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Medieval Naples (Medieval Studies)

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. Medieval Naples, here defined as the period covering Late Antiquity (beginning 325 CE) through the end of Angevin rule (1442 CE), enjoys a complex history. Founded as a Greek settlement (Neapolis) around the 6th century BCE, Naples was a favorite resort town during Late Antiquity and also one of the earliest bastions of Christianity in Europe. Its location on the Thyrrenian coast contributed to both, and the city’s strategic place within the Mediterranean meant it remained continuously inhabited and cosmopolitan throughout the Middle Ages. During Late Antiquity, Naples was tied culturally, particularly through the Church, to North Africa. By the Early Middle Ages, the city was within the Byzantine sphere but ruled effectively independently as a duchy that included the surrounding islands and contado. Multilayered military and economic interactions with Muslims during the 9th century meant that deep interactions with North Africa continued, however. Naples’s status as an independent duchy, one of a number of duchies on the Tyrrhenian coast, continued until the Norman conquest of southern Italy. From that point it became part of the southern Italian kingdom of Sicily and Naples (the Regno) and in 1224 Frederick II chose it as the site for Europe’s oldest public university, the University of Naples. The city’s strategic position came to see it enter its medieval golden age during the late 13th and 14th centuries. Closer to allies in Rome, Florence, and northern Europe than Palermo, the previous hub, Naples was made capital of the kingdom under the Angevin rulers (1266–1442), a cadet branch of the French Capetians. This period saw the expansion of the city and port; the construction of new churches, monasteries, and castles; the creation of new institutions; the solidification of Angevin administrative practices; and the flourishing of art by Tuscan, Roman, and local painters, Tuscan sculptors, and French metalworkers, among others. The activities of the Neapolitan court influenced a young Giovanni Boccaccio, present in Naples because of his father’s financial dealings, and the institution served as the backdrop for many of his works. Naples’s growth continued beyond the Middle Ages, and it retained its status as the capital of the southern Italian kingdom until Italian unification. All of these issues and more are addressed in this article, a collection of studies from the better part of the 20th century (and some earlier) that examine the political, cultural, economic, social, urban, art, and architectural history of medieval Naples that as of late includes an ever increasing volume of English-language scholarship.
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  5. General Overviews and Diachronic Assessments
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  7. Ernesto Pontieri’s Storia di Napoli (Pontieri 1969) remains the most comprehensive survey of medieval Naples in both chronological and disciplinary breadth. Its two volumes devoted to medieval Naples examine the history, culture, and the built environment of Naples from the Early Middle Ages through Angevin rule. Other overviews in this section examine Naples diachronically but within a regional context. These works include Feniello 2000, which examines medieval Naples in relation to the rest of Campania, and Gaglione 2012, which discusses the political, economic, and cultural relationship between Naples and Amalfi. Hughes and Buongiovanni 2015 approaches the study of Naples diachronically but along the single theme of the reception of antiquity within the city. Finally, two studies presented focus on Naples and the region as a whole during the later Middle Ages. Galasso 1992 offers a comprehensive view of the region under Angevin and Aragonese administration and rule. Croce 1970, immensely impactful on the historiography of the “Southern Question” (Questione meridionale), a term used to describe southern Italy’s modern social and economic ills, examines Naples and the region from the Norman conquest. In this work Croce argues that the region’s modern issues can be traced back in general to the Middle Ages and specifically to the Sicilian Vespers Rebellion of 1282 that separated the island politically and economically from the mainland. Epstein 2000 and Sakellariou 2012 (both cited under Economic History) challenge Croce’s conclusions to various degrees.
  8.  
  9. Croce, Benedetto. History of the Kingdom of Naples. Translated by Frances Frenaye. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.
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  11. Translation from the original Italian Storia del regno di Napoli, published in 1925. Described in its preface as both “the standard historical account of southern Italy and an authentic application of Croce’s mature philosophy of history” (p. 7), Croce’s history of southern Italy attempts to understand the South’s current economic and social ills. Based in Croce’s philosophy that history writing is informed by contemporary events.
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  13. Feniello, Amedeo, ed. Napoli nel medioevo. 2 vols. Lecce, Italy: Congedo, 2000.
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  15. The essays in the first volume examine the city of Naples specifically and issues, including fortifications, religious topography, Jewish culture, and attempts to combat malaria. The essays of the second volume offer case studies of cities within the territory of Naples, including the islands of Ischia, Procida, and Capri.
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  17. Gaglione, Mario. Amalfi e Napoli tra alto Medioevo ed età angioina. Amalfi, Italy: Presso la Sede del Centro, 2012.
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  19. Essay examines the relationship between Naples and the merchant city of Amalfi. It argues that the cities enjoyed close relations from the Early Middle Ages because of economic and commercial interests. In 1190, Naples absorbed Amalfi, and its merchants left a lasting impact on Neapolitan administration and the urban landscape.
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  21. Galasso, Giuseppe. Il Regno di Napoli: Il mezzogiorno angioina e aragonese. Turin, Italy: UTET, 1992.
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  23. Galasso’s comprehensive volume examines subjects such as conquest, administration, diplomacy, and economy for both the Angevins and the Aragonese. Divided into four parts. The first two, a little more than half of the volume, are devoted to the Angevins. The third and fourth parts cover Aragonese rule.
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  25. Hughes, Jessica, and Claudio Buongiovanni, eds. Remembering Parthenope: The Reception of Classical Naples from Antiquity to the Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
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  27. Three essays in this volume focus on the reception of classical Naples during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Subjects include “cultural forgetting” during the Gothic War, the use of architectural spolia, and Hohenstaufen and Angevin reception of ancient Naples.
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  29. Pontieri, Ernesto, ed. Storia di Napoli. Vols. 2–3. Naples, Italy: Società Editrice Storia di Napoli, 1969.
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  31. These two massive volumes (nearly 1,900 pages total) remain the most comprehensive treatment of medieval Naples from a variety of disciplinary perspectives. Volume 2 is devoted to the history of Naples from Byzantine through Hohenstaufen rule. Volume 3 is devoted entirely to Angevin rule and culture in Naples.
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  33. Reference Works
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  35. Favro 1996 and Powell 1987 survey the history of Naples from Greek settlement through the Middle Ages (and beyond). Favro 1996, Feniello and Aceto 1997, and Hourihane 2012 examine art, architecture, and urbanism within the city, while Powell 1987 is more strictly focused on historical analysis. Kreutz and Small 2004 also surveys the city, but focuses solely on the Middle Ages from Late Antiquity through Angevin rule. The work is concerned mostly with historical analysis, but a short discussion of Angevin art and architectural patronage is also included. The three relevant essays in McKitterick 1995–2004 take a different bent, focusing on Naples within regional and political contexts for the periods c. 1198–c. 1300, c. 1300–c. 1414, and c. 1415–c. 1500. While not focused specifically on Naples, Willemsen 1986 provides an excellent starting point for Frederick II studies.
  36.  
  37. Favro, Diane, et al. “Naples.” In The Dictionary of Art. Vol. 22. Edited by Jane Turner, 469–487. New York: Grove’s Dictionaries, 1996.
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  39. Survey of Neapolitan art, architecture, and urbanism from Greek settlement through the Risorgimento. Sections by various authors include the history of urban development to 1442, artistic life and organization to 1442, and essays on Naples’s catacombs, the Franciscan church of San Lorenzo, the Certosa di San Martino, and Castel Nuovo.
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  41. Feniello, Amedeo, and Francesco Aceto. “Napoli.” In Enciclopedia dell’arte medievale. Vol. 8. Edited by Marina Righetti Tosti-Croce, 627–643. Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 1997.
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  43. This encyclopedia entry is divided into two parts. The first surveys Naples’s urban and architectural development from the Early Middle Ages through the reign of Robert of Anjou (b. 1277–d. 1343). The second part examines art, including painting, sculpture, metalwork, and manuscripts, from Late Antiquity through Angevin rule.
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  45. Hourihane, Colum, ed. “Naples.” In The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture. Vol. 4. 391–401. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
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  47. Essay is organized into three sections. The first surveys the urban, art, and architectural development of Naples from the Greek settlement through the 20th century. The second examines Neapolitan art, particularly from the Angevin period. The third focuses on the catacombs as well as architecture from Angevin rule. A bibliography follows each section. Also available online by subscription.
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  49. Kreutz, Barbara M., and Carola M. Small. “Naples.” In Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. Edited by Christopher Kleinhenz, 755–760. New York: Routledge, 2004.
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  51. Examines Neapolitan history chronologically, with sections devoted to the period before through the 8th century, the Duchy, Norman Naples, Hohenstaufen Naples, and Angevin Naples. Also has a short bibliography that includes some sources not discussed here and helpful cross-references.
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  53. McKitterick, Rosamond, ed. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vols. 5–7. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995–2004.
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  55. Three essays in Vols. 5 through 7 offer general overviews of Naples and its kingdom. Each examines roughly a century. David Abulafia contributed two essays, one covering c. 1198–c. 1300 (volume 5) and the other c. 1300–c. 1415 (volume 6). Alan Ryder wrote the third. It examines the Kingdom of Naples and the Papal States from c. 1415 through c. 1500 (volume 7).
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  57. Powell, James M. “Naples.” In Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Vol. 9. Edited by Joseph R. Strayer, 56–60. New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1987.
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  59. Survey of Neapolitan history, beginning with its Greek origins through the 14th century. Includes an examination of Naples under Byzantine rule, the threat from Muslim pirates and the city of Benevento in the 9th century; Norman, Hohenstaufen, and Angevin administration innovations; and threats from the plague during the 14th century.
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  61. Willemsen, Carl A. Bibliographie zur Geschichte Kaiser Friedrichs II. und der letzten Staufer. Munich: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, 1986.
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  63. This bibliography lists over 2,000 sources (not annotated) related to Friedrich II and his heirs. Primary sources are divided by type (e.g., acts, letters, chronicles), while secondary sources are arranged alphabetically. The index allows easy navigation.
