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  1. Biggest Cities of Europe in 500 AD
  2.  
  3. 1. Constantinople (Istanbul) 400k (1)
  4. 2. Roma (Rome) 200k (0)
  5. 3. Thessalonica (Thessaloniki) 35k (7)
  6. 4. Corinthus (Corinth) 20k (5) Roman, 100 ha, 200/ha
  7. 5. Syracusae (Syracuse) 20k (38) 200 ha, in decline, 100/ha
  8. 6. Mediolanum (Milan) 15k (10)
  9. 7. Neapolis (Naples) 15k (10)
  10. 8. Ostia Antica (Ostia) 15k (10) 150 ha, in decline, 100/ha
  11. 9. Capua 12k (10)
  12. 10. Agrigentum (Agrigento) 10k (38) 100 ha, in decline, 100/ha
  13. 11. Athenae (Athens) 10k (10 / 13) Compromise, see note (a)
  14. 12. Philippopolis (Plovdiv) 10k (21) Roman, urban area, ~50 ha, 200/ha
  15. 13. Ravenna 10k (10)
  16. 14. Toletum (Toledo) 10k (11) 100 ha, 100/ha
  17. 15. Caralis (Cagliari) 9k (4) 90 ha, in decline, 100/ha
  18. 16. Corduba (Córdoba) 9k (15) 90ha, in decline, 100/ha
  19. 17. Beroea (Veria) 8k (2/38) Roman, 40 ha, 200/ha
  20. 18. Emerita (Mérida) 8k (10) 80 ha, in decline, 100/ha
  21. 19. Gortyna (Gortyn) 8k (36) Roman, ~40 ha, 200/ha
  22. 20. Knossos 8k (22) Roman, 40 ha, 200/ha
  23. 21. Lugdunum (Lyon) 8k (3/12) 113ha, Interpolated with 700 AD
  24. 22. Philippi (Filippoi) 8k (8) Roman, 42 ha, 200/ha
  25. 23. Thespiae (Thespies) 8k (30) Roman, 40 ha, 200/ha
  26. 24. Tuida (Sliven) 8k (3) Roman, 40 ha, 200/ha
  27. 25. Adrianople (Edirne) 7k (8) Roman, 36 ha, 200/ha
  28. 26. Astigi (Écija) 7k (15) 73 ha, in decline, 100/ha
  29. 27. Iguvium (Gubbio) 7k (4) 74 ha, in decline, 100/ha
  30. 28. Luceria (Lucera) 7k (4) 75 ha, in decline, 100/ha
  31. 29. Maximianopolis (near Komotini) 7k (33) Roman, 38 ha, 200/ha
  32. 30. Odessus (Varna) 7k (4) Roman, 39 ha, 200/ha
  33. 31. Akanthos 6k (8) Roman, 30 ha, 200/ha
  34. 32. Anchialus (Pomorie) 6k (4) Roman, 31 ha, 200/ha
  35. 33. Catana (Catania) 6k (38) 90 ha, sacked in 440 AD, 75/ha
  36. 34. Demetrias (Volos) 6k (34) Roman, 30 ha, 200/ha
  37. 35. Diocletianopolis (Hisarya) 6k (29) Roman 30 ha, 200/ha
  38. 36. Lilybaeum (Marsala) 6k (4) 85 ha, sacked in 5th c., 75/ha
  39. 37. Messana (Messina) 6k (38) 60 ha, in decline, 100/ha
  40. 38. Salona (Solin) 6k (10) Roman, 30 ha, 200/ha
  41. 39. Scodra (Shkodër) 6k (3/4) Roman, 30 ha, 200/ha, rv. engin.
