giacomo Mascardi, 1615.
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  447. Accounts on the Keichō delegation (1613–1620), solicited by Franciscan Luis de Sotelo (b. 1574–d. 1624), sent by Daimyō Date Masamune, and led by Hasekura Rokuemon Tsunenaga Philippo Francisco (b. 1571–d. 1622), through Manila, Mexico, Cuba, Spain, France, and the Papal Court, including Hasekura’s baptism and induction to Roman citizenship. Other European language translations were also published.
  448. Find this resource:
  449. Hartmann, Arnulf. The Augustinians in Seventeenth Century Japan. Classiciacum: Studies in St. Augustine and the Augustinian Order. Vol. 8. King City, Ontario; New York: Augustinian Historical Institute, 1965.
  450. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  451. American series. Official narrative history of the Augustinan Japan mission (c. 1584–1637). A list of male members. Promising bibliography for further research.
  452. Find this resource:
  453. Orfanel, Jacinto. Historia eclesiástica de los sucessos de la Christiandad de Iapón, desde e año de 1602, que entró en él la Orden de Predicadores, hasta el de 1620. Madrid: A. Martin, 1633.
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  455. Diego Collado (d. 1638) supplemented Orfanel’s history of the Dominican Japan mission between 1602 and 1620. Collado also published a Japanese-Spanish grammar dictionary and confessional manual in Manila.
  456. Find this resource:
  457. Orfanel, Jacinto. Cartas y relaciones. 2d ed. Edited, introduced, and annotated by José Delgado Garcia and Manuel Gonzalez Pola. Madrid: Institutos de Filosofía y Teología Santo Tomás, 1989.
  458. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  459. Critical edition of the letters of Blessed Jacinto Orfanel (b. 1578–d. 1622), founder of the Dominican Japan mission in 1607, who remained after 1614 and became a martyr in Nagasaki. Delgado gives a thorough introduction, biography, analysis of Orfanel’s works, bibliography, and notes.
  460. Find this resource:
  461. Schilling, Dorotheus. Hospitäler der Franziskaner in Miyako (1594–1597). Schöneck/Beckenried, Switzerland: Administration der Neuen Zeitschrift für Missionswissenschaft, 1950.
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  463. Study of the Franciscan mission hospitals in Kyoto. Detailed bibliographic information in notes.
  464. Find this resource:
  465. Uyttenbroeck, Thomas. The Early Franciscans in Japan. Missionary Bulletin Series, 6. Himeji, Japan: Committee of the Apostle, 1959.
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  467. History of the Franciscan mission (1593–1639), based on archival sources such as letters in the series Archivo Ibero-Americano: Estudios Historicos sobre la Orden Franciscana en Espana y sus Misiones, Madrid, 1914–. Useful list of missionaries and bibliography.
  468. Find this resource:
  469. Vega, Lope de. Triunfo de la fee en los reynos de Japón. Edited by J. S. Cummins. London: Tamesis Books; Grant & Cutler, 1965.
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  471. Critical edition of a martyrology written in 1618 by the Spanish Golden Age poet, Lope de Vega, who used contemporary letters including Orfanel’s. Cummins provides source analysis.
  472. Find this resource:
  473. Accommodation
  474.  
  475. All major studies on the Christian Century deal with some aspects of the accommodation of European ideas and practices in the Japanese context. Schurhammer 1928 and Farge 2003 discuss accommodation issues on language and translation; López-Gay 1964 addresses laws and customs; López-Gay 1970 focuses on worship; and Schurhammer 1929 depicts interreligious relations.
  476.  
  477. Farge, William J. The Japanese Translations of the Jesuit Mission Press, 1590–1614: De imitatione Christi and Guía de pecadores. Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen, 2003.
  478. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  479. Examines Kirishitanban texts of Contemptus mundi jenbu (1596), Kontemutsusu munji (1610), and Guia do picador (1599) in comparison to their original texts of The Imitation of Christ and Guía de pecadores, discussing issues of translation of European Christianity into the Japanese Buddhist worldview.
