2017-11-28 TOEFL: word roots, reading summary

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word Roots (list 2) - With your partner, try to explain each root with one or two words.
cert = sure
chrom = color
chron = time
circum = around
claim/clam = shout
clar = clear
cline = lean
co/col/com/con/cor = together
	spelling rules:
	col - before L
	com - before M, B, P
	cor - before R
	con - before other consonants
	co - before vowels (coeducational) and in newer words (copilot, coworker)
cogni = know/think
contra = against
corp = body
cred = believe
crypto = hidden (often specifically hidden in code)
de/di = down/away/apart
dem/demo = people
di = two
dia = through (diameter = the measurement “through” a circle or other shape)
dict = say/tell
domin = master/rule over
don = give
duce/duct = lead/take
dyna = power/movement
dys = bad
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“long” vowels (sound like the name of the letter):
a - bait, bake, maid
e - beat, feet, bead
i - bite, bike, thigh
o - boat, poke
u - butte, cute, boot (spelled with the letter ‘u’, there’s usually an included ‘y’ sound), Luke
“short” vowels (usually the sound this letter makes when it’s alone):
a - bat, cat, sad
e - bet, head, said
i - bit, kid, mix
o - bot, hot, pod
u - but, mud, cup
other vowels of (American) English:
/ə/ “schwa” - unstressed vowels in words like “American”
/ʊ/ - should, book, good, look
/ɔ/ - bought, caught, boss (some people pronounce this the same way they pronounce short ‘o’)
/aʊ/ - crowd, round, about
/oɪ/ - boy, avoid
(You could count these last two as pairs of vowels, and you could also count the r+schwa sound [ɚ] in “bird” as an additional vowel.)
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BREAK
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Reading Question Types
- fact
- negative fact
- paraphrase
- inference
- purpose
- vocabulary
- reference
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize/categorize
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Summary Questions: This is the most common type of final question about a reading passage
You will read an introductory sentence for a short summary of the text. You have to choose the three most important ideas of the text from six answer choices.
You will get 2 points for making all three correct choices, 1 point for two correct, and 0 points otherwise.
- Incorrect answer choices may be minor details from the passage, or may be things that aren’t mentioned in the passage, or may be mentioned but aren’t related to the summary sentence.
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You can often identify minor details before reading the passage. (For example, on yesterday’s test, you should be able to eliminate answer choice E from question 53 as a minor detail.)
You should also be able to eliminate answer choice A because it doesn’t relate to the first sentence of the summary.
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Handout (Cambridge) p. 217-218 exercise R22 - Identify whether the answer choices are Not mentioned in the passage, correct Summaries of the passage, or minor Details from the passage.
1 N S D
2 N D S
3 S N D
4 D N S
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DELTA p. 152 exercise 1.8.A - Take 3 minutes to read the passage and select the correct summary statements. Also identify why the other answers are incorrect (are they minor details, or are they things that weren’t mentioned?)
1 A - correct
  B - not mentioned (we know he also had large oil paintings, but we don’t know what he was best known for); also it doesn’t relate to the topic sentence given in the book
  C - correct
  D - not mentioned, and if it were mentioned, it would be a detail
  E - detail about a specific painting, and it doesn’t mention why that painting was important
  F - correct
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If you randomly guess, you’ll get an average of 0.55 points on this question.
If you can (correctly) eliminate one answer, you’ll get an average of 0.8 points.
If you can eliminate two answers, you’ll get an average of 1.25 points.
(If you can eliminate three answers, then you get everything correct for 2 points.)
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Do the same for p. 153. Check with your partner and try to convince them of your answers if you disagree.
2 B E F
Take 9 minutes to complete exercise 1.8.A (p. 154-156). Then check your answers with your partner.
3 B D E
4 A B E
5 A C E
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Homework: finish the handout (Cambridge exercise R23)