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  65. Journals
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  67. While many journals publish articles related to medieval Naples, Archivio storico per le province napoletane (ASPN), Atti della Accademia Pontaniana, and Napoli nobilissima are dedicated to the study of the city across time and disciplines. All three journals are published annually. Unfortunately, most volumes are available in bound format only, and only Atti della Accademia Pontaniana makes more recent articles available online. ASPN, the oldest of the three, is the most useful for the study of medieval Naples, followed by Atti della Accademia Pontaniana, which publishes many articles on the Angevin Chancery registers, thanks to the learned society’s role in their recovery. Napoli nobilissima, the second oldest of the three, has experienced periods of inconsistent publication. It currently publishes articles focused on the visual arts, history, and philology.
  68.  
  69. Archivio storico per le province napoletane (ASPN).
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  71. Published since 1876, this is the journal of the Società Napoletana di Storia Patria, a learned society dedicated to the study and preservation of cultural heritage in southern Italy. The journal is published annually, with articles and critical essays in Italian on cultural heritage, unpublished documents, archives, and libraries.
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  73. Atti della Accademia Pontaniana.
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  75. Published annually since 1949 by the Accademia Pontaniana, the oldest learned society in Naples (founded 1443). The interdisciplinary journal publishes articles in Italian that are related to all the academy’s interests, including philosophy, the arts, history, and archaeology. Many articles are published in relation to the Academy’s role in reconstructing the Angevin Chancery registers.
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  77. Napoli nobilissima.
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  79. Published from 1892 through 1907, 1920 through 1922, and 1961 into the 21st century, publication includes articles in Italian on Neapolitan history, archaeology, architecture, the visual arts, philology, and topography. Philosopher, historian, and critic Benedetto Croce was one of its principal founders. Many volumes published between 1892 and 1907 are available online.
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  81. Primary Sources
  82.  
  83. A relatively large, if sporadic, documentary record exists for Naples prior to Angevin conquest in 1266. Sources include chronicles and histories, papal letters, hagiographies, travel accounts, contracts, testaments, and diplomas. Most of these documents are published, although a number of unpublished sources can be found in various church archives through the city. The bulk of documentary sources related to Naples dates to the Angevin period, however. Types of sources include all of the sources listed, as well as vernacular chronicles such as the Chronicle of Partenope (c. 1350). The most important documents from this period, though, are the registers of the Angevin Chancery (1265 to 1442). The copies of the letters, diplomas, accounts, records, and mandates issued by the Angevin kings, the registers are the most extensive collection of Late Medieval royal documents in Europe outside of England. One scholar has estimated that the documents number over 250,000 for the period from Charles I to Robert of Anjou alone (Kiesewetter 1999, cited under Historical and Political Periods: Angevin Naples). They offer detailed insight into Angevin administration. The State Archives of Naples held these documents as well as others from the Hohenstaufen period and earlier. Unfortunately, the 507 volumes of the registers were destroyed in 1943 when German soldiers destroyed the State Archives during their retreat from the city. Recovery efforts continue, with much of the registers from 1266 to 1295 now edited and published. In addition, many volumes of edited documents were published before World War II. These volumes tend to be organized by theme (laws, building, diplomacy, etc.) and concentrate on the reigns of Charles I and Charles II, the first two Angevin kings.
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  85. Pre-Angevin Primary Sources
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  87. While medieval sources concerning Naples before 1266 are not as vast as those from Angevin rule, a number of useful collections and studies exist. As is the case in Angevin documentary studies, many of these were published before the destruction of the Neapolitan State Archives in 1943. Caserta 1961 provides a helpful study of Early and High Medieval documents in Neapolitan church archives, including the church of San Gregorio in Armeno and the cathedral chapter. Regii neapolitani archivi monumenta edita ac illustrata 1845–1861, Minieri-Riccio 1878–1883, and Muratori 1977 (which was originally published between 1723 and 1751) publish edited sources related to Naples, spanning the period as well. Musto 2013 does as well and provides English translations of over eighty sources dated from 400 through 1400 CE. Monumenta Germaniae historica scriptores 1826–, an ongoing series of published sources relevant to German history, contains Lombard chronicles and Hohenstaufen documents relevant for Neapolitan studies of the Early Middle Ages and the 13th century. Relevant sources for Naples under Hohenstaufen rule can also be found in Huillard-Bréholles 1852–1860. Powell 1971 translates and contextualizes the so-called Liber Augustalis, or Constitutions of Melfi, the most important Hohenstaufen document related to Naples and southern Italy.
  88.  
  89. Caserta, Aldo, ed. Archivi ecclesiastici di Napoli. Naples, Italy: Neapoli e Curia Archiepiscopali, 1961.
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  91. Study of various church archives in Naples. Unpublished documents from as early as the 10th century are held at the monastery of San Gregorio in Armeno and from the 11th century in the Naples Cathedral chapter archive. Other archives, including the diocesan archive and the Collegio degli Ebdomadari, collect from the 14th century.
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  93. Huillard-Bréholles, Jean-Louis-Alphonse, ed. Historia diplomatica Friderici Secundi, sive constitutiones, privilegia, mandata, instrumenta quae supersunt istius imperatoris et filiorum ejus. 7 vols. Paris: Henricus Plon, 1852–1860.
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  95. Massive collection of transcribed diplomas, laws, privileges, mandates, and other documents related to Frederick II and his heirs, including the Constitutions of Melfi in volume 4. An indispensible source for examining Frederick II’s rule. Volumes are organized chronologically. Texts are in Latin.
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  97. Minieri-Riccio, Camillo. Saggio di codice diplomatico formato sulle antiche scritture dell’Archivio di stato di Napoli. 2 vols. Naples, Italy: R. Rinaldi e G. Sellitto, 1878–1883.
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  99. A key collection of edited documents. The two volumes plus supplement contain over 500 edited documents in Latin and Greek from 964 through 1667. Introductory paragraphs are in Italian. Nearly a hundred of the documents date from 964 to 1265.
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  101. Monumenta Germaniae historica scriptores. Hannover, Germany: Impensis Bibliopoli Hahniani, 1826–.
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  103. Staggeringly large series containing thousands of edited and published primary sources relevant to medieval German studies. Sources pertinent to Naples include Early Medieval chronicles from Lombard Italy and sources pertaining to Frederick II and heirs. Available hardbound and online via Brepolis Publishers.
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  105. Muratori, Lodovico Antonio. Rerum italicarum scriptores. Vols. 1–2, 7–8. Sala Bolognese, Italy: A. Forni, 1977.
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  107. Originally published between 1723 and 1751 and part of the monumental twenty-five-volume collection of Italian documents and chronicles that date between the 6th and the 15th centuries. Includes the chronicle of the Bishops of Naples (volume 1) and Nicolo Jamsilla’s Historia de rebus gestis Friderici II (volume 8). Texts are in Latin.
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  109. Musto, Ronald G., ed. Medieval Naples: A Documentary History, 400–1400. New York: Italica, 2013.
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  111. Collection of eighty-two sources translated into English and spanning Late Roman and Byzantine Naples to the reign of Charles III in 1382. Volume also includes concise introductions to each period of medieval Naples and appendices with links to online resources, including an interactive map and image galleries.
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  113. Powell, James M., ed. and trans. The Liber Augustalis, or, Constitutions of Melfi, Promulgated by the Emperor Frederick II for the Kingdom of Sicily in 1231. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1971.
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  115. Translation into English of the Liberal Augustalis, also known as the Constitutions of Melfi. This legislation enacted under Frederick II handed absolute power to the monarchy and transformed the Kingdom of Sicily into the first modern state in the West.
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  117. Regii neapolitani archivi monumenta edita ac illustrata. Naples, Italy: Ex Regia Typographia, 1845–1861.
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  119. Transcribed diplomas related primarily to royal rule in Naples from the early 8th century through the first half of the 12th century. Papal documents related to Capua, Aversa, and Salerno also included. All six volumes currently available online with Latin transcription and facing Italian translations.
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  121. Angevin Primary Sources
  122.  
  123. The registers of the Angevin Chancery, the office charged with creating Angevin documents, are the single most important documents for the study of Angevin Naples. Palmieri 2006 provides a detailed and comprehensive survey of the Angevin Chancery. Unfortunately, in 1943 German soldiers burned them and earlier documents including Hohenstaufen texts, completely destroying the originals. However, thousands of the documents were edited and published prior to World War II and since the destruction, the Office of Angevin Reconstruction of the Accademia Pontaniana has been at work recovering the Chancery registers. Mazzoleni 1987 is a collection of essays that review the recovery efforts. The authors of Filangieri, et al. 1950–2010 have published the recovered documents. To date, fifty volumes of the recovered diplomas have been published not by theme, but chronologically, up to the year 1295. Most edited volumes of Angevin documents published before the destruction of the State Archives in 1943 focus on a specific theme. Del Giudice 1863–1902 is concerned with Angevin rule in general from 1265 to 1390. Boüard 1926 collects over 1,000 documents concerning Angevin rule of Provence, primarily from southern Italy, between the years 1257 and 1284. The documents in Trifone 1921 concern Angevin legislation from Charles I to Joanna II. Minieri-Riccio 1878–1883 is more varied and includes diplomas, letters, and testaments. In addition to the Angevin diplomas, the Chronicle of Partenope (c. 1350) offers valuable insight into Angevin Naples. Kelly 2011 examines this text, the oldest full history of Naples and one of the earliest works produced in Neapolitan vernacular.
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  125. Boüard, Alain de. Actes et Lettres de Charles I(er) Roi de Sicilie Concernant la France (1257–1284): Extraits des Registres Angevins de Naples et Publiés. Paris: E. de Boccard, 1926.
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  127. Collection of over 1,100 documents concerning Angevin rule in France, particularly Provence. An important source for understanding Angevin long-distance rule in France from the Kingdom of Naples, this work complements the author’s edited collection of diplomas in French produced at the court of Naples (Boüard, Alain de. Documents en français des archives angevines de Naples (Règne de Charles Ier; Paris: E. de Boccard, 1933–1935).
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  129. Del Giudice, Giuseppe, ed. Codice diplomatico del regno di Carlo I e Carlo II. 3 vols. Naples, Italy: Stamperia della R. Università, 1863–1902.