  480. Find this resource:
  481. López-Gay, Jesús. El Matrimonio de los Japoneses: Problema y soluciones según un ms. inédito de Gil de Mata, S. J. (1547–1599). Studia Missionalia, Documenta et Opera, 1. Rome: Gregorian University Press, 1964.
  482. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  483. Examines Japanese marriage, concubinage, and divorce laws, and customs and application of Tridentine regulations on new Christian converts. The missionaries in Japan, moral and judicial theologians in Universities in Salamanca and Valladolid, and the Roman Curia exchanged heated discussions over these issues. Chapter 4 has a critical editon of Gil de Mata’s Latin treatise of 1592, De Japponensium Matrimonio (On the Japanese Marriage).
  484. Find this resource:
  485. López-Gay, Jesús. La Liturgia en la misión del Japón del siglo XVI. Studia Missionalia. Documenta et Opera, 4. Rome: Gregorian University Press, 1970.
  486. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  487. Writing in the spirit of Vatican II, López-Gay examines the liturgical movement at the time of the Council of Trent, and the contemporaneous Jesuit efforts in the adaptation of Roman liturgy to Japan, especially on the rites of the dead, which attracted non-Christian attention to Christianity.
  488. Find this resource:
  489. Schurhammer, Georg. Shin-tō: The Way of the Gods in Japan: According to the Printed and Unprinted Reports of the Japanese Jesuit Missionaries in the 16th and 17th Centuries. Bonn and Leipzig: Kurt Schroeder, 1923.
  490. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  491. Schurhammer’s analysis of the Jesuit understanding of Shinto
  492. Find this resource:
  493. Schurhammer, Georg. Das kirchliche Sprachproblem in der japanischen Jesuitenmission des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts: ein Stück Ritenfrage in Japan. Tokyo: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens, 1928.
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  495. Examines Xavier’s mistranslation of Deus as Dainichi, consequent Jesuit efforts in better communication, and the Chinese Rites controversy. Discusses language issues addressed by Japanese Confucian scholars including Arai Hakuseki (b. 1657–d. 1724) and his Seiyō kibun (Tidings of the West), written after his interrogation of Giovanni Battista Sidotti (b. 1667–d. 1715), the last priest to enter Sakoku Japan in 1708.
  496. Find this resource:
  497. Schurhammer, Georg. Die Disputationen des P. Cosme de Torres, S. J., mit den Buddhisten in Yamaguchi in Jahre 1551: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens, 24A. Tokyo: German Society for East Asian Natural History and Ethnology, 1929.
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  499. The Jesuits pioneered interreligious dialogue. Schurhammer’s analysis of the Yamaguchi disputation laid the foundation for later scholarly study on Jesuit interreligious dialogues.
  500. Find this resource:
  501. Kirishitan Leaders
  502.  
  503. Kirishitan leaders carried out many evangelical and pastoral ministries. Under persecution, the Jesuits created semi-clerical classes of catechists and organized mutual aid societies, as discussed in López-Gay 1967 and Cieslik 2004. Studies on individual laypersons begin with Steichen 1904 on daimyō. The two iconic figures of Hosokawa Tama Gracia (b. 1563–d. 1600) and Takayama Ukon Justo (b. 1552–d. 1615) inspired both Japanese and European discourses shown in Gössmann 1994 and Laures 1954. Research is still wanting on Kirishitan diaspora communities. Colín 1900–1992, Ruiz de Medina 1991, and Cieslik 1967 provide sources for the Philippines, Korea, and Southeast Asia.
  504.  
  505. Cieslik, Hubert. “Senra no Nihonmachi to Kirishitan.” Kirishitan kenkyū 12 (1967): 287–300.
  506. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  507. In English: “Japantown in Ayutthia and Kirishitan.” Informs of the demise of Kirishitan diaspora communities in Ayutthia.
  508. Find this resource:
  509. Cieslik, Hubert. “Laienarbeit in der alten Japan-Mission.” In Publikationen über das Christentum in Japan: Veröffentlichungen in europäischen Sprachen. Edited by Margret Dietrich and Arcadio Schwade, 165–189. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2004.
