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Jews and Christians in Venice (Renaissance and Reformation)

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. Apart from mentions of single Jews in the High Middle Ages, the history of Jewish communities in Venice and in many places of the Veneto began not before the Renaissance with a flow of Ashkenazic refugees escaping pogroms and expulsions in German lands during and after the Plague. Except for the short period of fifteen years (1383–1397) after the War of Chioggia, when moneylenders were necessary, Jews were not legitimized officially in the lagoon city before the beginning of the Cinquecento. Then, during the war against the League of Cambrai (1508–1510), in a comparable situation the city allowed the influx of Jews from the mainland, now included many “Italian” Jews and Sephardic refugees coming originally from Portugal and Spain. In the town the idea soon came up to separate the Jews, who had first been located in different quarters, in one marginal zone, in order to control them more effectively. Therefore, in 1516 the Ghetto Nuovo came into existence, serving as a model and name giver for the ghettos to come—but in contrast to some later examples, the Venetian ghetto quickly fostered a cultural heyday, with several synagogues that lasted until the 18th century and after. The history of the Jews in the maritime empire of Venice is different from the lagoon city: the communities here are often older, larger, with more rights and a different ethnic and social composition. The research about the Jews in Venice has become more intense during the last three decades, recently concerning especially the mainland and the relations to the Christian environment.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews
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  7. Roth 1930 was a breakthrough for the history of the Jews in Venice, albeit concentrated on the Lagoon city itself. Since then there has been no scientific attempt to write a complete survey, neither about the city nor about the terraferma or the maritime empire. But some good Collections of Studies and single- or dual-authored works illuminate the situation in the main interesting areas. Because there has been no general overview over the history of the Jews of Venice since Roth 1930, scholars need to consult a lot of single studies about the different aspects of Jewish life in Venice and its dominions: Ashtor 1983, Pullan 1971, and Ravid 2003 about the status of the Jews, Calabi 1997 about the ghetto, Ioly Zorattini 1980 and Toaff 1996 about Venice and its terraferma empire, Steinbach 1992 about the intellectual and artistic culture. Currently it is getting more and more obvious that the relations between Jews and Christians were very tight in many aspects.
  8.  
  9. Ashtor, Eliyahu. “Gli inizi della Comunità ebraica a Venezia.” In The Jews and the Mediterranean Economy, 10th–15th Centuries. Edited by Eliyahu Ashtor, 685–702. London: Variorum Reprints, 1983.
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  11. Shows that in Venice there was no community before the Renaissance, but despite the expulsion of 1397, “un nucleo non trascurabile di abitanti ebrei” in the Quattrocento. First published in Rassegna mensile di Israel 44 (1978): 683–703.
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  13. Calabi, Donatella. “Gli Ebrei e la città.” In Storia di Venezia: Dalle origini alla caduta. Vol. 7, La Venezia barocca. Edited by Gino Benzoni and Gaetano Cozzi, 273–300. Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 1997.
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  15. Deals with the development of the situation in the ghetto, especially after the written act of permanent residence (1589). Migration waves first led to the institution of the Ghetto Nuovo (1516), then to the expansions of the Ghetto Vecchio (1541) and the Ghetto Nuovissimo (1611).
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  17. Ioly Zorattini, Pier Cesare. “Gli ebrei a Venezia, Padova e Verona.” In Storia della cultura veneta. Vol. 3.1, Dal primo Quattrocento al concilio di Trento. Edited by Girolamo Arnaldi and Gianfranco Folena, 537–576. Vicenza, Italy: Neri Pozza, 1980.
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  19. A good overview of the history of important Jewish communities in the Veneto around 1500. However, it reflects the state of research in the late 1970s.
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  21. Pullan, Brian S. Rich and Poor in Renaissance Venice: The Social Institutions of a Catholic State, to 1620. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971.
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  23. A good study of social history, notably about the lower class of Venice. Note the virtually independent third part of the book about the economic situation of the Jews in the city without and in the terraferma with “Monti di Pietà” in the century after the League of Cambrai (1508).
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  25. Ravid, Benjamin. Studies on the Jews of Venice, 1382–1797. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Variorum, 2003.