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  131. Edited collection of laws, statues, and privileges from 1265 to 1390 related to political and civil rights, finance, justice, military activities, and relations with the church in the Kingdom of Naples. Introduction to volumes in Italian. Edited texts are in Latin.
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  133. Filangieri, Riccardo, Iolanda Donsì Gentile, Renata Orefice de Angelis, Jole Mazzoleni, Maria Luisa Storchi, Stefano Palmieri, et al., eds. I registri della Cancelleria angioina, ricostruiti da Riccardo Filangieri con la collaborazione degli archivisti napoletani. 50 vols. Naples: L’Accademia, 1950–2010.
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  135. The result of work by the Office of Angevin Reconstruction (Ufficio della ricostruzione angioina), the fifty volumes to date of documents from the Angevin Chancery destroyed in 1943 cover Angevin administration of Naples and the Kingdom as a whole through 1295. An essential resource for any student of Angevin rule, the work is ongoing. Texts are in Latin with summaries in Italian.
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  137. Kelly, Samantha. The Cronaca di Partenope: An Introduction to and Critical Edition of the First Vernacular History of Naples (c. 1350). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2011.
  138. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004194892.i-364Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  139. The Cronaca di Partenope (Chronicle of Partenope) is the first chronologically comprehensive history of Naples and one of the earliest works composed in Neapolitan vernacular. The first 148 pages of the volume offer a critical introduction. Chronicle text in vernacular Neapolitan with chapter headings and summaries in English.
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  141. Mazzoleni, Jole, ed. Storia della ricostruzione della Cancelleria angioina. Naples, Italy: L’Accademia, 1987.
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  143. Essays in the volume are devoted to outlining the reconstruction of the Angevin Chancery registers following their destruction in 1943. Essays include detailed surveys of what was lost in the destruction of the archives and the activities surrounding their reconstruction. An appendix includes plates of surviving original documents.
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  145. Minieri-Riccio, Camillo. Saggio di codice diplomatico formato sulle antiche scritture dell’Archivio di stato di Napoli. 2 vols. Naples, Italy: R. Rinaldi e G. Sellitto, 1878–1883.
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  147. A key volume of edited documents due to the destruction of the Naples State Archives, the two volumes plus supplement contain over 400 Angevin diplomas, letters, and testaments. Angevin sources are in Latin with introductory paragraphs in Italian. Some volumes available online on Google Books.
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  149. Palmieri, Stefano. La cancelleria del Regno di Sicilia in età angioina. Naples, Italy: Accademia Pontaniana, 2006.
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  151. This essay of over 200 pages examines the Angevin Chancery, the office that produced and retained Angevin diplomas. An important source for the study of Angevin administration, even if a lack of chapters, sections, and a table of contents makes it difficult to navigate. The notes are extensive and useful.
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  153. Trifone, Romualdo, ed. La legislazione angioina. Naples, Italy: Lubrano, 1921.
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  155. This volume publishes over 230 laws, privileges, and other legislation enacted under the Angevins from Charles I to Joanna II. A critical introduction to Angevin administrative practices precedes the edited texts. Texts in Latin with summaries in Italian.
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  157. Historical and Political Periods
  158.  
  159. The study of medieval Naples is generally divided into four large periods: Late Antique and Early Christian Naples (325–568), Early Medieval Naples through Norman Rule (568–1194), Hohenstaufen Naples (1194–1266), and Angevin Naples (1266–1442). Studies of Late Antique and Early Christian Naples tend to examine the Neapolitan church, the cult of the dead, and Naples’s relation with the wider Mediterranean world, particularly North Africa. The Duchy of Naples (568–1139), originally a Byzantine province but largely autonomous, marks the second period. Hohenstaufen Naples (1194–1266) is the period when Naples’s autonomy permanently eroded, the city was fully integrated into the southern Italian kingdom, and new institutions were established, including the University of Naples, the focus of many studies. Finally, Angevin Naples (1266–1442) marks the period when Naples became the capital of southern Italy. The surviving documents, urban form, art, and architecture from this period have produced the richest research on medieval Naples.
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  161. Late Antique and Early Christian History
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  163. Arthur 1985, Arthur 2002, Amodio 2005, and Vitolo 2005 offer multidisciplinary studies of Late Antique and Early Christian Naples. Arthur 1985 and Amodio 2005 examine Naples’s relationship with North Africa during the period, while Vitolo 2005 examines urban development in Naples during the period within the wider context of the region of Campania. Arthur 2002 also examines Naples’s urban transformation during the period. Polara 2015 is useful reading alongside all of these studies. It argues that a reading of Procopius of Caesarea’s History of the Wars reveals the strategic role that Naples and Campania as a whole enjoyed in a Mediterranean balance of power during the 6th century.
  164.  
  165. Amodio, Maria. La componente africana nella civiltà napoletana tardo-antica. Rome: Quasar, 2005.
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  167. Monograph examines social and cultural links between Naples and North Africa in Late Antiquity. Employing historical, archaeological, and art historical methods, the author includes topics such as the relationship between the Neapolitan and North African churches, archaeological evidence of the North African presence in Naples, and the North African artistic influence in the Neapolitan catacombs.
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  169. Arthur, Paul. “Naples: Notes on the Economy of a Dark Age City.” In Papers in Italian Archaeology IV. Vol. 4, Classical and Medieval Archaeology. Edited by Caroline Malone and Simon Stoddart, 247–259. Oxford: B.A.R., 1985.
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  171. To assess economic interaction with other parts of the Late Antique/Early Medieval Mediterranean, examines ceramic amphorae used to transport foodstuffs. Argues that evidence suggests partial Neapolitan dependence on North African produce during the 5th and 6th centuries.
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  173. Arthur, Paul. Naples, from Roman Town to City-State: An Archaeological Perspective. London: British School at Rome, 2002.
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  175. Examines Naples’s urban transformation during Late Antiquity. Focuses on the social and urban transformation, the role of the Church, and the territory surrounding the city during this period. Published in association with the Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università degli Studi di Lecce.
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  177. Polara, Giovanni. “Between Classical and Modern Naples: ‘Cultural Forgetting’ at the Time of the Gothic War.” In Remembering Parthenope: The Reception of Classical Naples from Antiquity to the Present. Edited by Jessica Hughes and Claudio Buongiovanni, 105–120. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  178. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199673933.003.0006Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  179. Essay examines Procopius’s discussion of Naples during the first phase of the Gothic War (535–553 CE) as a means of understanding the city’s important role during the 6th century in the geopolitical balance of the Mediterranean.
  180. Find this resource:
  181. Vitolo, Giovanni, ed. Le città campane fra tarda antichità e alto medioevo. Salerno, Italy: Laveglia, 2005.
  182. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  183. Fourteen essays in the volume examine Late Antiquity and Early Medieval urban development in Campania. One essay examines the transformation of the Neapolitan coastline during the period. Other essays offer comparative studies of urban development for surrounding cities in Campania, including Calatia, Suessula, and Nola.
  184. Find this resource:
  185. Early Medieval and Norman Naples
  186.  
  187. Pontieri 1969 remains the most comprehensive examination of the period. Luzzati Laganà 1983, Vitolo 2001, and Feniello 2011 also apply diachronic treatments. Luzzati Laganà 1983 traces the history of the Duchy of Naples from the 7th century until its cessation in the 12th, while Feniello 2011 examines Neapolitan social structures and economic interactions from the 10th century to the 12th. Galasso 1965, Arthur 1985, and Arthur 2002 are concerned with the Early Middle Ages, in particular the question of urban development and/or decay during the period. Skinner 2002 examines Norman Naples and surrounding cities, and is interested particularly in the Norman conquest’s affect on culture, politics, and society in the region.
  188.  
  189. Arthur, Paul. “Naples: Notes on the Economy of a Dark Age City.” In Papers in Italian Archaeology IV. Vol. 4, Classical and Medieval Archaeology. Edited by Caroline Malone and Simon Stoddart, 247–259. Oxford: B.A.R., 1985.
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  191. To assess economic interaction with other parts of the Late Antiquity/Early Medieval Mediterranean, the essay examines ceramic amphorae used to transport foodstuffs. Argues that evidence suggests partial dependence on North African produce during the 5th and 6th centuries, a dependence that gave way to “eastern” sources supply once Naples had become a Byzantine enclave.
  192. Find this resource:
  193. Arthur, Paul. Naples, from Roman Town to City-State: An Archaeological Perspective. London: British School at Rome, 2002.
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  195. Examines Naples’s urban transformation during Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Chapters divided into examinations of social transformation, urban transformation, the role of the Church, and the territory surrounding the city. Published in association with the Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università degli Studi di Lecce.
  196. Find this resource:
  197. Feniello, Amedeo. Napoli società ed economia (902–1137). Rome: Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medioevo Evo, 2011.
  198. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  199. Social and economic study of Naples between the 10th and 12th centuries. Ultimate aim of work is to uncover the complex social structures, commercial exchanges, and other economic interactions within the city that led eventually to its rise as the capital of southern Italy.
  200. Find this resource:
  201. Galasso, Giuseppe. “Le città campane nell’alto medioevo.” In Mezzogiorno medievale e moderno. 61–135. Turin, Italy: Einaudi, 1965.
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  203. Examination of numerous issues in Campanian cities, including urban decay and resurgence, as well as the church, from Late Antiquity through the 12th century. Essay is divided by theme, with cities including Naples, Gaeta, Amalfi, and Benevento discussed comparatively.
  204. Find this resource:
  205. Luzzati Laganà, Francesco. “Il ducato di Napoli.” In Il Mezzogiorno dai Bizantini a Federico II. Edited by André Guillou, 328–338. Turin, Italy: UTET, 1983.
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  207. Traces the history of the Duchy of Naples from its origins in the 7th century until its absorption into the Norman Kingdom of Sicily in the 12th.
  208. Find this resource:
  209. Pontieri, Ernesto, ed. Storia di Napoli. Vol. 2. Naples, Italy: Società Editrice Storia di Napoli, 1969.
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  211. Still the most comprehensive treatment of Early Medieval Naples, this volume, divided into two tomes, includes seven essays. Subjects include the Byzantine Duchy of Naples, epigraphy and funerary poetry, hagiography and translations from Greek, the Early Medieval Church, and architecture and urbanism during the Early Middle Ages.
