2016-11-15 TOEFL: word roots, political vocab

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word Roots 4 - With a partner, try to come up with one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
icon = image
idio = one’s self / unique (“idiot” was originally a euphemism for “private person”)
il/im/in/ir = not
* il/im/in/ir = in (illuminate, impress, inhale, irradiate), opposite of “ex”
infra = under (infrared and infrasound have lower *frequency*, sub- refers to a lower speed)
inter = among or between
intra/intro = inside or within
ject = throw
junct = join
kine = move (“cinema” is the Latin spelling, and would originally have started with a /k/ sound)
lab = work
lex = word (related to “lect”, which can mean either reading or speaking)
loc = place
* log = speech/word (same root as “lect” and “lex”)
luc = light (this root is followed by ‘e’ or ‘i’, so the ‘c’ sounds like /s/)
lum = light
macro = big/huge (generally about size)
magni = big/great (can be about size or quality, like the word “great” in English)
mal = bad
man = hand
mar = sea (to talk about water, we usually use the roots “hydro” and “aqua”; “aquatic” animals live in freshwater, while “marine” animals live in salt water)
* mega = big/huge (megaphone, megabyte)
meta = change or beyond (“beyond” was originally from a misunderstanding of “metaphysics”, but is now probably the more common sense)
micro = small
migr = move
mis = wrong
mit/miss = send
mono = one
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“lect” originally comes from the idea of picking out or choosing (e.g. “collect”, “select”, “elect”), but then referred to reading and speaking, as in picking out or choosing words
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Political/Government vocabulary


legislature (n), legislative (adj), legislator (n), legislation (n) - about the people who make the laws
Congress, made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate, is the US legislature, making up the legislative branch of the government.
(In many other countries, this is called a parliament.)


The President is the head of the executive branch of the government, in charge of enforcing laws.


The judicial branch of the government is in charge of interpreting the laws. It is made up of judges in courts. (Sometimes judges are called justices.)
judiciary = noun for the collective, like “legislature”
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We have a bicameral legislature, because the legislature has two houses or “rooms” (the Senate and the House).
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In a criminal courtroom, there’s a judge (who decides the sentence), a jury (of 12 people who decide guilt or innocence), a defendant (the person accused of the crime), and prosecuting and defense attorneys (lawyers for each side).
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judicial review = the process by which a court can “review” a law to decide if it is constitutional
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BREAK
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Reading, “Political Systems of the Twentieth Century” (DELTA 7 tests, test 1, p. 36-39)
Take 20 minutes to do the reading on your own. Then compare your answers with your partner. If you disagree, find the place in the text that supports your answer.
15 B
16 A
17 A
18 C
19 D
20 B
21 D
22 C
23 B
24 A
25 D (“for example” means British Parliament is an example of something the previous sentence talks about; In this case, it is an example of the increased number of new laws)
26 A E, B F, D
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Other vocabulary:
handful = a small amount
outdated = obsolete
vested = secure in the possession of (the power is “worn by” the cabinet, but in a very figurative way)
cope with = deal with / tolerate
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New political vocabulary:
bureaucracy/bureaucrat/bureaucratic - related to the system of rules and regulations administered by people and organizations not made up of elected officials
democracy, dictatorship, monarchy, authoritarianism/totalitarianism - different forms of government
sovereignty = political power (popular sovereignty = power of the people)
representative = (n) a person elected by people to “represent” their interests in the government, (adj) relating to this system of government
	(A representative democracy is different from a direct democracy, where the population votes on all changes to laws.)
veto = when a president or governor says no to a piece of legislation (by refusing to sign it); if the legislature has a supermajority (60%), they can pass the law without executive approval (More generally, a veto is a vote against approving something.)
federalism = the distribution of political power between a central government and smaller parts (In the US, there are federal, state, and local/municipal laws and law enforcement and courts)
jurisdiction = the extent of control that a specific agency has in a federal system
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Cambridge Diagnostic Test p. 20 (electoral college listening) (CD 1.2)
1 B
2 C
3 A
4 A
5 D
6 B
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Homework: do the reading about Gandhi (Oxford p. 72-74)