2014-10-24 Structure: passives (& causatives)

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http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
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Homework: 234-236 (reading and questions)
part A
1 b
2 c
3 a
4 d
5 a
6 b
7 c
8 d
9 a
dig up: dig a hole in the ground and find something
part B
1 F - originated in Portland
2 T
3 F - all in $20 bills
4 F - none of the passengers was aware
5 F - discovered by an 8-year-old boy
6 F - no one knows how or whether he died
7 T
8 ? - many people have both opinions
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www.measuringworth.com/uscompare/ - inflation calculator
(.../ukcompare/ for the UK)
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PASSIVE VOICE
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when the object becomes the subject:

    subject      | verb  |   object
Leonardo da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa.
     agent       | action|  (patient)

     subject    |   verb    |  |     object
-> The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci.
     patient    | action    |  |      agent

passive = [be] + past participle
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(the verb [be] can be in any form in passive sentences)

William Shakespeare wrote many plays.
Many plays were written by William Shakespeare.

Stephen King has written many books.
Many books have been written by Stephen King.

modals 		(modal + base form)
perfect 	([have] + past participle)
progressive 	([be] + present participle)
passive 	([be] + past participle)

(Note: perfect+progressive+passive is almost never used)
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The money might never be found (by anyone).
I should have been told sooner (by someone).
(we can use this with all the modals from this week)
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* He was died in the cold. (WRONG)
"die" has no object (it's intransitive), so it can't be passive
- the adjective for "die" is "dead"

Other intransitive verbs: happen, go, return, come, disappear
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Causatives:
I had my students work in pairs.
I got my sister to help with the dishes.
I made him stop using his cell phone.
I let the dog go outside.
I helped by brother (to) do his homework.

I had the tailor shorten my pants.
I had the photographer develop my pictures.

For services that we pay someone to do, we can make these passive:
I had my pants shortened (by the tailor).
I got my pictures developed (by the photographer).
(for passive causatives, have=get)
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He had his biography written by a ghostwriter.
(simple past passive causative)
He had written his autobiography before he became President.
(past perfect active)

She got her homework done by another student.
(passive causative = she paid someone to do her HW)
She got her homework done by noon.
(= she finished her homework before 12:00)

I had him cut the grass. (He cut the grass.)
I had cut the grass. (I cut the grass.)
I had the grass cut. (Someone cut the grass, I paid for it.)

landscaping service
mow the lawn
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Passive causatives, like other passives, can also be in any tense:
I have always had my hair done here.
She will have her dress shortened tomorrow.
They might have gotten their car fixed already.
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p. 242 exercise 4
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(check on Monday)
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Homework: 250-252 (reading and questions)
(If you don't do it, I'll give you a quiz instead.)