2018-08-14 TOEFL: word roots, reading fact

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word Roots (list 3) - With your partner, try to figure out the meaning of each word root
ego (egotistical, egomania) = self
endo (endotherm, endocrine) = in/within
epi (epiphyte, epidermis, epidemic) = on/upon
equi (equidistant, equation) = same (quantity)
erg (ergonomic, energy) = work
esth/aesth (anesthetic, kinesthesia) = sense/perceive (Many words that start with this root have to do with the sense of beauty.)
eu (euphemism, euphoria) = good (This is the opposite prefix to “dys”, which we had at the end of last week’s list.)
ex/ect (ex-husband, exit, excavate, ectotherm) = out (or “former”)
extra (extraordinary, extrovert, extraterrestrial) = beyond (“more out”) or outward
fac/fact (artifact, factory) = make
fer (transfer, ferry) = carry
flect/flex (deflect, reflection, flexible) = bend
fore (foreground, forecast) = before/front (These words are all related, and are also related to “pre”, “prime”, “proto”, etc.)
fract/frag (fracture, fragment) = break
fug (refugee, fugitive) = flee/escape
funct (function, defunct) = perform
gen (generation, generate, genealogy) = create/produce
geo (geography, geology) = earth
graph (autograph, graphite, seismograph) = draw/write (more generally: communication)
grat (gratify, gratuity, grateful) = please
helio (heliocentric, heliograph) = sun
hemo (hemophilia, hemorrhage, hemoglobin) = blood
hetero (heterogeneous, heteronym) = different
homo (homogeneous, homonym) = same (not quantity)
hydro (hydrate, hydraulic, hydrophobia) = water/fluid
hyper (hyperextend, hyperactive, hypertension) = over
hypo (hypodermic, hypothermia, hypotension) = under
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We often have different combinations of roots that appear to be synonyms, but they can have very different connotations:
[before] + [say/tell]
predict = the normal logical process we do every day
foretell = prediction that’s a bit supernatural or magical
prophesy = prediction or message that comes from something divine or religious
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TOEFL test: 4 parts, 4 hours, $200, 30 points per section, total of 120 points possible
1 reading
2 listening
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking
4 writing
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TOEFL books (for more/better information, talk to Julia Desmond):
Cambridge (and Cengage / Bruce Rogers) help build the basic skills, especially for reading and listening
	(Cambridge usually has better answer explanations.)
Oxford has good descriptions of strategies for each question type, and lots of explanations for answers
	(But a lot of its activities are designed for a classroom with other students.)
Longman has pretty good reading practice, but I think a lot of their listenings are too easy.
Collins vocabulary and grammar has good practice with subject-specific vocabulary
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BREAK
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Reading Section: 3 or 4 passages, 60-80 minutes total, 14 questions for each passage
Reading Question Types:
- fact
- negative fact
- vocabulary
- paraphrase
- purpose
- inference
- reference
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize/categorize
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Fact Questions - DELTA p. 16-17 - Examples of fact questions and key words, and characteristics of incorrect answers.
p. 20 - Take 3 minutes to answer the 3 questions.
1 A
2 C
3 D (A and C are the same, so they’re both wrong.)
p. 21 - Take 2.5 minutes to answer these questions.
4 B
5 A
6 C
p. 22 - Take 3 minutes to answer these questions.
7 B
8 C
9 D
10 B
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(Cambridge) p. 183 (on the board) - Decide if the statements after the passage are true or false.
A. F - six varieties (including multicolored), not six colors
B. F - kernels -> meal, not the other way
C. T
D. F - No information about whether they liked it.
E. F - No information about whether they shared them.
F. T
G. T
H. T
Handout (Cambridge) p. 181 - Do the same for passage 1
A. T
B. F
C. T - “military risks” are security threats
D. T - “doubt as to the feasibility of construction”
E. F
F. F - There was no construction of the tunnel in 1930, so it couldn’t have led to anything.
G. F - There was no tunnel made in 1930.
H. T
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Handout (Longman) p. 51 - Take 3.5 minutes to answer the questions about Lake Baikal
1 D
2 A
3 D
4 C
5 B
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Homework: Cengage pages from the handout (35-42) - answer all the questions about these three passages