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Plomin, R., & Cochran, G. (2022, October 15). Meta-analysis finds no link between IQ and ancestral genetics. Nature, 598(7816), 453–458.

# Contents
* Introduction
* The Argument
* Conclusion

# Introduction

_Psychology will go the way of physics if we think about psychology as a science based on numbers. To be a science, it needs to be based on genuine observation, i.e. "putting a number on it." You can count flies, but the number will tell you nothing about flies unless it is linked to their size or gender. Number alone will tell you nothing about a species of fly, or a genus. Similarly, number alone will tell you nothing about the genus "human." You can say something about our physical body. We are very different from flies and insects. Yet, as the whole human history shows, some physical traits of humans are not too different from some traits of other animals. And as the same history shows, some human traits are very different from the same traits in other animals. How can we explain this? Are we, as apes, evolved to be more intelligent than flies? Are we, as a species, evolved to be more intelligent than ants? Of course not. The issue of intelligence, which can be tested, is different from intelligence, which can only be inferred from the way humans behave. The issue of intelligence can be tested by experiments. Intelligence can be measured. It is the core of human culture. Of course, you can not always say, let's measure this intelligence. This is more or less possible in physics and chemistry, but less possible in psychology. The issue is more difficult in psychology. Our bodies are physical, and we can measure and count our bodies and emotions. Intelligence is in our minds, and we can not count our minds, and we cannot measure it directly. We only have indirect ways to measure it. On the other hand, intelligence is a central part of human culture. And we have cultural ways to measure our intelligence. As far as I know, every culture has its own way to test the intelligence of humans. In Western countries, there are tests of intelligence, such as intelligence tests, multiple-choice tests, and psychological tests. We can say that the score of a psychological test, such as IQ, represents the number of intelligence of the person taking the test.

# The Argument

All tests of intelligence measure intelligence, no matter if it is a physical test or a psychological test. The question of whether IQ is a physical or a psychological test is trivial. It is a psychological test, and a physical test. We can measure our body and our emotions, but we cannot measure our mind directly. We can only have indirect ways to test our mind. In my opinion, we can use any test to measure intelligence. However, IQ test is the most widely used and best way to measure human intelligence, because IQ tests are culturally standardized tests. So IQ test is the best way to measure the average intelligence of a population.

If IQ is physical, it should be a genetic trait. It should be inherited from our parents. If IQ is physical, it should be inherited in the same way as height, or weight, or blood type. It should have a genetic factor.

A central problem in IQ research is the fact that IQ tests, such as the Stanford-Binet, have been criticized because the test has a highly skewed distribution, so that some people get very high scores and some people get very low scores. The problem of skewed distribution is a problem of mathematics, not psychology. As we have seen in the chapter 1, we can give a normal distribution, which is a bell-shaped distribution, even if the distribution is not symmetrical.

The problem of skewed distribution is not the only problem in IQ research. There are two more problems in IQ research. One is the problem of the criterion. Many IQ tests are culturally biased, so that the criteria of IQ tests are not the same. For example, in some IQ tests, the number of problems solved correctly is the criteria, and people who like a mathematical book, or who are used to an artificial environment, can get high scores on this test. The problem of criterion is a problem of mathematics. As far as I know, there is no mathematical formula to calculate the average intelligence of the population. It is only possible to say that the average intelligence of the population is somewhere between 50 and 70. The problem of criterion is not important in this chapter.

The second problem in IQ research is the problem of the average. IQ tests are very biased tests, so that the average score of a population is not the same as the average score of all people in the population. For example, on the I.Q. test, the average score of Americans in the population is 100, but the average score of Americans is 100. The problem of average is a problem of statistics. There is no biological problem. It is a problem of statistics. The problem of average is not the problem of IQ research. It is a problem in every research. And the problem of average can be solved easily. It can be solved simply by asking a researcher to provide the average of his or her research. For example, if the research is on the effect of a drug, the average score of the subjects of the research is the mean of the scores of the subjects. If the research is on the effect of different groups, the average score of the groups is the mean of the groups. As far as I know, the problem of average is not the only problem in IQ research.

# Conclusion

The conclusion of this book is not the conclusion of the book. The conclusion of this book is the position of the book. We can use any test to measure intelligence. It does not matter whether it is a physical test or a psychological test. If we use IQ test, it should be a genetic trait, which is inherited from our parents. If IQ is genetic, it should be inherited in the same way as height or weight or blood type. However, there are some problems in IQ research. The most important problem in IQ research is the fact that IQ test is highly skewed. This means that some people get very high scores and some people get very low scores. It means that the average of the people who get very high scores is different from the average of all people in the population. The problem of skewed distribution is a problem of mathematics. The problem of skewed distribution can be solved easily. As far as I know, there is no biological problem. It is a problem of statistics. The problem of skewed distribution can be solved simply by asking a researcher to provide the mean of his or her research. The problem of average is not the only problem in IQ research. It is a problem in every research. And the problem of average can be solved easily. It can be solved simply by asking a researcher to provide the average of his or her research. For example, if the research is on the effect of a drug, the average score of the subjects of the research is the mean of the scores of the subjects. If the research is on the effect of different groups, the average score of the groups is the mean of the groups. As far as I know, the problem of average is not the only problem in IQ research. However, there is a problem in IQ research that can not be solved by statistics. The problem of the criterion is a problem of psychology. The problem of the criterion is not a problem of statistics. It is a problem of psychology. If IQ is physical, it should be inherited in the same way as height or weight or blood type. However, IQ test is a psychological test. So, there are two problems in IQ research. The first problem is the problem of skewed distribution. The second problem is the problem of the criterion. The second problem is a problem of statistics. The problem of average is not the only problem in IQ research. It is a problem in every research. And the problem of average can be solved easily. It can be solved simply by asking a researcher to provide the average of his or her research. For example, if the research is on the effect of a drug, the average score of the subjects of the research is the mean of the scores of the subjects. If the research is on the effect of different groups, the average score of the groups is the mean of the groups. As far as I know, the problem of average is not the only problem in IQ research. However, there is a problem in IQ research that can not be solved by statistics. The problem of the criterion is a problem of psychology. If IQ is physical, it should be inherited in the same way as height or weight or blood type. However, IQ test is a psychological test. So, there are two problems in IQ research. The first problem is the problem of skewed distribution. The second problem is the problem of the criterion.

# References

  1. Balée, D. (2007, May 27). Is IQ genetic? Or, can we question genetic determinism? Retrieved May 31, 2011, from Genetics Central Website: <http://www.geneticscentral.com/geneticdeterminism/>
  2. Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  3. Baron-Cohen, S. (1997). Autism: Explaining the enigma. Oxford, England: Basic Books.