function custom_product_permalink($permalink, $post) {
    // Check if the post is a product and has the product post type
    if (is_object($post) && $post->post_type === 'product') {
        // Build the custom permalink
        $permalink = add_query_arg( 'product_id', $post->ID, $permalink );
    }

    return $permalink;
}
add_filter('post_type_link', 'custom_product_permalink', 10, 2);