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  27. A collection of earlier published studies (1983–2002) about the ghetto (curfew time, Christian travellers), stigmatization, economy (charters of Jewish Merchants, moneylending in the Seicento), conversion (reversion of New Christians, forced baptism of Jewish minors), and Simone Luzzatto and the myth of Venice.
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  29. Roth, Cecil. History of the Jews in Venice. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1930.
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  31. Classic study of the Jews in Venice. Still assumes that there was a Jewish presence already in the 12th century, an opinion that was deconstructed by Ashtor 1983, Jacoby 1979 (cited under Maritime Empire) and Ravid 1987 (cited under Status and Economic Activity). Reprinted in 1975 (New York: Schocken).
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  33. Steinbach, Marion. Juden in Venedig, 1516–1797: Zwischen Isolation und Integration. Frankfurt: Lang, 1992.
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  35. This PhD thesis (University of Hannover) of a student in Romance studies looks at the intellectual and artistic culture of the Venetian Jews and their cultural exchange with the Christian environment in the time of the ghetto.
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  37. Toaff, Ariel. “Gli insediamenti askenaziti nell’Italia settentrionale.” In Gli ebrei in Italia. Vol. 1, Dall’alto Medioevo all’età dei ghetti. Edited by Corrado Vivanti, 153–171. Turin, Italy: Einaudi, 1996.
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  39. This part of the “Storia d’Italia” of Einaudi (Annali 11) tries to correct the often idealized image of the Italian “asylum” at the end of the Middle Ages in three chapters: 1. “First Flows of Jewish Migrants”; 2. “The Contracts for the Ashkenazim”; 3. “Treviso: Centre of Ashkenazic Judaism.”
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  41. Collections of Studies
  42.  
  43. Cozzi 1987 and Israel, et al. 2010 are the proceedings of the Venetian conferences, providing two collections of studies that look at the same time in Venice and its dominions. This perspective is the best way to understand the situation of the Jews and their interrelations with the Christian majority of Venice. The collections Fortis 1982, Todeschini and Zorattini 1991, and Davis and Ravid 2001 deepen the analysis of Jewish life in Venice itself and the relations to the northeastern neighbors.
  44.  
  45. Cozzi, Gaetano, ed. Gli Ebrei e Venezia: Secoli XIV-XVIII. Atti del convegno internazionale organizzato dall’Istituto di Storia della Societa e dello Stato Veneziano della Fondazione Giorgio Cini, Venezia, Isola di San Giorgio Maggiore, 5–10 giugno 1983. Milan: Ed. di Comunità, 1987.
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  47. This large volume with the proceedings of a Venetian conference in 1983 was a breakthrough in the study of the history of the Jews in Venice and its dominions: 1. “Between Ponent and Levant”; 2. “Ghettos in Venice, Verona, and Padua”; 3. “Culture”; 4. “Moneylenders”; 5. “Adriatic Commerce.”
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  49. Davis, Robert C., and Benjamin Ravid, eds. The Jews of Early Modern Venice. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.
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  51. This collection (250 pages) of political, economic, religious, and cultural studies concentrates on the Lagoon city itself. Studies by Benjamin Arbel, Robert Bonfil, Dan Harrán, Elliott Horowitz, Pier Cesare Ioly Zorattini, Brian Pullan, Benjamin Ravid, David Ruderman, and others, looking at settlement, ethnicities and identities, and cultures.
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  53. Fortis, Umberto, ed. Venezia ebraica: Atti delle prime giornate di studio sull’ebraismo veneziano (Venezia, 1976–1980). Rome: Carucci, 1982.
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  55. Contributions on the Cinquecento by Pier Cesare Ioly Zorattini (inquisition), Elena Vanzan Marchini (doctors), Paolo Zolli (language), Paul F. Grendler (autodafé) and Giuliano Tamani (printing).
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  57. Israel, Uwe, Robert Jütte, and Reinhold C. Mueller, eds. “Interstizi”: Culture ebraico-cristiane a Venezia e nei suoi domini dal medioevo all’età moderna. Rome: Edizione di Storia e Letteratura, 2010.
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  59. The contributors to these proceedings of a Venetian conference held in 2007 try to apply the “interstices” concept of Homi K. Bhabha (“Location of Culture,” 1994) to the Jewish-Christian studies in Venice and its dominions. As a result it turns out that it is not appropriate to speak of two “different cultures.”