  212. Find this resource:
  213. Skinner, Patricia. “The Tyrrhenian Coastal Cities under the Normans.” In The Society of Norman Italy. Edited by Graham A. Loud and Alex Metcalfe, 75–96. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2002.
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  215. Essay explores the impact of the Norman conquest and rule on the former duchies of Gaeta, Naples, and Amalfi. Analyzing charters as evidence, Skinner argues that Naples, along with the other Campanian cities, retained cultural continuity and virtual political and social autonomy under Norman rule.
  216. Find this resource:
  217. Vitolo, Giovanni. Tra Napoli e Salerno: La construzione dell’identità cittadina nel Mezzogiorno medievale. Salerno, Italy: Carlone Editore, 2001.
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  219. Collection of essays examine the political, social, and cultural development of Naples and Salerno throughout the Middle Ages. Subjects include the rise of civic identity in both cities, Naples as commercial center and capital, and the medical school at Salerno.
  220. Find this resource:
  221. Hohenstaufen Naples
  222.  
  223. While Palermo remained the capital of the southern Italian kingdom and Apulia the second most important region under Hohenstaufen rule (1198–1266), the reconstruction of the Naples’s walls and the creation of new institutions in the city during this period foreshadowed Naples’s rise as the capital of the kingdom under the Angevins. The University of Naples, or Studium, is the most prestigious and studied of these institutions. Founded by Frederick II in 1224 to train lawyers and bureaucrats, it is the oldest public university in Europe. Delle Donne 1993, Newby 1997, and Pryds 2000 examine various issues surrounding its founding, including its charter letters, role in training administrators, and the possible Islamic influences on the Neapolitan university model. An essay in Tronzo 1994 also examines the foundation of the university, and the other essays within the volume provide a wider context for Frederick II’s rule in Naples and southern Italy. Stürner 1992–2000, the only monograph on the list, is the most rigorous study devoted entirely to Frederick II’s rule and contextualizes the other studies.
  224.  
  225. Delle Donne, Fulvio. “La fondazione dello ‘Studium’ di Napoli: Note sulle circolari del 1224 e del 1234.” Atti della Accademia Pontaniana 42 (1993): 179–197.
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  227. Analyzes the foundation letters of 1224 and 1234 for the University of Naples, addressing questions such as authorship, style, and chancery practices. Both letters are published in Latin at the end of the article. Of use for the studies of the University of Naples and Hohenstaufen administrative practices.
  228. Find this resource:
  229. Newby, Gordon D. “The Foundation of the University of Naples: Typological Parallels with Arab Institutions of Higher Learning.” Medieval Encounters 3.2 (1997): 173–182.
  230. DOI: 10.1163/157006797X00125Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  231. Argues that the University of Naples’s establishment as the first university in Europe completely under state control was based on models from the Islamic world, particularly the madrasa model in Sunni Islam, devoted to the study of law and training of bureaucrats and completely under the control of the universities’ founders.
  232. Find this resource:
  233. Pryds, Darleen. “Studia as Royal Offices: Mediterranean Universities of Medieval Europe.” In Universities and Schooling in Medieval Society. Edited by William J. Courtenay and Jürgen Miethke, 83–99. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2000.
  234. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  235. Examines the foundation of the University of Naples under Frederick II as an institute to train bureaucrats and its impact on other Mediterranean universities, particularly on the Iberian Peninsula. Aims to break a cycle of negatively comparing the Naples to northern universities, like Paris, founded with less pervasive state influence.
  236. Find this resource:
  237. Stürner, Wolfgang. Friedrich II. 2 vols. Darmstadt, Germany: Wissendschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1992–2000.
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  239. Comprehensive and grounded study of Frederick II’s rule. The first volume covers the periods 1194 to 1120 and the second volume 1220 until Frederick II’s death in 1250. Chapters are divided chronologically except for one chapter on Frederick II’s scholarly, artistic, and scientific interests.
  240. Find this resource:
  241. Tronzo, William, ed. Intellectual Life at the Court of Frederick II Hohenstaufen. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 1994.
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  243. Fifteen essays, nine in English, five in Italian, and one in German, examine the Hohenstaufen court and court life, including book and sculptural production, castle and palace building, the revival of antiquity, the promotion of science, and the creation of the University of Naples. Authors are from a variety of disciplines.
  244. Find this resource:
  245. Angevin Naples
  246.  
  247. Angevin Naples (1266–1442) by far is the most studied and the most understood period of medieval Neapolitan history, according to Musto 2013 (cited under Primary Sources: Pre-Angevin Primary Sources), because of the vast number of surviving art and architectural monuments and published primary sources from the Angevin Chancery. Moreover, it was under Angevin rule that Naples became the capital of mainland southern Italy. There appears to be no precise date when this status was proclaimed; however, major urban and architectural expansion began under the reign of the first Angevin king, Charles I (b. 1266–d. 1285) and continued under Charles II (especially b. 1294–d. 1309). In addition, the transfer of Angevin administration to Castel Nuovo (after 1279) and the loss of Palermo in the Vespers Rebellion (1282) solidified Naples’s new status. Because of its status as capital and the general centralization of the Angevin state, all major studies of Angevin Naples deal first and foremost with the Angevin crown. Very little work has been done on institutions or individuals outside of the crown’s extensive tentacles. The most important works on Angevin Naples examine the period covering the reigns of Charles I, Charles II, and Robert of Anjou (b. 1266–d. 1343). The focus on this period is because of the surviving documentary sources and also because this period is considered medieval Naples’s golden age. Dynastic battles and civil war in the successive periods have not yet inspired scholarship on the level of the earlier period. Dunbabin 1998, Kiesewetter 1999, and Kelly 2003 offer critical biographies of the first three Angevin kings, with significant portions dedicated to their Neapolitan policies. Much of the authors’ work incorporates Cadier 1891, a still very useful and comprehensive study of Angevin administration. The essays published in L’État angevin 1998, Coulet and Matz 2000, and Bonnot 1988 offer various examinations of Neapolitan administration, society, urbanism, art, and spirituality, many of them comparative to other Angevin realms, including Provence and Hungary. A comparative approach also guides Dunbabin 2011, which focuses on the movement of individuals between France and Naples and its impact on administrative reforms in both realms.
  248.  
  249. Bonnot, Isabelle. Marseille et ses rois de Naples: La diagonal angevine 1265–1382. Marseille, France: Archives municipals de Marseille, 1988.
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  251. Employing edited and unedited Angevin documents from the Archives Municipales de Marseille, this collection of essays examines political and economic connections between Naples and Marseille during Angevin rule. Essays are in French, Italian, and German.
  252. Find this resource:
  253. Cadier, Leon. Essai sur l’administration du Royaume de Sicile. Paris: Ernest Thorin, 1891.
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  255. Despite its age, this study of Angevin administration under Charles I and Charles II remains remarkably useful. Outlines at the beginning of each chapter make it easy to navigate. The first part is concerned with analyzing Angevin administration chronologically, while the second examines each major office of the court.
  256. Find this resource:
  257. Coulet, Noël, and Jean-Michel Matz, eds. La noblesse dans les territoires angevins à la fin du Moyen Âge. École Française de Rome, 2000.
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  259. Forty essays examine the role and activities of the nobility in Angevin territories, including the southern Italian Kingdom, France, and Hungary. Most essays are in French, three are in English, and one is in Italian.
  260. Find this resource:
  261. Dunbabin, Jean. Charles I of Anjou: Power, Kingship, and State-Making in Thirteenth-Century Europe. London: Longman, 1998.
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  263. Study of Charles I of Anjou, the first Angevin king of Naples. Monograph divided into the two parts. The first is centered on Charles’s rise as the youngest brother of Louis IX of France and his conquest of southern Italy. The second is on his policies and court culture.
  264. Find this resource:
  265. Dunbabin, Jean. The French in the Kingdom of Sicily, 1266–1305. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
  266. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511973482Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  267. Monograph examines the relationship between the courts of France and the Kingdom of Naples/Sicily after the Angevin conquest, arguing that the groups mutually influenced each other. Subjects examined include means of communication between the two lands, French aristocratic settlers in southern Italy, and the influence of Angevin administrative practices on France.
  268. Find this resource:
  269. L’État angevin: Pouvoir, culture et société entre XIIIe et XIVe siècle. Rome: École Française de Rome, 1998.
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  271. Twenty-six essays examine all aspects of the Angevin state, including strategies of visual representation, architecture, the Chancery, Angevin relationships with the Church and mendicant orders, the development of Naples as capital, rule in Provence, relations with Hungary, and the rise of a bureaucratic elite. Essays in French, Italian, and English.
  272. Find this resource:
  273. Kelly, Samantha. The New Solomon: Robert of Naples (1309–1343) and Fourteenth-Century Kingship. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2003.
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  275. First extensive study post–World War II of Robert “the Wise” of Anjou, the third Angevin king of Naples. Work examines Robert’s administrative policies and court culture, placing both within wider contexts of Late Medieval rule. Chapters include examinations of Robert’s patronage, piety, dissemination of justice, diplomatic policies, and preaching.
  276. Find this resource:
  277. Kiesewetter, Andreas. Die Anfgänge der Regierung König Karls II. von Anjou (1278–1295): Das Königreich Neapel, die Grafschaft Provence und der Mittelmeerraum zu Ausgang des 13. Jahrhunderts. Husum, Germany: Matthiesen Verlag, 1999.
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  279. Study of the first eighteen years of the reign of Charles II in Naples, Provence, and elsewhere. Most chapters are organized chronologically, while the final three are organized around themes that include the economy and the Church. A useful appendix includes lists of officials, tax rolls, and communities in the Kingdom of Naples.
  280. Find this resource:
  281. Economic History
  282.  
