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- Capitalization is important. All sentences must start with a capital, or upper-case, letter. Titles of people, books, magazines, movies, specific places, etc. are capitalized. Organizations and compass points are capitalized.
- Every sentence needs a punctuation mark at the end of it. These include a period, exclamation mark, or question mark.
- Colons are used to separate a sentence from a list of items, to introduce a long, direct quote, or between two sentences (or clauses) when the second one explains the first.
- Semicolons can take the place of a conjunction and are placed before introductory words like “therefore” or “however.” They are also used to separate a list of things if there are commas within each unit.
- There are a lot of rules for commas. The basic ones are that commas separate things in a series and go wherever there is a pause in the sentence. They surround the name of a person being addressed, separate the day of the month from the year in a date, and separate a town from the state.
- Parentheses enclose things that clarify or numbers and letters that are part of a list.
- Apostrophes are used in contractions to take the place of one or more letters and also to show possession. An apostrophe and “s” is added if the noun is singular and an apostrophe alone is added if the noun is plural.
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