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  511. Cieslik’s pioneering work on cumi (confraternities and consororities), in which the traditional charity organizations in Catholicism and Buddhism converged. This anthology collects Cieslik’s essays on various topics in European languages, excluding his noteworthy works in Japanese. Originally published in Das Laienapostolat in den Missionen . . . . Ed. Johanna Specker and P. Walbert Bühlmann. Switzerland: Neue Zeitschrift für Missionswissenschaft, 1961.
  512. Find this resource:
  513. Colín, Francisco. Labor Evangélica, ministerios apostolicos de los obreros de la Compañía de Jesús, fundacion, y progressos de su providencia en las Islas Filipinas. Madrid, 1663. 3 vols. Edited by Pablo Pastells. Barcelona: Henrich, 1900–1992.
  514. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  515. Official history of the Jesuit mission in the Phillipines, including chapters on Naitō Julia (b. c. 1566–d. 1627) and her society of religious women, who were expelled from Japan in 1614, to Spanish Manila, and perished there in 1656.
  516. Find this resource:
  517. Gössmann, Elisabeth. “Gracia Hosokawa Tama (1563–1600).” Japanese Religions 19.1 and 2 (1994): 8–22.
  518. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  519. Feminist theologian’s short biography of Hosokawa Tama Gracia calling for further critical research.
  520. Find this resource:
  521. Laures, Johannes. Takayama Ukon und die Anfänge der Kirche in Japan. Münster, Germany: Aschendorffsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1954.
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  523. Daimyō Takayama Ukon Justo was deposed and expelled from his fief by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1587, and later by the Tokugawa, in 1614, to Manila, where he died shortly after arrival.
  524. Find this resource:
  525. López-Gay, Jesús. “Las Organizaciones de Laicos en el Apostolado de la Primitiva Misión del Japón.” Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu 36 (1967): 3–31.
  526. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  527. Examines incorporation of native speaker male catechists in the Jesuit ranks in India and Japan. Focuses on the role of dōjucu (preachers) and cambō (local sacristans), both borrowed from the Buddhist tradition.
  528. Find this resource:
  529. Ruiz de Medina, Juan G. The Catholic Church in Korea: Its Origins, 1566–1784. Translated by John Bridges. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, 1991.
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  531. Also published in 1991 by the Korean Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, in Seoul. Revised translation of Orígenes de la Iglesia Católica Coreana desde 1566 hasta 1784 (Rome, 1986). Includes primary documents on Korean hostages, taken to Japan during Hideyoshi’s 1592–1598 invasions in Korea, who became Kirishitan leaders and martyrs.
  532. Find this resource:
  533. Steichen, Michael M. A. Les Daimyo Chrétiens, ou un siècle de l’Histoire religieuse et politique du Japon, 1549–1650. Hong Kong: Société des Missions Étrangères, 1904.
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  535. First work to note the complex motivations for conversions of several Kirishitan daimyō including Ōtomo Sōrin Francisco, Ōmura Sumitada Bartolomeu, and Arima Harunobu Protásio.
  536. Find this resource:
  537. The Arts
  538.  
  539. Kirishitan visual arts produced by the Jesuit Japan mission under the tutorage of Jesuit Giovanni Niccolò (1563–1626) show European model and Japanese adaptation as seen in Bailey 1999. Other works, such as Okamoto 1972; Pinto 1986; The Namban Art of Japan; and Murase and Amemiya 2003 show European-Japanese cultural hybridity. See also Levenson, et al. 2007 (cited under Historical Context) as well as Cooper 1971 and Milward 1994 (both cited under Essay Collections). Kirishitan stories provided numerous plots to the Baroque theater as shown in Takenaka 1995, Dietrich 1993, and Immos 2005.
  540.  
  541. Bailey, Gauvin Alexander. Art on the Jesuit Missions in Asia and Latin America, 1542–1773. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999.
