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- In computer security and programming, a buffer overflow, or buffer overrun, is an anomaly
- where a program, while writing data to a buffer, overruns the buffer's boundary and overwrites
- adjacent memory locations.
- Buffers are areas of memory set aside to hold data, often while moving it fro*m one section of a
- program to another, or between programs. Buffer overflows can often be triggered by malformed inputs;
- if one assumes all inputs will be smaller than a certain size and the buffer is created to be that
- size, then an anomalous transaction that produces more data could cause it to write past the end of
- the buffer. If this overwrites adjacent data or executable code, this may result in erratic program
- behavior, including memory access errors, incorrect results, and crashes.
- Buffer Overflow • A buffer overflow condition exists when a program attempts to put more data in
- a buffer than it can hold or when a program attempts to put data in a memory area past a buffer.
- In this case, a buffer is a sequential section of memory allocated to contain anything fro*m
- a character string to an array of integers. Writing outside the bounds of a block of allocated memory
- can corrupt data, crash the program, or cause the execution of malicious code. • Buffer overflow
- is probably the best known form of software security vulnerability. Most software developers know
- what a buffer overflow vulnerability is, but buffer overflow attacks against both legacy and newly-
- developed applications are still quite common. Part of the problem is due to the wide variety of
- ways buffer overflows can occur, and part is due to the error- prone techniques often used to prevent them.
- Contd... • Exploiting a buffer overflow allows an attacker to control or crash the process
- or to modify its internal variables. Buffer overflow always ranks high in the Common Weakness
- Enumeration/SANS Top 25 Most Dangerous Software Errors and is specified as CWE-120 under the Common
- Weakness Enumeration dictionary of weakness types. Despite being well understood, buffer overflows
- continue to plague software fro*m vendors both large and small. • A buffer overflow can occur
- inadvertently, but it can also be caused by a malicious actor sending carefully crafted input to
- a program that then attempts to store the input in a buffer that isn't large enough for that input.
- If the excess data is written to the adjacent buffer, it overwrites any data held there. If
- the original data includes the exploited Function’s return pointer -- the address to which the process
- should go next -- an attacker can set the new values to point to an address of his choosing. The attacker
- usually sets the new values to point to a location where the exploit Payload has been positioned.
- This alters the execution path of the process and effectively transfers control to the attacker's malicious code.
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