  283. Studies of the medieval economy in Naples and mainland southern Italy in general overwhelmingly focus on the Norman to Angevin periods. The overarching argument in all of these studies is that increasing centralization of economic policies under the three groups heavily affected outcomes. However, their conclusions fall into two general camps. The much more enduring camp has argued that centralized economic policies had a deeply negative impact on the southern economy and may indeed have planted the seeds for the modern “Southern Question,” the catch-all used since Italian Unification to describe southern Italy’s social and economic ills. Yver 1903, Abulafia 1977, and Abulafia 1981 focus heavily on long-distance trade between northern Italy and the South. In general these works either suggest or have been cited to suggest that Italy operated along some form of dual economic model with the North providing manufactured goods and the South raw materials, including foodstuffs. Powell 1962, Percy 1964, and Pryor 1979 argue that centralization of policies, including annual coin debasements practiced by the Hohenstaufen and Angevins, led to a loss of entrepreneurial spirit among individual cities; disastrous social, political, and economic policies for southern Italy; and even the loss of Sicily in 1282. The much more recent camp, seen in the work of Epstein 2000 and Sakellariou 2012, directly responds to the older one. These authors argue that long-distance trade is frequently overemphasized at the expense of intraregional commerce and that centralization of economic policies often facilitated commerce by provided infrastructure, norms, and enforcement. In general, they argue that economic interaction within Late Medieval southern Italy was much more robust than the first camp suggests.
  284.  
  285. Abulafia, David. The Two Italies: Economic Relations between the Norman Kingdom of Sicily and the Northern Communes. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1977.
  286. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511560996Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  287. Study of trade between the Norman Kingdom and northern Italy, namely, Genoa, in the 12th century. Source material comes mostly from Genoese notarial registers. As its focus is on long-distance trade, this important book should be read alongside studies of regional trade in southern Italy like Epstein 2000 and Sakellariou 2012.
  288. Find this resource:
  289. Abulafia, David. “Southern Italy and the Florentine Economy, 1265–1377.” Economic History Review 33.3 (1981): 377–388.
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  291. Analyzes the relationship between Florence and the Angevin Naples, namely, the exchange of Florentine manufacturing/credit for southern grain/export rights. Argues that the bond resulted from their Guelph alliance. While noting that the relationship gives the appearance of a “dual economy,” the author is quick to note its anachronism in this context.
  292. Find this resource:
  293. Epstein, Stephen R. Freedom and Growth: The Rise of States and Markets in Europe, 1300–1750. London: Routledge, 2000.
  294. DOI: 10.4324/9780203183281Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  295. Examines state control of economic policies in Naples and other cities as means to facilitate economic cooperation rather than stifle economic development. Thrust of the argument is that markets are based on cooperation that required enforcement. As in Sakellariou 2012, both intraregional and interregional commerce are analyzed.
  296. Find this resource:
  297. Percy, William A. “The Revenues of the Kingdom of Sicily under Charles I of Anjou 1266–1285 and Their Relationship to the Vespers.” PhD diss., Princeton University, 1964.
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  299. The most comprehensive study of Angevin revenues under Charles I. Examines the multiple Angevin revenue streams, including the general subvention, a mostly annual tax imposed on each community (universitates); indirect taxes; coin debasement; and other smaller streams, including tributes and fines. Charts the amount of each per annum.
  300. Find this resource:
  301. Powell, James M. “Medieval Monarchy and Trade: The Economic Policy of Frederick II in the Kingdom of Sicily; A Survey.” Studi Medievale 3d Series 3.2 (1962): 426–521.
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  303. Argues that Frederick II’s reign marks a turning point for the worst in the economic development of southern Italy. Attributes to state policies—namely, centralized regulation of economic activities—and lack of industry. While Powell’s economic conclusions may be debated, the source is valuable for its survey of Hohenstaufen administration.
  304. Find this resource:
  305. Pryor, John. “Foreign Policy and Economic Policy: The Angevins and the Economic Decline of Southern Italy, 1266–1343.” In Principalities, Powers, and Estates: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Government and Society. Edited by L. O. Frappell, 43–55. Adelaide, Australia: Adelaide University Union Press, 1979.
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  307. Argues that the southern Italian economy deteriorated under Angevin rule not because of the crown’s expensive wars, which were largely financed by papal and Florentine loans, but because of repressive state control of economic policies, including coin debasement. In tune with studies by Powell 1962 and Yver 1903 in this section.
  308. Find this resource:
  309. Sakellariou, Eleni. Southern Italy in the Late Middle Ages: Demographic, Institutional, and Economic Change in the Kingdom of Naples, c. 1440–c. 1530. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2012.
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  311. With Epstein 2000, one of the sources in this article that focuses on the intraregional market, namely, the relationship between population, market, infrastructure, and state control. Like Epstein, work is on the whole more sympathetic to state-controlled markets than Powell 1962 and others. Significant portions devoted to Angevin rule despite chronological parameters in title.
  312. Find this resource:
  313. Yver, Georges. Le commerce et les marchands dans l’Italie meridionale au XIIIe et au XIVe siècle. Paris: Albert Fontemoing, 1903.
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  315. Still a useful and comprehensive study of commerce and the market in southern Italy under the Angevins even if its emphasis on long-distance trade and overt French nationalism has been confronted lately by Epstein 2000, Sakellariou 2012, and others. An important read alongside the more recent histories cited here.
  316. Find this resource:
  317. Art and Architectural History
  318.  
  319. Art and architectural history studies of medieval Naples are numerous. The essays in Pontieri 1969 remain valuable. Bruzelius and Tronzo 2011offers an accessible survey in English. Late Antiquity is the subject of many useful studies, particularly in relation to the Naples catacombs, sarcophagi, and the Early Christian cathedral Santa Restituta. Studies of architecture and architecture from the Early Middle Ages though Hohenstaufen rule tend to be incorporated into wider studies of Campanian and/or southern Italian objects. Studies dedicated exclusively to Naples for this period tend to examine the urban form. Art and architecture in Angevin Naples is well covered, and includes studies on Angevin urban development within the city, castle construction, church building and the expansion of the cathedral, monumental sculpture, and court art. Exhibition catalogues are particularly important for this area of research. A good number of these studies are in English.
  320.  
  321. Urban Plan and Development
  322.  
  323. Pontieri 1969, De Seta 1981, and Bruzelius and Tronzo 2011 all offer useful surveys of urban development in Naples from Late Antiquity through Angevin rule. Pontieri 1969 is the most comprehensive, while Bruzelius and Tronzo 2011 offers the only survey in English in this section. The essays in Leone 1996 also examine urban development across time and space, analyzing political, social, and economic contexts behind the development of the port, public buildings, and religious architecture in the city from the 10th through 15th centuries. Other works have more narrow aims. Colletta 2006 takes a diachronic view like the works just mentioned, but focuses exclusively on urban development around the port and market from the 8th through the 17th centuries. Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli 2010 examines urban development between antiquity and the Early Middle Ages around the area of the 21st-century Piazza Bovio. Capasso 1984 surveys urban development throughout Naples, but restricts its study to the 11th century. Schulz 1860 focuses on architectural development during the 13th and 14th centuries.
  324.  
  325. Bruzelius, Caroline, and William Tronzo. Medieval Naples: An Architectural and Urban History, 400–1400. New York: Italica, 2011.
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  327. Survey of urban and architectural transformations in medieval Naples divided into two sections: Naples in the Early Middle Ages, authored by Tronzo, and Naples in the High and Late Middle Ages by Bruzelius. Volume includes appendices with links to online resources, including interactive map, online bibliography, and image galleries. Available online for purchase.
  328. Find this resource:
  329. Capasso, Bartolommeo. Topografia della città di Napoli nell’XI secolo. Sala Bolognese, Italy: Arnaldo Forni, 1984.
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  331. Reprint of survey of 11th-century Naples, originally published in 1895. Chapters include the city walls and port, the road system, the cathedral and major churches, public works, domestic architecture, and the suburbs. Contains no images, but foldout maps of 11th-century Naples and the Duchy of Naples precede the text.
  332. Find this resource:
  333. Colletta, Teresa. Napoli città portuale e mercantile: La città bassa, il porto e il mercato dall’VIII al XVII secolo. Rome: Edizioni Kappa, 2006.
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  335. Volume devoted to the development of the “lower city,” market, and port of Naples over nearly a millennium. Organized more or less along the chronological divisions of this bibliography, chapters include analysis of the area in the Ducal Naples, Norman and Hohenstaufen Naples, and Angevin Naples.
  336. Find this resource:
  337. De Seta, Cesare. Napoli. Rome: Laterza, 1981.
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  339. Study examines the urban form of Naples from its Greco-Roman implant through World War I. The first four of nine chapters examines Late Antique through Late Medieval Naples, including urban developments under the Dukes of Naples, Normans, Hohenstaufen kings, and Angevins.
  340. Find this resource:
  341. Leone, Alfonso, ed. Ricerche sul medioevo napoletano: Aspetti e momenti della vita economica e sociale a Napoli tra decimo e quindicesimo secolo. Naples, Italy: Edizioni Athena, 1996.
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  343. Twelve essays in Italian examine political, social, and economic contexts behind urban development in Naples from the 10th through the 15th centuries. Subjects include the port, the baths, and the convent of Santa Chiara.
  344. Find this resource:
  345. Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli. Napoli, la città, e il mare: Piazza Bovio tra Romani e Bizantini. Naples, Italy: Electa, 2010.
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  347. This catalogue is the result of excavations under Piazza Bovio, initiated for the construction of a new metro station. Excavations revealed portions of an Early Medieval neighborhood. Essays include a study on the remains of a Byzantine fortification, an artisan quarter and necropolis, a warehouse, and ceramics.
  348. Find this resource:
  349. Pontieri, Ernesto, ed. Storia di Napoli. Vols. 2–3. Naples, Italy: Società Editrice Storia di Napoli, 1969.
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  351. The volumes include substantial treatment of urban planning and architecture in Naples. Volume 2, devoted to Naples between Byzantine and Hohenstaufen rule, includes essays by Mario Napoli and Arnaldo Venditti on the urban and architectural development of Naples. Venditti also writes the volume 3 essay devoted to Angevin architecture and urbanism.
  352. Find this resource:
  353. Schulz, Heinrich Wilhelm. Denkmaeler der Kunst des Mittelalters in Uniteritalien. Vols. 3–4. Dresden, Germany: Eigenthum von Wilhelm K. H. Schulz, 1860.
