Python Tutorial (v0.1.1)

#Use a single hashtag/number sign/octothorpe for a single line comment
"""
Use a triple quote to do multi-line comments or strings
"""

#There are also different kinds of strings like
uni = u"unicode string"
binary = b"binary string"
string = "normal string"
'''Python 2 is more relaxed, if you're using python 3, everything is
default binary strings, need to convert normal strings into them using
bytes(), 2 just uses string as default and allows concat with binary'''
print(bytes("normal", "UTF-8") + b" + binary")

array = ["This", "is", "a", "multi", "element", "array."]
print(" ".join(array)) #Prettyprints with spaces in between
[array.append(i) for i in ["You", "can", "append", "values", "to",
              "the", "end,", "too!"]]
print(" ".join(array)) #Prettyprints with spaces in between

'''This is called list comprehension, very useful to condense things
This does n*n(n^2) for all numbers in range(13) which is an array with
0-12 in it, and stores it as an array. Basically a one-liner'''
squares = [n * n for n in range(13)]
print(squares)
#You can get individual values from this too!
print("The square root of 12 is " + str(squares[-1]))
'''There are also generators that do calculations when called'''
squares = (n * n for n in range(13))
print(squares[3]) #Just gets the square root of 3, nothing else
'''Side note, when doing debug printing, just use strings and str() to
convert ints and such into printable formats. Also, you can slice
backwards too, -1 is the last element of the array, and you can do -12.'''

'''You can also "slice" an array, to get certain chunks within. This
prints squares of 0-3, saying "end before the element in position 4"'''
print(squares[0:4])

#You can import "modules" like this
import sys, struct
'''sys.argv lets you get input from the command prompt, seperated by
spaces. It is an array and you can append to it, too. First variable
is /always/ the script, so a file'd be sys.argv[1]'''
sys.argv.append("file.bflim")
sys.argv.append("256")
print(sys.argv)

i = 0 #Makes a new variable
while True: #Infinite loop
    if i == 10: break #but we can break it!
    else: pass #This will just not do anything, easy for debug
    i+= 1 #Increment one, can use -= and a bunch more, no ++ tho :<
#Also, you can use Ctrl+C to stop a program when it's infinite looping
print(i) #Should be 10


with open("test.txt", "w") as f: #Opens fileas writable
    f.write("TEST\x00\x00\x00\x08")
with open("test.txt", "rb") as f: #Opens file as read binary
    print(f.read(4)) #"TEST"
    print(struct.unpack("!I", f.read(4))[0])
'''This unpacks 4 bytes of binary as an int (unpack is a "tuple", use [0])
There's several modes, < is little endian, > is big, @ is native, wouldn't
recommend. There's a whole list of values you can convert to, check
https://docs.python.org/2/library/struct.html#format-characters'''


'''There's also a bunch of bit manipulation you can do'''
print(bin(0xBF)) #prints 0b<value>, this is 0b10111111
'''& compares if both are 1, 0xF is all 1s, lets you get a digit'''
print(hex(0x42 & 0x0F)) #prints 0x2
print(hex(0x42 & 0xF0)) #prints 0x40
'''| is OR, if either is 1 but not both. Lets you combine values'''
print(hex(0x24 << 8 | 0x68)) #Combines 0x2400 and 0x68, 0x2468
'''You can "shift" bits left or right for how you need them, << and >>'''
'''Another useful compare tool is %, lets you get the remainder'''
print("53 is " + (["even", "odd"][53 % 2])) #Remainder of 0 or 1, 1 is odd