2017-09-06 Grammar: modal logical meanings

Greg Malivuk
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http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Homework: p. 71 exercise 2 - which social function is expressed in each sentence? Write the word next to the sentence.
4 invitation
5 suggestion
6 suggestion
7 obligation
8 (lack of) obligation
9 advice
10 advice
11 request
12 offer
13 suggestion
14 promise
15 promise
16 advice
17 offer
18 (lack of) permission
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suggestion = This is an option. (This is one possibility among many.)
advice/recommendation = This is a good option. / This is the best option.
obligation = This is the only option.
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suggestion: can, could, might
advice: should, ought to
	(“had better” is somewhere between - It means this is the best option and if you don’t do it, something bad will happen.)
obligation: have to, must
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Logical Meanings of Modals
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general possibility: English grammar can be confusing.
impossibility: You can’t be tired already. He couldn’t be at home, he just left here a minute ago.
future events: There will be a test on Monday.
predictions: You may be confused by the next grammar we talk about. It will rain tomorrow.
logical inferences: You must be very tired. He should be home now. She might be sick.
ability/inability: You can’t speak Spanish, you’ve only taken one class.
habitual past actions: I used to study Spanish. I would get up every morning and go running.
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p. 75 exercise 4 - Decide how the modal is being used in each sentence.
1 request
2 future event
3 inability
4 lack of permission / prohibition
5 advice
6 advice
7 prediction (“He ought to be able to see you now,” would be a logical inference.)
8 logical inference
9 obligation
10 prediction / future possibility
11 request
12 lack of permission
13 inference
14 request
15 ability
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Homework: read p. 258 (focus 1) of the new handout and do p. 260 (exercises 3 and 4), but write only one sentence for each number.