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  355. Volume 3 of this four-volume survey of Angevin art and architecture is devoted entirely to Naples (volumes 1 and 2 survey the rest of the kingdom). Extant and destroyed buildings are examined. Volume 4 publishes nearly 500 edited documents in Latin from the Angevin registers related to the monuments surveyed in the volumes.
  356. Find this resource:
  357. Late Antique and Early Christian Art and Architecture
  358.  
  359. Studies of Late Antique and Early Christian art in Naples center around two themes: the cult of the dead and the remains of the earliest cathedral complex (see also Art and Architectural History: Naples Cathedral). Fasola 1975 and Bisconti 2015 fall under the former category, as they take as their subject the extensive catacombs beneath Naples. Amodio 2014 does as well, and focuses on tombs and funerary rites in Roman and Late Antique Naples. Maier 1964, Gandolfi 2002, Lucherini 2009, Cuccaro 2012, and Ferri 2013 fall into the latter category. Maier 1964, Gandolfi 2002, and Ferri 2013 are particularly interested in the mosaic program of San Giovanni in Fonte, the first cathedral baptistery. Cuccaro 2012 is interested in the baptistery as well, but focuses more on its architectural form in addition to the form of Santa Restituta, Naples’s first cathedral and currently a chapel attached to the “new,” Late Medieval cathedral space. Lucherini 2009, however, the most comprehensive work on the Early Christian cathedral, examines the Early Christian complex in the longue durée as well as its historiography, especially in relation to the Late Medieval cathedral.
  360.  
  361. Amodio, Maria. Le sepolture a Neapolis dall’età imperiale al tardo-antico: Scelte insediative, tipologie sepolcrali e usi funerari tra III e VI secolo. Naples, Italy: Giannini Editore, 2014.
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  363. Study of Roman and Late Antique tombs in Naples that examines issues such as siting inside and outside city walls, typologies of tombs, and funerary rites. Includes a catalogue of 198 tombs plus detailed maps that chart their locations.
  364. Find this resource:
  365. Bisconti, Fabrizio. “Napoli: Catacombe di S. Gennaro, Cripta dei Vescovi; Restauri ultimi.” Rivista di archeologia cristiana 91 (2015): 7–13.
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  367. Stylistic and iconographical analysis of the crypt of the bishops in the upper catacomb of San Gennaro di Capodimonte. Identifies mosaic subjects in the arcosolium as the Neapolitan bishops John I and John II and the Bishop of Carthage Quodvuldeus, dating the mosaics between the 5th and the mid-6th centuries.
  368. Find this resource:
  369. Cuccaro, Alessio. “Basilicam in Civitatem Neapolis: La vicenda architettonica della cattedrale paleocristiana nel contesto topografico dell’insula episcopalis.” In La Basilica di Santa Restituta a Napoli e il suo arredo medievale. Edited by Giorgia Corso, Alessio Cuccaro, and Claudia D’Alberto, 17–75. Pescara, Italy: Zip, 2012.
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  371. Archaeological and architectural analysis of the Early Christian episcopal complex in Naples.
  372. Find this resource:
  373. Fasola, Umberto M. Le Catacombe di S. Gennaro a Capodimonte. Rome: Editalia, 1975.
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  375. Monograph devoted to an art, an architectural, and a historical analysis of the Catacombs of San Gennaro, the largest catacomb complex in southern Italy and an important Early Christian and Early Medieval pilgrimage site after the deposition of Naples’s patron, Saint Januarius (San Gennaro), at the site.
  376. Find this resource:
  377. Ferri, Giovanna. I mosaici del battistero di San Giovanni in Fonte a Napoli. Todi, Italy: Tau Editrice, 2013.
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  379. The most recent monograph devoted to the baptistery of San Giovanni in Fonte and its mosaic programs. Examines issues that include patronage, iconography and sources, and attribution. Useful alongside Maier 1964 and Gandolfi 2002 in this section.
  380. Find this resource:
  381. Gandolfi, Katia. “Les mosaïques du baptistère de Naples: Programme inconographique et liturgie.” In Il Duomo di Napoli: Dal paleocristiano all’età angioina. Edited by Serena Romano and Nicolas Bock, 21–34. Naples, Italy: Electa, 2002.
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  383. Essay analyzes the iconographical program for the baptistery mosaics of San Giovanni in Fonte (c. 400–410) within the context of the rite of baptism. Includes an appendix of relevant texts. Useful reading with Maier 1964 and Ferri 2013 in this section.
  384. Find this resource:
  385. Lucherini, Vinni. La cattedrale di Napoli: Storia, architettura, storiografia di un monumento medievale. Rome: École Française de Rome, 2009.
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  387. Lucherini’s text reconstructs the building history of Naples Cathedral from its Early Christian origins and also traces the invention of a cathedral historiography to the Early Modern period and analyzes its impact on a misunderstood history. An appendix publishes important primary sources.
  388. Find this resource:
  389. Maier, Jean-Louis. Le baptistère de Naples et ses mosaïques: Étude historique et iconographique. Fribourg, Switzerland: Éditions Universitaires Fribourge Suisse, 1964.
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  391. Monograph devoted to iconographical analysis of the baptistery mosaics of San Giovanni in Fonte (c. 400–410 CE). Places the iconography and composition in a transitional period between “the primitive iconography” at the baptistery of Dura Europos and the more complex examples at the baptisteries of Ravenna. Includes twelve black-and-white plates.
  392. Find this resource:
  393. Early Medieval to Late Medieval Art
  394.  
  395. Overall, less is known about Early to Late Medieval art in Naples than the Early Christian and Angevin periods that bracket it. As such, analysis of Neapolitan art from the Early Middle Ages to Angevin rule generally is incorporated into regional and/or thematic studies. Bertaux 1904 and Zchomelidse 2014 examine Neapolitan objects within the context of mainland southern Italy, while Glass 1991, Caskey 2004, and D’Ovidio 2013 focus more narrowly on Campania. The author of Rotoli 1978, who also contributed a survey of Neapolitan art in Storia di Napoli, Vol. 2 (see Pontieri 1969, cited under Historical and Political Periods: Early Medieval and Norman Naples), focuses exclusively on Naples but across chronology, themes, and media. Corso 2012 and the essays in Romano and Bock 2002 also focus exclusively on Naples and more specifically on the cathedral (see also Art and Architectural History: Naples Cathedral).
  396.  
  397. Bertaux, Émile. L’Art dans l’Italie meridionale de la fin de l’Empire Romain à la conquête de Charles d’Anjou. Paris: Albert Fontemoing, 1904.
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  399. Despite its tendency to frame southern Italian art as provincial, Bertaux’s survey of southern Italian art from Late Antiquity to the ascent of the Angevins is still impressive for its breadth. Chapters are organized chronologically with subsections organized by medium. Analysis of Neapolitan objects is found throughout the work.
  400. Find this resource:
  401. Caskey, Jill. Art and Patronage in the Medieval Mediterranean: Merchant Culture in the Region of Amalfi. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
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  403. Analyzes Amalfitan art and architectural production within Mediterranean and merchant contexts. Employs postcolonial theories and offers the most useful analysis in English of the historiography of medieval southern Italian Art. The final chapter examines Angevin Naples’s role in the decline of Amalfi’s particular visual culture, at least at elite levels.
  404. Find this resource:
  405. Corso, Giorgia. “La cattedrale di Napoli in età romanica: Indagini sulle sopravvivenze artistiche.” In La Basilica di Santa Restituta a Napoli e il suo arredo medievale. Edited by Giorgia Corso, Alessio Cuccaro, and Claudia D’Alberto, 75–141. Pescara, Italy: Zip, 2012.
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  407. Stylistic and technical analysis of surviving High Medieval objects from the church of Santa Restituta, including its apse frescoes and the Santa Restituta marble panels. Overall, Corso places these objects within a wider Campanian and southern Italian context. Useful reading alongside Glass 1991, Zchomelidse 2014, and Romano and Bock 2002 in this section.
  408. Find this resource:
  409. D’Ovidio, Stefano. Sculture lignea del medioevo a Napoli e in Campania. Naples, Italy: Società Napoletana di Storia Patria, 2013.
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  411. Study of wood sculpture in Naples and Campania, primarily large crucifixes and statues of the Virgin and Child, from the second half of the 12th through the 14th centuries. Argues that use as altarpieces and/or reliquaries led to the sculptures’ dissemination throughout the region. Includes a useful catalogue of twenty-three objects.
  412. Find this resource:
  413. Glass, Dorothy F. Romanesque Sculpture in Campania: Patrons, Programs, and Style. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991.
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  415. The first comprehensive monograph on Romanesque sculpture in Campania. The first five chapters offer chronologies and stylistic analysis. The final two examine iconographies. Neapolitan objects are discussed; however, much of the book examines surrounding cities. Useful to read alongside more recent studies like Caskey 2004 and Zchomelidse 2014 in this section.
  416. Find this resource:
  417. Romano, Serena, and Nicolas Bock, eds. Il Duomo di Napoli: Dal paleocristiano all’età angioina. Naples, Italy: Electa, 2002.
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  419. Three essays assess Early to Late Medieval objects at Naples Cathedral. Roberto Coroneo examines surviving architectural decoration and liturgical furniture from the Early Middle Ages, Karin Leuenberger studies the Santa Restituta panels, and Pierluigi Leone de Castris analyzes a Byzantine fresco discovered in the apse of Santa Restituta.
  420. Find this resource:
  421. Rotoli, Mario. L’Arte a Napoli dal VI al XIII secolo. Naples, Italy: Società editrice napoletana, 1978.
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  423. Survey of art in Naples from the 7th to the 13th centuries. Mosaic, fresco, sculpture, jewelry, manuscripts, and pottery are covered.
  424. Find this resource:
  425. Zchomelidse, Nino. Art, Ritual, and Civic Identity in Southern Italy. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2014.