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  543. Chapter 3 examines the historical context, Valignano’s directives, and characteristics of the art works of the “Niccolò School” in the Japan mission.
  544. Find this resource:
  545. Dietrich, Margret. “Gratia Hosokawa: Ein japanisches Vorbild für die Habsburger Dynastie.” In Theologie zwischen Zeiten und Kontinenten: für Elizabeth Gössmann. Edited by Theodor Schneider and Helen Schüngel-Straumann, 445–465. Vienna: Herder, 1993.
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  547. Analyzes how a feisty Lady Hosokawa Tama Gracia, a Kirishitan leader, was recreated as an exemplary noblewoman sacrificing her life for a Hapsburg state building in Baroque theater.
  548. Find this resource:
  549. Immos, Thomas. “Gracia Hosokawa, Heroine of an Opera in Vienna 1698.” In Mission und Theater: Japan und China auf den Bühnen der Gesselschaft Jesu. Edited by Adrain Hsia and Ruprecht Wimmer, 373–378. Regensburg: Schnell and Steiner, 2005.
  550. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  551. Examines recasting of the story of Hosokawa Tama Gracia in European Baroque theaters.
  552. Find this resource:
  553. Murase, Miyeko, and Mutsuko Amemiya, ed. Turning Point: Oribe and the Arts of Sixteenth-century Japan. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art; New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003.
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  555. Exhibition catalogue of ceramics for tea ceremony, held at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, in 2003–2004, in collaboration with The Museum of Fine Arts, Gifu, Japan, reflecting Portuguese influences of multicolor decoration and Christian symbols. The origin is attributed to Lord Furuta Oribe (b. c. 1543–d. 1615). Includes maps and essays on aspects of Namban visual arts.
  556. Find this resource:
  557. The Namban Art of Japan: Paintings and Screens: Oct. 4–Nov. 24, 1986. Seiyō to No Deai, Kirishitan Kaiga to Nanban Byōbu. . . . Osaka: Kokuritsu Kokusai Bijutsukan (National Museum of International Arts).
  558. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  559. Exibition catalogue with good reproductions of a wide range of Namban screens.
  560. Find this resource:
  561. Okamoto, Yoshitomo. The Namban Art of Japan. The Heibonsha Survey of Japanese Art 19. New York: Weatherhill/Heibonsha, 1972.
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  563. Examines almost all surviving Christian arts of the period, including European imports, works by the Niccolò School, Kanō School, and kakure adaptation.
  564. Find this resource:
  565. Pinto, Maria Hellena Mendes. Biombos Namban: Namban Screens. Lisbon: Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga, 1986.
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  567. Japanese influence on the Portuguese concept of screen paintings (byōbu as biombo), produced mostly by the Kanō School, depicting the exotic and curious.
  568. Find this resource:
  569. Takenaka, Masahiro. Jesuit Plays on Japan and English Recusancy: An Essay by Masahiro Takenaka, with Editions and Translations by Charles Burnett. Renaissance Monographs 21. Tokyo: Renaissance Institute, Sophia University, 1995.
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  571. Translation of two Latin dramas based on the themes from the Japan mission and produced for the English recusancy community at Jesuit College of St. Omers. The essay suggests six hundred known performances of such plays throughout Europe.
  572. Find this resource:
  573. The End of the Christian Century
  574.  
  575. While the Tokugawa consolidated its power, its relationship with Iberian traders and Catholic missions drastically changed. In this context, two Northern European companies sought trade monopoly, with the Dutch East India Company (VOC) gaining it in 1641. Although the Reformation-Counter Reformation confessional bickering played a minimal part in this shift, there was very little theological or religious discussion among these Protestants while they witnessed the fierce Kirishitan persecution and martyrdom. The Sakoku edicts banned Japanese travel overseas, refused any contacts with the Iberians, reduced the Dutch-Japanese interactions to a minimum, and forced the remaining Kirishitans to go underground, ending the Christian Century by 1650. Studies on the VOC in intra-Asian context, rangaku (The Dutch or Western scientific studies), retention of Jesuit cosmology in kokugaku (nationalist Shinto) in the later Sakoku period, and recovery of the hidden Christians in Meiji era, are beyond the scope of this bibliography
  576.  
