2019-03-26 TOEFL: word roots, reading reference

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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“but taking a class -- that’s a different story”
- He does understand her point, but what he implies with this sentence is that he disagrees with her.
Replay questions usually replay a few sentences of the lecture or conversation, and then ask a specific question about just one sentence or part of a sentence.
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Your writing
“Life gets easier and easier every day.”

*When my grandparents childhood, everything seems complicated.
-> When my grandparents were children, everything seemed complicated.
-> During my grandparents’ childhood, everything seemed complicated.
-> When my grandparents talk about their childhood, everything seems complicated.

For integrated writing, make sure to summarize the points from the lecture (do this first, before points from the reading, if you need to).
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If you don’t get anything from the listening for integrated speaking or writing, you should still try your best to guess.
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BREAK
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Word roots (list 5) - In a group, try to explain the meaning of each root with one or two words.
morph (amorphous, metamorphosis, morphology) = shape/form
multi (multicolored, multilayers) = many (this is the Latin root)
nat (native, innate, natal) = birth/origin
neo (neoclassical, neocolonialism, Neolithic) = new
nom/nym (nominate, misnomer, pseudonym) = name
nov (innovate, novelty, nova) = new
nov (November) = nine
ob/op (obstruct, object) = in front of
omni (omnipotent, omnidirectional, omnivore) = all (this is the Latin root)
optim (optimal, optimize) = best
opt (optician, optometry) = eye/sight
paleo (paleontology, Paleolithic, paleozoic) = old (the opposite prefix is “neo”)
pan (panacea, panorama, pandemic) = all (this is the Greek root)
path (pathology, antipathy, empathy) = suffer (bad feeling), sometimes more specifically illness/disease
ped (pedestrian, pedicure) = foot
ped/paed (pediatrician, pedagogy) = child
peri (perimeter, peripheral) = around
phil (philanthropy, philosophy, bibliophile) = love/attraction
phob (arachnophobia, claustrophobia) = fear/aversion
phon (phonograph, microphone, homophone) = sound
photo (photograph, photosynthesis, photogenic) = light
pod (podium, podiatry, tripod) = foot
poly (polygon, polyglot) = many (this is the Greek root)
port (transport, portable) = carry through
post (posthumous, postpone) = after
proto (prototype, proton, protocol) = first (“pro”, “prim”, “pre”, “fore”, “first”, “front” are all from the same original root)
pseudo (pseudonym, pseudopod) = fake
psych (psychopath, psychotherapy, psychology) = mind
pute (computer, dispute) = reckon/think
pyro (pyromaniac, pyrotechnics) = fire
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Grimm’s Law describes a series of sound changes that happened in Germanic languages (including English):
pyro -> fire
pod -> foot
pater -> father
quod -> what
Voiced stops lose voicing: b -> p, d -> t, g -> k
Stops become fricatives: p -> f, t -> th, k -> /x/ or h
quod -> hwæt -> what
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Reading Question Types:
- fact/detail
- negative fact
- purpose
- reference
- inference
- paraphrase
- vocabulary
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize
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Reference questions ask you to identify the referent of a pronoun or expression. (What does the pronoun refer to?)
Cengage exercise 6.1 - What do the highligted pronouns refer to?
1 them = paintings
2 their = flowers
3 its = water
4 those = the principles
  itself = the human body
5 strands
6 smaller pieces
7 leaves
8 their (archaeological sites) = the ancient Minoans
  their (excavation) = archaeological sites
9 mushrooms and other fungi
10 other machines
11 they = glaciers
   those = altitudes
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Homework: exercise 6.2 (optionally, you can also finish 6.1)