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  427. Study of liturgical furniture and manuscripts and their spatial, ritual, and political contexts from the 11th through the 14th centuries. Naples is well represented, including analysis of the mid-13th-century Santa Restituta marble panels. Objects from surrounding areas, including Capua, Salerno, Ravello, and Benevento, are examined as well.
  428. Find this resource:
  429. Castles and Fortresses
  430.  
  431. Schulz 1860 and Martin 2007 survey five major castles built in Naples during the Middle Ages: the 5th-century Castrum Lucullanum, in the southwest of the city; the 9th-century Castel dell’Ovo (Egg Castle), built on an island directly in front of the Castrum Lucullanum; the 12th-century Castel Capuano, along the eastern edge of the city; and the Angevin monuments Castel Nuovo (New Castle) and Castel Sant’Elmo (Castel Belaforte). In addition, Castel del Carmine was constructed at the end of the 14th century. Only Castrum Lucullanum and Castel del Carmine are no longer extant (towers remain for the latter, however), although all have been subject to heavy alterations since the Middle Ages. Of all of these castles, Castel Nuovo has received the most attention and in Aceto 1996 is viewed as the defining monument in the Angevin urban transformation of the port area. Scholars generally mark the transfer of the Angevin court to the castle as a defining moment in Naples’s rise as capital of the southern Italian kingdom. The many building documents for Castel Nuovo, over 130 now published in Houben 2006 fuels interest, as do the frescoes attributed to Giotto and his workshop in the castle’s chapel. In addition, archaeological and restoration projects have brought new insights. Filangieri 1964 reports on an early-20th-century restoration project, while Dal castello alla città 1998 and Palmieri 1998 analyze archaeological finds from the 1995 excavations in and around the castle.
  432.  
  433. Aceto, Francesco. “Le castrum novum angevin de Naples.” In Chantiers médiévaux. Edited by R. Cassanelli, 251–268. Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1996.
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  435. Essay examines issues that include the construction of the castle as part of the development of Angevin Naples’s new commercial district, building stages and organization of the construction site, and the role of the “provost” and “headmaster (prepositus and prothomagister), Pierre de Chaule.
  436. Find this resource:
  437. Dal castello alla città: Ricerche, progetti e restauri in Castel Nuovo. Pozzuoli, Italy: Elio de Rosa Editore, 1998.
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  439. This publication resulted from the 1995 restoration of Castel Nuovo. Essays include a diachronic examination of the castle, restoration reports, and surveys of the archaeological finds discovered during restoration.
  440. Find this resource:
  441. Filangieri, Riccardo. Castel Nuovo: Reggia angioina ed aragonese di Napoli. Naples, Italy: L’Arte Tipografica, 1964.
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  443. Originally published in 1934, this monograph on the architectural and artistic development of Castel Nuovo, the primary royal castle begun by the Angevin king Charles I in 1279. Published upon completion of the 1924–1934 restoration project. While much of the work charts Aragonese renovations, the first forty-five pages are devoted to the Angevin foundation.
  444. Find this resource:
  445. Houben, Hubert, ed. Dokumente zur Geschichte der Kastellbauten Kaiser Friedrichs II. und Karls I. von Anjou. Vol. 3, Abruzzen, Kampanien, Kalabrien, und Sizilien. Tubingen, Germany: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 2006.
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  447. Published nearly a century after Eduard Sthamer published the first two volumes, the third volume of mostly Angevin (despite title) edited chancery documents related to architecture within the kingdom includes seventeen documents for Castel Capuano (dated 1268–1282) and over 130 for Castel Nuovo (1268–1284). Texts in Latin with Italian or German summaries.
  448. Find this resource:
  449. Martin, Jean-Marie. “Le fortificazione dal secolo V al XIII.” In Napoli nel medioevo. Vol. 1. Edited by Amedeo Feniello, 21–40. Lecce, Italy: Congedo, 2007.
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  451. Survey of the city walls and fortifications in Naples from the 5th century to the 13th century. The first half is dedicated to the city walls, built originally under the reign of Aurelian (270–275 CE). The second half examines four fortresses: Castrum Lucullanum, Castel dell’Ovo, Castel Capuano, and Castel Nuovo.
  452. Find this resource:
  453. Palmieri, Stefano. “Il Castelnuovo di Napoli, reggia e fortrezza angioina.” Atti della Accademia Pontiniana 47 (1998): 501–519.
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  455. Methodological essay examines 1,995 archaeological finds at Castel Nuovo, including remnants of a wall from Angevin phases of construction. Employing primary sources from the Angevin registers as well, Palmieri argues that archaeology and documents should be used together to analyze construction phases of the monument.
  456. Find this resource:
  457. Schulz, Heinrich Wilhelm. Denkmaeler der Kunst des Mittelalters in Uniteritalien. Vols. 3–4. Dresden, Germany: Eigenthum von Wilhelm K. H. Schulz, 1860.
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  459. Volume 3 of this four-volume survey of Angevin art and architecture examines extant and destroyed castles in Naples, including Castel dell’Ovo, Castel Capuano, Castel Nuovo, and Castel S. Elmo. Volume 4 publishes nearly 500 edited documents in Latin from the Angevin registers related to the monuments surveyed in the volumes.
  460. Find this resource:
  461. Naples Cathedral
  462.  
  463. Naples Cathedral possess a complex history, and the sources on this list reflect the various chronological periods, objects, and issues examined by scholars. Maier 1964; Corso, et al. 2012; and Ferri 2013 examine the Early Christian implant that currently survives in the baptistery of San Giovanni in Fonte and the church of Santa Restituta, Naples’s first cathedral (see also Art and Architectural History: Late Antique and Early Christian Art and Architecture and Art and Architectural History: Early Medieval to Late Medieval Art). Bruzelius 2004 examines the construction of the current cathedral and renovation of Santa Restituta in the late 13th and early 14th centuries, and Strazzullo 1957 focuses specifically on the apse of the Late Medieval cathedral and its various alterations in subsequent centuries. Romano and Bock 2002 and Lucherini 2009 also take diachronic views. The essays in Romano and Bock 2002 cover the Early Christian cathedral to the Angevin expansion. Lucherini 2009, however, is the most impressive. It reconstructs the history and the historiography of Naples Cathedral from its Early Christian origins to the early modern period.
  464.  
  465. Bruzelius, Caroline. The Stones of Naples: Church Building in Angevin Italy, 1266–1343. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004.
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  467. Concerned with church building in Angevin Naples and southern Italy in general, the book dedicates a significant portion of the third chapter to the construction of the current cathedral in the late 13th and early 14th centuries.
  468. Find this resource:
  469. Corso, G., A. Cuccaro, and C. d’Alberto. La Basilica di Santa Restituta a Napoli e il suo arredo medievale. Pescara, Italy: Zip, 2012.
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  471. Study of the Early Christian church of Santa Restituta, Naples’s first cathedral, and its incorporation into the current cathedral structure built in the 13th and 14th centuries. Chapters include an architectural study of the monument, Romanesque alterations, and the 14th-century cult of the Madonna del Principio.
  472. Find this resource:
  473. Ferri, Giovanna. I mosaici del battistero di San Giovanni in Fonte a Napoli. Todi, Italy: Tau Editrice, 2013.
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  475. A more recent monograph devoted to the baptistery of San Giovanni in Fonte and its mosaic programs. Examines issues including patronage, iconography and sources, and attribution. Useful alongside Maier 1964 and relevant essays in Romano and Bock 2002 in this section.
  476. Find this resource:
  477. Lucherini, Vinni. La cattedrale di Napoli: Storia, architettura, storiografia di un monumento medievale. Rome: École Française de Rome, 2009.
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  479. Two aims guide Lucherini’s text. The first reconstructs the building history of Naples Cathedral from its Early Christian origins. The second traces the invention of a cathedral historiography to the early modern period and analyzes its impact on a misunderstood history. An appendix publishes important primary sources.
  480. Find this resource:
  481. Maier, Jean-Louis. Le baptistère de Naples et ses mosaïques: Étude historique et iconographique. Fribourg, Switzerland: Éditions Universitaires Fribourge Suisse, 1964.
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  483. Monograph devoted to iconographical analysis of the baptistery mosaics of San Giovanni in Fonte (c. 400–410) within the Cathedral. Places the iconography and composition in a transitional period between “the primitive iconography” at the baptistery of Dura Europos and the more complex examples at the baptisteries of Ravenna.
  484. Find this resource:
  485. Romano, Serena, and Nicolas Bock, eds. Il Duomo di Napoli: Dal paleocristiano all’età angioina. Naples, Italy: Electa, 2002.
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  487. Eight essays examine issues that include the liturgical program of the baptistery mosaics, Byzantine frescoes in the apse of the basilica Santa Restituta, episcopal and royal tombs within the complex, and the work of the Sienese sculptor Tino di Camaino at the site. Most essays are in Italian; two are in French.
  488. Find this resource:
  489. Strazzullo, Franco. “Le vincende dell’abside del Duomo di Napoli.” In Studi in onore di Domenico Mallardo. 147–182. Naples, Italy: Fausto Fiorentino Editore, 1957.
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  491. Essay traces the building history of the apse of Naples Cathedral, employing primary sources to chart its Gothic origins and subsequent renovations during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. An appendix produces some of the 18th-century primary sources cited. Texts are in Italian.
  492. Find this resource:
  493. Churches, Convents, and Mendicants in Angevin Naples
  494.  
  495. Following a lull after the work reported in Venditti 1969, sustained, critical studies of church building in Angevin Naples have been produced since the mid-1980s. Bruzelius 2004 is the most comprehensive in English and is the culmination of numerous articles on the subject. It includes analysis of churches and convents built both in Naples and elsewhere in the Angevin kingdom. Other works in this section focus on single monuments or issues. The essays in the edited volume Romano and Bock 2005 examine the Dominican church of San Domenico Maggiore (late 13th–early 14th century) and the Franciscan church of San Lorenzo Maggiore (13th–14th century). Krüger 1985 and Di Meglio 2003 focus exclusively on the Franciscan church of San Lorenzo. Krüger 1985 is interested in urban and architectural transformations in the longue durée, while Di Meglio 2003 uses documents related to the site from the 13th through 14th centuries as its guide. Two sources in this section are particularly interested in female monastic complexes. The edited volume Elliot and Warr 2004 focuses on the early-14th-century Clarissan monastery Santa Maria Donna Regina, built under the patronage of Queen Mary of Hungary (r. 1285–1309), while the essays in Aceto, et al. 2014 examine issues related to the double Clarissan/Franciscan convent of Santa Chiara, built under the patronage of Queen Sancia of Majorca (r. 1309–1343) around 1340. Vitolo 2008 moves away from the issue of mendicant spaces and focuses on the architecture and fresco cycles of the late-14th-century church of Santa Maria Incoronata, built to houses fragments of the Crown of Thorns.