  577. The English and Dutch Trading Posts to 1650
  578.  
  579. “The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East-Indies” operated in Hirado between 1613 and 1623. Murakami and Murakawa 2006 and Cocks 1979 provide primary sources for this English trading factory, while Massarella 1990 presents a critical study. “The Dutch East India Company” (VOC) began trading in Hirado in 1609. Nagazumi 2000 interprets VOC activities in Hirado. After 1641, the VOC became the sole European presence. They were forced to remain on the artificially constructed Dejima Island until the 19th century with the strict prohibition against Christian proselytization. The VOC documents are published in Blussé, et al. 1986–, Diaries kept by the heads of the Dutch factory in Japan, and Caron and Schouten 1971. TANAP website provides guides for bibliography and archives.
  580.  
  581. Blussé, Leonard, Ton Vermeulen, Paul van der Velde, and Cynthia Vialle, eds. The Deshima Dagregisters: Their Original Tables of Contents. Edited by Leonard Blussé, Ton Vermeulen, Paul van der Velde, and Cynthia Vialle. Leiden, The Netherlands: Leiden Centre for the History of European Expansion, 1986–.
  582. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  583. Paragraph headings of the logbooks of the traded materials by the VOC in Dejima. Volume 11 covers 1641 through 1650.
  584. Find this resource:
  585. Caron, Francis, and Joost Schouten. A True Description of the Mighty Kingdoms of Japan and Siam. Translated by Rodger Manley. London, 1663. Repr. Edited by C. R. Boxer. London: Argonaut Press, 1935; Amsterdam: N. Israel and New York: Da Capo, 1971.
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  587. Huguenot François Caron (b. 1600–d. 1673) served between 1614 and 1641 in Japan and responded to the inquiries by VOC Director-General in Batavia in his 1636 treatise Benschrijvinghe van het machtich coninckrijcke Japan, which was published in Amsterdam in 1648, translated by Rodger Manley (b. c. 1626–d. 1688) and published in London in 1663. Contains Boxer’s extensive introduction and Schouten’s treatise on Siam.
  588. Find this resource:
  589. Cocks, Richard. Diary Kept by the Head of the English Factory in Japan: Diary of Richard Cocks, 1615–1622. 3 vols. Tokyo: Tokyo Univ., Historical Institute, 1979–.
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  591. Transcripts of the diary of Richard Cocks (b. 1566–d. 1624) from the British Library copy. Parallel Japanese translation is published as Eikoku Shōkanchō nikki.
  592. Find this resource:
  593. Diaries kept by the heads of the Dutch factory in Japan. Dagregisters gehouden bij de opperhoofden van het [sic] Nederlandsche factorij in Japan. Edited by Nederlandsche Oost-Indische Compagnie. Comptoir Nangasackij. Tokyo: Tokyo University, Historiographical Institute; The Hague: Algemeen Rijksarchief, 1974–.
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  595. Transcriptions of the VOC Factors’ diaries in Dutch with prefatory remarks in English, edited by Tokyo University Historiographical Institute. Ten volumes covering the period between 1633 and 1647 have been published. Pararell Japanese translations with the title Oranda Shōkanchō nikki are also published.
  596. Find this resource:
  597. Massarella, Derek. A World Elsewhere: Europe’s Encounter with Japan in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press, 1990.
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  599. Critical study of the English East India Company documents in global perspective, with useful “Bibliographical Essay.”
  600. Find this resource:
  601. Murakami, Naojiro, and Kengo Murakawa, eds. Letters Written by the English Residents in Japan, 1611–1623: With Other Documents on the English Trading Settlement in Japan in the Seventeenth Century. Mansfield Centre, CT: Martino, 2006.
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  603. Letters of William Adams, Richard Cocks, John Saris, and other materials. Helpful in understanding the shifting political environment and as corrective to a popular but inaccurate story of William Adams (b. 1564–d. 1620), an English trader, featured in James Clavell’s 1975 novel Shogun (New York: Random House), and the 1980 television mini series based on the novel. First published in Tokyo: Sankosha, 1900.
