Snow at the Equator: http://basementgeographer.com/does-it-snow-at-the-equator/
Island Formation: http://education.nationalgeographic.com/encyclopedia/island/
Center of the Earth: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-is-the-earths-core-so/ , http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/a7749/how-do-we-know-whats-in-the-earths-core-pm-explains-9750875/
Wind: http://www.fplsafetyworld.com/?ver=kkblue&utilid=fplforkids&id=16208
Rainbows: http://scijinks.jpl.nasa.gov/rainbow/
Rain: http://discoverykids.com/articles/why-does-it-rain/
Ice Age (not the movie): http://www.livescience.com/7981-big-freeze-earth-plunge-sudden-ice-age.html , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age
Tornadoes and Cyclones/Hurricanes: http://www.hurricanescience.org/society/impacts/tornadoes/
Shape of the sky: http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/129317/how-much-of-the-sky-is-visible-from-a-particular-location , http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Atmosphere/overview.html
Only salt water: http://adventure.howstuffworks.com/survival/wilderness/convert-salt-water.htm , http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/manufacture-water.htm