  42. 40. Tanagra 6k (30) Roman, 30 ha, 200/ha
  43. 41. Amiternum (San Vittorino) 5k (4) 65ha, gradual abandonment, 75/ha
  44. 42. Amphipolis (Amfipoli) 5k (6 / 14) Roman, ~25 ha, 200/ha
  45. 43. Arretium (Arezzo) 5k (4) 55 ha, in decline, 100/ha
  46. 44. Augusta Taurinorum (Turin) 5k (4) 54 ha, in decline, 100/ha
  47. 45. Beneventum (Benevento) 5k (10)
  48. 46. Brundisium (Brindisi) 5k (4) 56 ha, in decline, 100/ha
  49. 47. Cassandreia (Nea Poteidaia) 5k (8) Roman, 25 ha, 200/ha
  50. 48. Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza) 5k (15) 56 ha, slight decline, 100/ha
  51. 49. Deultum (Debelt) 5k (23) Roman, 25 ha, 200/ha
  52. 50. Dyrrhachium (Durrës) 5k (24) Roman, ~28 ha, 200/ha
  53. 51. Hispalis (Seville) 5k (15) 51 ha, in decline 100/ha
  54. 52. Marcianopolis (Devnya) 5k (36) 70 ha, sacked in the 5th c., 75/ha
  55. 53. Maronea (Maroneia) 5k (19) Roman, ~25 ha, 200/ha
  56. 54. Massalia (Marseille) 5k (3 / 8) 50 ha, 100/ha, reverse engineered
  57. 55. Mettis (Metz) 5k (4) Sacked in 4th century, 52 ha, 100/ha
  58. 56. Mutina (Modena) 5k (4) 54 ha, in decline, 100/ha
  59. 57. Nicopolis (Preveza) 5k (18) Roman, ~25 ha, 200/ha
  60. 58. Perinthus (Marmara Ereglisi) 5k (16/17) Roman, 25 ha, 200/ha
  61. 59. Regium (Reggio Calabria) 5k (4) 67 ha, sacked in 410 AD, 75/ha
  62. 60. Thermae Himera 5k (38) ~50 ha, in decline, 100/ha
  63. 61. Ticinum (Pavia) 5k (10)
  64. 62. Tolosa (Toulouse) 5k (38) 50 ha, 100/ha, Visigoth capital
  65. 63. Treveris (Trier) 5k (9)
  66. 64. Verona 5k (10)
  67. 65. Abdera 4k (8) Roman, 20/ha, 200/ha
  68. 66. Amantia (Ploç) 4k (4 / 32) Roman, 20 ha, 200/ha
  69. 67. Ancona 4k (4) 40 ha, in decline, 100/ha
  70. 68. Ariminum (Rimini) 4k (4) 40 ha, in decline, 100/ha
  71. 69. Argos 4k (31) Area occupied ~20 ha? 200/ha
  72. 70. Asculum (Ascoli Piceno) 4k (8) 44 ha, in decline, 100/ha
  73. 71. Balsa (Tavira) 4k (3/25) 47ha, 100/ha, reverse engineering
  74. 72. Bracara Augusta (Braga) 4k (4) 42 ha, 100/ha, Suebi capital
  75. 73. Constantiana (Constanța) 4k (10) 40 ha, in decline, 100/ha
  76. 74. Cortona 4k (4) 45 ha, in decline, 100/ha
  77. 75. Edessa 4k (8) Roman, 20/ha, 200/ha
  78. 76. Forum Cornelii (Imola) 4k (4) 43 ha, in decline, 100/ha
  79. 77. Ganos (Shumen) 4k (3) Roman, 20 ha, 200/ha
  80. 78. Genua (Genoa) 4k (10)
  81. 79. Hasta Regia (Jerez de la Frontera) 4k (3/4) 42ha, 100/ha, reverse engineering
  82. 80. Hatria (Adra) 4k (8) 45 ha, in decline, 100/ha
  83. 81. Interamna Nahars (Terni) 4k (4) 48 ha, in decline, 100/ha
  84. 82. Lissus (Lezhë) 4k (4) Roman, 24 ha, 200/ha
  85. 83. Panormus (Palermo) 4k (38) ~40 ha, in decline, 100/ha
  86. 84. Parisios (Paris) 4k (27) Late Roman walls, 40 ha, 100/ha
  87. 85. Pictavium (Poitiers) 4k (12) ~40 ha, 100/ha, local capital
  88. 86. Regium Lepidi (Reggio Emilia) 4k (4) 43 ha, in decline, 100/ha
  89. 87. Tarracina (Terracina) 4k (4) 40 ha, in decline, 100/ha
  90. 88. Thebae (Thebes) 4k (35) Roman, ~20 ha, 200/ha
  91. 89. Tibur (Tivoli) 4k (4) 45 ha, in decline, 100/ha
  92. 90. Traianopolis (Traianoupoli) 4k (8) Roman, 20/ha, 200/ha
  93. 91. Venusia (Venosa) 4k (4) Economic centre, 44 ha, 100/ha
  94.  
