2019-03-21 TOEFL: int writing and practice

Greg Malivuk
gmalivuk@staffordhouse.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Homework: exercise 12.3 (audio link is in your email)
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- Remember that comparatives have “more” OR “-er”, never both.
	(Superlatives have “most” OR “-est”, never both.)
A is easy.
B is a little easier than A but not as easy as C.
*B is less easier than C.
C is much easier than A. / C is even easier. / C is easier still.
*C is more easier than B.
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Correcting example sentences:
Eighteen years old is the lowest limit for living alone by law in Turkey.
In Turkey, eighteen…
In Turkey, by law, when you reach age 18 you can live alone.
In Turkey, the minimum age to live alone is 18 by law.

The main reason to support my opinion is because they want to live alone withouth any hassle or someone who is constantly bothering them.

Question: How can someone live alone?
Statement: I don’t understand how someone can live alone.
Embedded/Indirect question: Do you know how someone can live alone?
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Be careful with word forms:
	independent - adjective, people can be or become independent
	independence - noun, people can have or gain independence
	independently - adverb, people can live independently
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Integrated Writing: first writing task
- 3 minutes to read an article and note the main points
- time to listen to a lecture about the same topic (and again note the main points)
- read and hear the prompt
- 20 minutes to write about the points from the lecture and how they relate to the points from the reading
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ETS 1.1 - Dinosaurs and endothermy
Reading:
R0 = dinosaurs were endotherms
R1 = polar dinosaurs - fossils discovered in polar regions; animals need to be endotherms to maintain temperature in cold places
R2 = leg position and movement - dinosaurs had legs under their bodies; this is similar to modern endotherms, and different from modern non-endothermic reptiles
R3 = Haversian canals - these allow fast growth, which is typical of endotherms; dinosaur bones have Haversian canals
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Lecture:
L0 = dinosaurs weren’t endotherms OR the article doesn’t prove they were endotherms
L1 = polar dinosaurs - polar regions were much warmer when dinosaurs lived, and they could have migrated or hibernated when it was cold
L2 = leg position - legs under the body also support weight and allow for large body size, so we don’t need the idea of running and endothermy to explain leg position
L3 = bone structure - dinosaur bones also have growth rings, which mean there were periods of slow or no growth, which is not common in endotherms but is common in animals that aren’t endotherms
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Your response can be organized point by point:
Paragraph 1: Introduction - introduce the topic and summarize R0 and L0, making their connection clear
Paragraph 2: First point - summarize R1 and L1 and explain how they relate
Paragraph 3: Second point - summarize R2 and L2 and explain how they relate
Paragraph 4: Third point - summarize R3 and L3 and explain how they relate
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	The reading and the lecture were both about endothermy in dinosaurs. The reading argues that dinosaurs probably were endotherms. The lecture challenges each of the points from the reading, arguing that they don’t prove endothermy.
	First, the text says that dinosaur bones have been found in polar regions. Only endotherms can maintain their body temperature and survive in cold places. However, the lecture points out that polar regions were much warmer whan dinosaurs lived, and that dinosaurs could have migrated or hibernated when it was too cold for them.
	Second, the article discusses dinosaur leg position. Dinosaurs’ legs were under their bodies, like modern endotherms and unlike most modern reptiles. The author claims that this suggests dinosaurs could run like modern endotherms and were also endotherms themselves. The lecture, on the other hand, suggests that dinosaurs’ large body size was the reason for their leg position. Legs under their bodies could support more weight.
	Third, the article mentions Haversian canals. These structures have been found in dinosaur bones, and allow for rapid growth. The ability to grow rapidly is common in endotherms, so the author concludes dinosaurs were probably endotherms. However, the speaker states, dinosaur bones also had growth rings, which means they had periods of slow or no growth. That is typical of non-endotherms, rather than endotherms that can grow at the same rate all year.
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BREAK
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Writing Practice (G.1 int, 2.1 ind) - Email your responses to me when you’re finished.