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- The pineal gland is a small endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain, found in bony fish, amphibians, reptiles and mammals. In humans it is usually called the pineal body or simply pineal gland.
- It is considered the 'third eye' or 'mind's eye' in Eastern philosophical and religious traditions because of its resemblance to the human pineal gland. The pinecone-like shape of a young pineal gland has long been associated by many cultures with spiritual symbolism.
- In humans, the pineal gland is about 1 cm long and located near the center of the brain between the two hemispheres. It produces serotonin derivative melatonin, a hormone that affects circadian rhythms.
- This gland also secretes the neurosteroid DMT (Dimethyltryptamine) which is involved in the production of human consciousness. It is said that a lack of pineal secretion can cause schizophrenia when it occurs during critical stages of early brain development.
- A third important function of the pineal gland is to produce a hormone called melatonin, which helps control the sleep-wake cycle. This makes sense because, in humans at least, the pineal gland is located near structures that are involved in regulating brain activity during waking and sleeping.
- The pineal gland is part of the epithalamus. It lies in the midline of the brain, with a part in front and between (interpeduncular fossa) two thalamic bodies, behind and below the cerebellum.
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