2020-03-24 TOEFL: word roots, reading paraphrase

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word roots (list 3) - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
ego (egocentric, egotistical, egomania) = self
endo (endotherm, endocrine) = inside
epi (epiphyte, epidermis, epidemic) = on/upon
equi (equidistant, equation) = same (quantity)
erg (ergonomic, energy) = work
esth/aesth (anesthetic, kinesthesia) = sense/perception (Many words that start with this root are related to perceptions of beauty.)
eu (eulogy, euphemism, euphoria) = good (The opposite prefix is “dys”.)
ex/ect (ex-husband, exit, excavate, ectotherm) = out of / former
extra (extraordinary, extrovert, extraterrestrial) = outward/beyond
	(contra, extra, intro, retro - the tra/tro ending adds direction or movement to the meaning)
fac/fact (artifact, factory) = make
fer (transfer, ferry) = carry
flect/flex (deflect, reflection, flexible) = bend
fore (foreground, forecast) = before (This is related to “front”, “first”, “former”, and to “pre”, “proto”, “prim”.)
fract/frag (fracture, fragment) = break
fug (refugee, fugitive) = flee/escape
funct (function, defunct) = perform
gen (generation, generate, genealogy) = make/create (This root sometimes means “type”, as in “genus”, “genre”, and “kind”.)
geo (geography, geology, geocentric) = Earth
graph (autograph, graphite, seismograph) = draw/write (“scrib” can also have both meanings)
grat (gratify, gratuity, grateful) = please (v)
helio (heliocentric, heliograph, helium) = sun
hemo (hemophilia, hemorrhage, hemoglobin) = blood
hetero (heterogeneous, heteronym) = different
homo (homogeneous, homonym, homophone) = same
hydro (hydrate, hydraulic, hydrophobia) = water (or fluid in general)
hyper (hyperextend, hyperactive, hypertension) = over
hypo (hypodermic, hypothermia, hypotension) = under
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“hyper” and “super” both mean “over”, but in pairs of words that use both, “hyper” is more than “super”
e.g. hypersonic is faster than supersonic
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Just like full words, roots can have approximately the same meaning but different connotations.
All three of these mean, basically, “say something before it happens”.
predict = the normal deductive reasoning we always use
foretell = magical or supernatural prediction, like a fortune teller might do
prophecy = divine or spiritual prediction, like a prophet or oracle receives from a god
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https://www.mass.gov/news/governor-charlie-baker-orders-all-non-essential-businesses-to-cease-in-person-operation
https://howmuchtoiletpaper.com/
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TOEFL: 4 parts, 3.5 hours, 120 points total (30 per section), $205
1 reading: 54-72 minutes, 3 or 4 passages, 9-10 questions each
2 listening: 40-60 minutes, 5 or 7 passages (2-3 conversations, 3-4 lectures and discussions)
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking: 17 minutes, 4 tasks, 3m45s speaking time (The old tasks 1 and 5 are removed. Now 2, 3, 4, 6.)
4 writing: 55 minutes total, 2 tasks, 20+30 minutes of writing time
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BREAK
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Reading Question Types:
- vocabulary
- fact/detail
- negative fact
- inference (Readers infer, the author implies.)
- paraphrase / sentence restatement
- purpose / method (Why or how does the author do something?)
- reference / pronoun (This is uncommon or possibly no longer on the test, but it’s still an important skill.)
- sentence insertion
- categorize/organize (this is the less common type of final question)
- summary (This is the most common final question type.)
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Paraphrase Questions:
- The question asks for the option that best expresses the essential information from the sentence.
- Incorrect answers might omit the information from one clause of the original.
- They also might switch around the relationships from the original (e.g. active vs. passive).
- They might express true information from the paragraph, which is not from the highlighted sentence.
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Cambridge exercise R11 - Decide if the restatements have the same or different meaning from the original sentences. Then compare with your partner and try to convince them of your answers if you disagree.
1 S
2 S
3 S
4 D - The original comparison is about how well people remember information. The new sentence compares how well people reconstruct scenes.
5 D - It’s the cold, not cabin fever, that causes vapor to freeze.
6 S
7 D - Oceans have in fact become cleaner, not more polluted.
8 S
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exercise R13 - Take 10 minutes to choose the correct restatement of each highlighted sentence
Then take 5 minutes to check with and convince your partner.
1 B
2 D
3 C
4 B
5 D - The silver compound kills the protozoa. The tsetse fly carries the protozoa. The protozoa cause sleeping sickness. (“protozoa” is plural)
6 A
7 B - The convection currents act as conveyor belts.
8 C
9 A
10 A
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Homework: pdf’s 3 and 4 from the shared drive