  604. Find this resource:
  605. Nagazumi, Yōko. Hirado Oranda Shōkan nikki: Kinsei gaikōno kakuritsu. Tokyo: Kōdansha, 2000.
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  607. In English: “The diaries of the Dutch factory: establishing early modern foreign relations.” Describes the Dutch negotiations in the Hirado period. Revision of a 1981 edition with updated archival and bibliographic research guide. Utilizes the VOC diaries and letters, which the author translated into Japanese in previous publications. In Japanese.
  608. Find this resource:
  609. TANAP Database.
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  611. TANAP (Towards a New Age of Partnership; A Dutch/Asian/South-African programme of cooperation based on a mutual past), initiated by the the Nationaal Archief van Nederland and Leiden University in 1997, maintains a bibliographical and archival database on VOC.
  612. Find this resource:
  613. Sakoku and the Underground Church
  614.  
  615. The Shimabara-Amakusa Peasant Rebellion (1637–1638), led by a Kirishitan warrior Amakusa Shirō, brought the final break between the Iberians and Japan, as shown in Kanda 2005. Yamamoto 1995 examines the Sakoku edicts by which the Tokugawa authorities tightened religious inquisition and border policing. While Silence, a novel by Shusaku Endo, originally published in Japanese in 1966, and translated into English by William Johnson (Rutland, VT: C. E. Tuttle, 1969) made the persecution of missionaries and Christians famous, research on the estimated twenty to forty thousand martyrs and the hidden Christians through the next two hundred fifty years show harsher realities. Some rare sources are documented in Kataoka 1979; Harrington 1993; Whelan 1996; and by the Twenty-Six Martyrs Museum. See also Ruiz de Medina 2000 (cited under Guides for Archival Research) and Turnbull 2000 (cited under Essay Collections).
  616.  
  617. Harrington, Ann M. Japan’s Hidden Christians. Chicago: Loyola Univ. Press, 1993.
  618. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  619. First book-length study on kakure, or hanare, secret communities, which did not reunite with the Catholic Church after the abolition of the ban by the Meiji Government in 1870. Discusses transmission of faith without priests, religious synchretism, and the identity of Japanese Christians.
  620. Find this resource:
  621. Kanda, Chisato. Shimabara no ran: kirishitan shinko to buso hoki. Tokyo: Chūō Kōron, 2005.
  622. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  623. In English: “Shimabara rebellion: Christian faith and pacifism.” One of the few studies based on primary documents of the 1637–1638 uprising. Bibliography. In Japanese.
  624. Find this resource:
  625. Kataoka, Yakichi. Nihon Kirishitan junkyōshi (Historia Ecclesiae Japoniae Martyrum Sanguine Foecundatae). Tokyo: Jijitsūshinsha, 1979.
  626. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  627. A comprehehsive examination of persecution and martyrdom. Despite its Latin subtitle, the entire text is in Japanese.
  628. Find this resource:
  629. Twenty-Six Martyrs Museum in Nagasaki.
  630. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  631. A good starting point for research. Includes some digitized primary source documents in the museum library.
  632. Find this resource:
  633. Whelan, Christal, trans. The Beginning of Heaven and Earth: The Sacred Book of Japan’s Hidden Christians. Honolulu: University of Hawaiì Press, 1996.
  634. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  635. Whelan’s introduction and English translation of Tenchi hajimari no koto, which circulated among the hidden Christian communities in the Sotome region. During suppression, the biblical narratives turned into a folklorish story with local Buddhist and Shinto expressions.
  636. Find this resource:
  637. Yamamoto, Hirofumi. Sakoku to kaikin no jidai. Tokyo: Azekurashobō, 1995.
  638. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  639. In English: “The period of Sakoku and sea border patrol.” Excellent study of the establishment of the Sakoku system and the police state, with careful examination of source documents. Bibliography. In Japanese.
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