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- Linux Terminal Command Reference
- System Info
- date – Show the current date and time
- cal – Show this month's calendar
- uptime – Show current uptime
- w – Display who is online
- whoami – Who you are logged in as
- finger user – Display information about user
- uname -a – Show kernel information
- cat /proc/cpuinfo – CPU information
- cat /proc/meminfo – Memory information
- df -h – Show disk usage
- du – Show directory space usage
- free – Show memory and swap usage
- Keyboard Shortcuts
- Enter – Run the command
- Up Arrow – Show the previous command
- Ctrl + R – Allows you to type a part of the command you're looking for and finds it
- Ctrl + Z – Stops the current command, resume with fg in the foreground or bg in the background
- Ctrl + C – Halts the current command, cancel the current operation and/or start with a fresh new line
- Ctrl + L – Clear the screen
- command | less – Allows the scrolling of the bash command window using Shift + Up Arrow and Shift + Down Arrow
- !! – Repeats the last command
- command !$ – Repeats the last argument of the previous command
- Esc + . (a period) – Insert the last argument of the previous command on the fly, which enables you to edit it before executing the command
- Ctrl + A – Return to the start of the command you're typing
- Ctrl + E – Go to the end of the command you're typing
- Ctrl + U – Cut everything before the cursor to a special clipboard, erases the whole line
- Ctrl + K – Cut everything after the cursor to a special clipboard
- Ctrl + Y – Paste from the special clipboard that Ctrl + U and Ctrl + K save their data to
- Ctrl + T – Swap the two characters before the cursor (you can actually use this to transport a character from the left to the right, try it!)
- Ctrl + W – Delete the word / argument left of the cursor in the current line
- Ctrl + D – Log out of current session, similar to exit
- Learn the Commands
- apropos subject – List manual pages for subject
- man -k keyword – Display man pages containing keyword
- man command – Show the manual for command
- man -t man | ps2pdf - > man.pdf – Make a pdf of a manual page
- which command – Show full path name of command
- time command – See how long a command takes
- whereis app – Show possible locations of app
- which app – Show which app will be run by default; it shows the full path
- Searching
- grep pattern files – Search for pattern in files
- grep -r pattern dir – Search recursively for pattern in dir
- command | grep pattern – Search for pattern in the output of command
- locate file – Find all instances of file
- find / -name filename – Starting with the root directory, look for the file called filename
- find / -name ”*filename*” – Starting with the root directory, look for the file containing the string filename
- locate filename – Find a file called filename using the locate command; this assumes you have already used the command updatedb (see next)
- updatedb – Create or update the database of files on all file systems attached to the Linux root directory
- which filename – Show the subdirectory containing the executable file called filename
- grep TextStringToFind /dir – Starting with the directory called dir, look for and list all files containing TextStringToFind
- File Permissions
- chmod octal file – Change the permissions of file to octal, which can be found separately for user, group, and world by adding: 4 – read (r), 2 – write (w), 1 – execute (x)
- Examples:
- chmod 777 – read, write, execute for all
- chmod 755 – rwx for owner, rx for group and world
- For more options, see man chmod.
- File Commands
- ls – Directory listing
- ls -l – List files in current directory using long format
- ls -laC – List all files in current directory in long format and display in columns
- ls -F – List files in current directory and indicate the file type
- ls -al – Formatted listing with hidden files
- cd dir – Change directory to dir
- cd – Change to home
- mkdir dir – Create a directory dir
- pwd – Show current directory
- rm name – Remove a file or directory called name
- rm -r dir – Delete directory dir
- rm -f file – Force remove file
- rm -rf dir – Force remove an entire directory dir and all it’s included files and subdirectories (use with extreme caution)
- cp file1 file2 – Copy file1 to file2
- cp -r dir1 dir2 – Copy dir1 to dir2; create dir2 if it doesn't exist
- cp file /home/dirname – Copy the filename called file to the /home/dirname directory
- mv file /home/dirname – Move the file called filename to the /home/dirname directory
- mv file1 file2 – Rename or move file1 to file2; if file2 is an existing directory, moves file1 into directory file2
- ln -s file link – Create symbolic link link to file
- touch file – Create or update file
- cat > file – Places standard input into file
- cat file – Display the file called file
- more file – Display the file called file one page at a time, proceed to next page using the spacebar
- head file – Output the first 10 lines of file
- head -20 file – Display the first 20 lines of the file called file
- tail file – Output the last 10 lines of file
- tail -20 file – Display the last 20 lines of the file called file
- tail -f file – Output the contents of file as it grows, starting with the last 10 lines
- Compression
- tar cf file.tar files – Create a tar named file.tar containing files
- tar xf file.tar – Extract the files from file.tar
- tar czf file.tar.gz files – Create a tar with Gzip compression
- tar xzf file.tar.gz – Extract a tar using Gzip
- tar cjf file.tar.bz2 – Create a tar with Bzip2 compression
- tar xjf file.tar.bz2 – Extract a tar using Bzip2
- gzip file – Compresses file and renames it to file.gz
- gzip -d file.gz – Decompresses file.gz back to file
- Printing
- /etc/rc.d/init.d/lpd start – Start the print daemon
- /etc/rc.d/init.d/lpd stop – Stop the print daemon
- /etc/rc.d/init.d/lpd status – Display status of the print daemon
- lpq – Display jobs in print queue
- lprm – Remove jobs from queue
- lpr – Print a file
- lpc – Printer control tool
- man subject | lpr – Print the manual page called subject as plain text
- man -t subject | lpr – Print the manual page called subject as Postscript output
- printtool – Start X printer setup interface
- Network
- ifconfig – List IP addresses for all devices on the local machine
- iwconfig – Used to set the parameters of the network interface which are specific to the wireless operation (for example: the frequency)
- iwlist – used to display some additional information from a wireless network interface that is not displayed by iwconfig
- ping host – Ping host and output results
- whois domain – Get whois information for domain
- dig domain – Get DNS information for domain
- dig -x host – Reverse lookup host
- wget file – Download file
- wget -c file – Continue a stopped download
- SSH
- ssh user@host – Connect to host as user
- ssh -p port user@host – Connect to host on port port as user
- ssh-copy-id user@host – Add your key to host for user to enable a keyed or passwordless login
- User Administration
- adduser accountname – Create a new user call accountname
- passwd accountname – Give accountname a new password
- su – Log in as superuser from current login
- exit – Stop being superuser and revert to normal user
- Process Management
- ps – Display your currently active processes
- top – Display all running processes
- kill pid – Kill process id pid
- killall proc – Kill all processes named proc (use with extreme caution)
- bg – Lists stopped or background jobs; resume a stopped job in the background
- fg – Brings the most recent job to foreground
- fg n – Brings job n to the foreground
- Installation from source
- ./configure
- make
- make install
- dpkg -i pkg.deb – install a DEB package (Debian / Ubuntu / Linux Mint)
- rpm -Uvh pkg.rpm – install a RPM package (Red Hat / Fedora)
- Stopping & Starting
- shutdown -h now – Shutdown the system now and do not reboot
- halt – Stop all processes - same as above
- shutdown -r 5 – Shutdown the system in 5 minutes and reboot
- shutdown -r now – Shutdown the system now and reboot
- reboot – Stop all processes and then reboot - same as above
- startx – Start the X system
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