  496.  
  497. Aceto, Francesco, Stefano D’Ovidio, and Elisabetta Scirocco, eds. La Chiesa e il Convento di Santa Chiara: Comittenza artistica, vita religiosa e progettualità politica nella Napoli di Roberto d’Angiò e Sancia di Maiorca. Battipaglia, Italy: Laveglia and Carlone, 2014.
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  499. Collection of essays on the subject of the Clarissan and Franciscan monastery of Santa Chiara (c. 1340). Subjects include religious and political projection in Angevin Naples, lay patronage of mendicant foundations, and liturgical furniture at the site. Essays are either in Italian or English with abstracts in the opposite language.
  500. Find this resource:
  501. Bruzelius, Caroline. The Stones of Naples: Church Building in Angevin Italy, 1266–1343. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004.
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  503. The most comprehensive study in English of church building in Angevin Naples. While Angevin monuments from elsewhere within southern Italy are covered, the bulk of the monograph examines Naples. Churches that receive entire chapters or significant sections of chapters include Sant’Eligio, San Lorenzo Maggiore, Naples Cathedral, and Santa Chiara.
  504. Find this resource:
  505. Di Meglio, Rosalba. Il convento francescano di S. Lorenzo di Napoli. Salerno, Italy: Carlone Editore, 2003.
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  507. An analysis of the surviving documents related to San Lorenzo Maggiore from the 13th through 15th centuries. The first part examines the archives and published sources that contain the documents. The second part is a register of 273 of these documents with summaries (no full text) in Italian.
  508. Find this resource:
  509. Elliot, Janis, and Cordelia Warr, eds. The Church of Santa Maria Donna Regina: Art, Iconography, and Patronage in Fourteenth-Century Naples. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2004.
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  511. Nine essays examine the art, architecture, and patronage of the early-14th-century Clarissan monastery Santa Maria Donna Regina. Subjects include Angevin religious patronage and royal propaganda; Mary of Hungary, Queen of Naples, as patron; the architectural context of the monastery; and the surviving fresco program. Essays in English.
  512. Find this resource:
  513. Krüger, Jürgen. S. Lorenzo Maggiore in Neapel: Eine Franziskanerkirche zwischen Ordensideal und Herrschaftsarchitektur. Werl, Germany: Dietrich-Coelde, 1985.
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  515. Monograph examines the architecture and urban context of the Franciscan church of San Lorenzo Maggiore, built over the Roman forum, from its Early Christian origins (c. 534–554) to its present state. An appendix publishes documents in Latin related to the church and Angevin patronage of mendicant architecture in general.
  516. Find this resource:
  517. Romano, Serena, and Nicolas Bock, eds. Le chiese di San Lorenzo e San Domenico: Gli ordini mendicanti a Napoli. Naples, Italy: Electa, 2005.
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  519. Nine essays, all in Italian, examine various aspects pertaining to the art, architecture, and patronage of San Lorenzo (Franciscan) and San Domenico Maggiore (Domenico) in Angevin Naples. Topics include noble patronage at San Domenico, the Franciscan studio of San Lorenzo, Pietro Cavallini’s frescoes in San Domenico, and tomb sculpture.
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  521. Venditti, Arnoldo. “Urbanistica e architettura angioina.” In Storia di Napoli. Vol. 3. Edited by Ernesto Pontieri, 665–829. Naples, Italy: Società Editrice Storia di Napoli, 1969.
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  523. Survey of urban and architectural developments in Angevin Naples from Charles I through the 14th century.
  524. Find this resource:
  525. Vitolo, Paola. La Chiesa della Regina: L’Incoronata di Napoli, Giovanna I d’Angiò, e Roberto di Oderisio. Rome: Viella, 2008.
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  527. Monograph examines the 14th-century church of Santa Maria dell Incoronata built under the patronage of Angevin Queen Joanna I (r. 1343–1382) to house fragments of the Crown of Thorns. Chapters analyze the building phases and the surviving fresco cycles. An appendix publishes relevant primary sources in Latin with Italian introductions.
  528. Find this resource:
  529. Angevin Court Art
  530.  
  531. Art produced in, around, and under the influence of the Angevin court in Naples has been studied seriously for over a century, and many important studies could not make this section. This breadth is due in part to the presence of notable artists serving the court, including the painters Giotto, Pietro Cavallini, Simone Martini, the sculptor Tino di Camaino, and a number of French metalworkers, including Guillaume de Verdelay. The works selected are some of the more recent studies and examine a range of media. Their bibliographies should be consulted for a fuller picture of Angevin court art. Leone de Castris 1986 remains the most comprehensive and examines multiple media across the 13th and 14th centuries. The edited volumes Michalsky 2001 and Warr and Elliot 2010 also address multiple media throughout Angevin rule, as does L’Europe des Anjou: Avventure des Princes Angevins du XIIIe au XVe siècle. The other works in this section are much more focused. Caskey 2011 examines Angevin metalwork and reliquaries, situating them with social, political, and spatial contexts. Michalsky 2000 also examines these contexts but through the lens of tomb sculpture and the cult of the dead at court. Bock 2001 also focuses primarily on sculpture. Finally, Fleck 2010 and Watteeuw and Van der Stock 2010 examine book production and decoration at court and the afterlives of Angevin court books. Each study focuses on a single manuscript, the so-called Clement Bible (c. 1330) for Fleck 2010 and the Anjou Bible (c. 1340) for Watteeuw and Van der Stock 2010.
  532.  
  533. Bock, Nicolas. Kunst am Hofe der Anjou-Durazzo: Der Bildhauer Antonio Baboccio (1351–ca. 1423). Munich: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 2001.
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  535. Monograph devoted to work produced by the sculptor Antonio Baboccio during later years of Angevin rule in Naples. Objects examined include architectural sculpture and tomb sculpture largely modeled on the work of Tino di Camaino. An appendix includes a catalogue and edited primary sources.
  536. Find this resource:
  537. Caskey, Jill. “The Look of Liturgy: Identity and ars sacra in Southern Italy.” In Ritual and Space in the Middle Ages. Edited by Frances Andrews, 108–129. Donington, UK: Shaun Tyas, 2011.
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  539. Examines reliquaries produced in Angevin Naples for the Basilica San Nicola in Bari and Naples Cathedral, placing them within stylistic, spatial, ritual, and political contexts. Employing theories of social space, argues that these objects and their use should be analyzed alongside architectural form to determine symbolic meaning of space.
  540. Find this resource:
  541. L’Europe des Anjou: Avventure des Princes Angevins du XIIIe au XVe siècle. Paris: Somogy Editions d’Art, 2001.
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  543. This important catalogue, which accompanied a French exposition, examines Angevin court art in Naples and southern Italy as well as other Angevin realms, including Hungary, Croatia, Poland, and France. Painting, sculpture, manuscripts, metalwork, textiles, coins, and seals are all examined. Essays and catalogue entries in French.
  544. Find this resource:
  545. Fleck, Cathleen A. The Clement Bible at the Medieval Courts of Naples and Avignon: A Story of Papal Power, Royal Prestige, and Patronage. Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2010.
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  547. Social history of the illustrated so-called Bible of Clement VII, Avignon antipope from 1378 through 1394. Work traces the Bible’s production in Naples c. 1330 and through various changes in ownership to the 15th century. Monograph examines issues such as workshop practice, style, and political iconography in the Late Middle Ages.
  548. Find this resource:
  549. Leone de Castris, Pierluigi. Arte di Corte nella Napoli angioina. Florence: Cantini, 1986.
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  551. Still the most comprehensive examination of Angevin court art. Various chapters in this monograph examine issues that include Hohenstaufen-Angevin continuity of Campanian sculpture and the role of foreign artists at court. Media covered include painting, stone and wood sculpture, metalwork, and books.
  552. Find this resource:
  553. Michalsky, Tanja. Memoria und Repräsentation: Die Grabmäler des Königshauses Anjou in Italien. Gottingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck Ruprecht, 2000.
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  555. Examines Angevin memorial and representation strategies, focusing on figural tombs in Naples. Concepts analyzed include beata stirps, or holy lineage through the family’s own saint, and Louis of Toulouse. Final third is a catalogue of Angevin tombs. An appendix lists tombs by location, including Naples, France, Florence, and Hungary.
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  557. Michalsky, Tanja, ed. Medien der Macht: Kunst zur Zeit der Anjous in Italien. Berlin: Reimer, 2001.
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  559. Essays examine numerous aspects of Angevin court art and architecture. Topics include the political iconography of Angevin church architecture, Simone Martini’s Saint Louis of Toulouse panel, Angevin Naples as center and periphery, Tino di Camaino, book production, and astrology at the court of Robert of Anjou. Eleven essays in German, two in Italian.
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  561. Warr, Cordelia, and Janis Elliot, eds. Art and Architecture in Naples, 1266–1713: New Approaches. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
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  563. Three of the eight essays in this volume focus specifically on Angevin Naples. Issues examined include Pietro Cavallini and Giotto at the service of the Angevin court, tomb sculpture, and the question of Angevin Naples as center or periphery in art historical studies. All essays are in English.
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  565. Watteeuw, Lieve, and Jan Van der Stock, eds. The Anjou Bible: A Royal Manuscript Revealed, Naples 1340. Paris: Peeters, 2010.
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  567. Volume is the result of a three-year research project, an exhibition, and an international colloquium, all devoted to the Anjou Bible produced at the court of Naples around 1340 and now held in Leuven. Essays provide typological, historical, and stylistic contexts for the work. A website accompanies the book.
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