  95. • (0) https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografia_di_Roma
  96. • (1) https://archive.org/details/fourthousandyear0000chan/
  97. • (2) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281451962
  98. • (3) https://ssh.datastations.nl/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.17026/dans-xzy-u62q
  99. • (4) https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f7f02498-4ae1-4ff0-81f6-aad909f041b1
  100. • (5) https://www.ascsa.edu.gr/uploads/media/hesperia/147980.pdf
  101. • (6) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Plan_Amphipolis-en.svg
  102. • (7) https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/europe-populationurbanareas500-1500.asp
  103. • (8) https://brill.com/display/title/56142
  104. • (9) https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/WD4YL6VBIGTTJEGGSWISCRGFYXU7V33C
  105. • (10) https://books.google.nl/books/about/Cities_of_the_Classical_World.html?id=ESi1OA0PEY8C&redir_esc=y
  106. • (11) https://english.elpais.com/culture/2023-07-01/what-is-hidden-under-the-ground-in-toledo-spain.html
  107. • (12) https://archive.org/details/lateancientmedie0000russ/
  108. • (13) https://ancientathens3d.com/medieval-athens/
  109. • (14) https://vici.org/vici/2211/
  110. • (15) https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2976433/view
  111. • (16) https://www.academia.edu/33482390/Urban_Dynamics_in_the_Bosphorus_Region_During_Late_Antiquity
  112. • (17) https://gyazo.com/c2e0384fa8a6dbbf62ff621977c176e4
  113. • (18) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Overall_plan_Nicopolis-fr.svg
  114. • (21) https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/35421438/mini_magick20190315-20595-ijsvyx.png?1552636679
  115. • (22) https://archaeopresspublishing.com/ojs/index.php/JGA/article/download/444/112
  116. • (23) https://web.archive.org/web/20181027211021/https://archaeologyinbulgaria.com/2015/08/15/archaeologists-unearth-complex-early-byzantine-fortress-tower-in-ancient-roman-city-deultum-in-bulgarias-debelt/
  117. • (24) https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20220715190117904-0685:S1047759421000386:S1047759421000386_fig2.png?pub-status=live
  118. • (25) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balsa_(Roman_town)
  119. • (27) https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9mographie_de_Paris#%C3%89volution_intra-muros_depuis_l'Antiquit%C3%A9
  120. • (29) https://vici.org/vici/11009/
  121. • (30) https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Athanasios-Vionis/publication/317872644_Understanding_Settlements_in_Byzantine_Greece_New_Data_and_Approaches_for_Boeotia_Sixth_to_Thirteenth_Centuries/links/5e8a0514299bf130797fea92/Understanding-Settlements-in-Byzantine-Greece-New-Data-and-Approaches-for-Boeotia-Sixth-to-Thirteenth-Centuries.pdf
  122. • (31) https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Topographical-map-of-Argos-in-the-Byzantine-Period-scale-112500-based-on-Chlepa_fig2_350312635
  123. • (32) https://archive.org/details/hieroclissynecd00burcgoog/
  124. • (33) https://www.kastra.eu/castleen.php?kastro=mosynopol
  125. • (34) https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-Demetrias-in-the-Hellenistic-and-Roman-ages_fig3_355790144
  126. • (35) https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7zvf5j
  127. • (36) https://www.ubbsla.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Info_QRcode_Marcianopolis_Devnya.pdf
  128. • (37) https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/38409
  129. • (38) https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A3295829/view
  130.  
  131.  
  132.  
  133. (a): Athens‘s walled area after the sacking of the city in 261 A.D was reduced to 18 ha. By the early 5th century, the outer wall (~200 ha) was repaired and the city grew again, but the extent of this recovered area is uncertain and it’s unlikely that this area was densely populated at all.
  134.  
  135. While a standard Roman density of 200/ha can be used for 18 ha of the area, the other 182 ha could likely more realistically be covered with a population density of 25 (~8,000 people total) or 50 (~12,000 people total) per ha. Compromise 10,000.
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