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  61. Todeschini, Giacomo, and Pier Cesare Ioly Zorattini, eds. Il mondo ebraico: Gli ebrei tra Italia nord-orientale e impero asburgico dal medioevo all’età contemporanea. Pordenone, Italy: Studio Tesi, 1991.
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  63. Parts of the eastern zone of the Po valley belonged to the Venetian terraferma empire. Studies by Ariel Toaff (Migrations), Shlomo Spitzer (Social and religious ties), Benjamin Arbel (Salomo Aschkenasi), Pier Cesare Ioly Zorattini (Inquisition), Gadi Luzzatto Voghera (Comparison of the communities in Late Antique, Middle Ages and Modern times).
  64. Find this resource:
  65. Guides to Collections
  66.  
  67. With Tamani 1972, Tamani 2003 and Tamani 2005, good catalogues of the Hebrew manuscripts and books of important centers of Jewish life in the Renaissance are available. The internet portal Judaica enables us to consult relevant archive materials of the Venetian state archive directly online. With the facilities of the Library Archive “Renato Maestro” one can easily find useful literature and material.
  68.  
  69. Judaica.
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  71. With the European project Judaica Europeana the Venetian State Archive offers a collection of complete series concerning the Jewish community of Venice, with photographs in high resolution (16th to 18th century).
  72. Find this resource:
  73. Library Archive “Renato Maestro”.
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  75. Archive and library near the Venice Jewish Museum in the historic Ghetto Nuovo. The library catalogue (Biblioteca Archivio “Renato Maestro”) registers over 12,000 entities. The collection includes 2,500 Hebrew volumes dating from the 16th to the 19th century.
  76. Find this resource:
  77. Tamani, Giuliano. Catalogo dei manoscritti ebraici della Biblioteca Marciana di Venezia. Florence: Olschki, 1972.
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  79. Catalogue of the Hebrew manuscripts of the Marciana Library of Venice.
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  81. Tamani, Giuliano. Catalogo dei manoscritti filosofici, giuridici e scientifici nella biblioteca della Comunità ebraica di Mantova. Fiesole, Italy: Cadmo, 2003.
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  83. Catalogue of the manuscripts of the Jewish community in Mantua.
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  85. Tamani, Giuliano. Libri ebraici dei secoli XVI-XIX nella Biblioteca Universitaria di Padova. Padua, Italy: Biblioteca Universitaria di Padova, 2005.
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  87. A description of the Hebrew books of the University Library of Padua (16th–19th century).
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  89. Primary Sources
  90.  
  91. Many of the letters and documents in Boksenboim 1984–1994 are about Jews in Venice. The Hebrew chronicle Capsali 1975–1983 is an important source for the perspective of a contemporary Jew on Venetian history (no translation available). Chambers, et al. 2001 presents only a few sources related to Jewish life in Venice.
  92.  
  93. Boksenboim, Yacov, ed. Iggerôt yehûdê Iṭalyā bat-teqûfat hā-Renesans. 6 vols. Tel Aviv: The Chaim Rosenberg School of Jewish Studies Tel-Aviv University, 1984–1994.
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  95. Letters of Jews in Renaissance Italy. Volume 1 includes letters of the Carmi family of Cremona, 1570–1577; Volume 2 is particularly interesting, containing the letters of Rabbi Leon Modena of Venice; Volume 3: Jewish teachers in Italy, 1555–1591; Volume 4: Parshiot: Some Controversial Affairs of Renaissance Italian Jews; Volume 5: Letters by individuals connected with the house of Rieti in Siena, 1537–1564; Volume 6: Selected letters of Jews in Italy in the 16th century.
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  97. Capsali, Elijah. Seder Eliyahu zuta: History of the Ottomans and of Venice and That of the Jews in Turkey, Spain and Venice. 3 vols. Edited by Aryeh Shmuelevitz, Shlomo Simonsohn, and Meir Benayahu. Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Institute of Yad Ben-Zvi, 1975–1983.
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  99. The Cretan rabbi Elia Capsali (b. c. 1483–d. 1555) had studied at the Jeschiva in Padua and lived some years in Venice before he wrote in Candia (Heraklion) on Crete an instructive chronicle of Turkey and Venice (“Sippure Venezia”) with special consideration of the Jews.
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  101. Chambers, David, Brian Pullan, and Jennifer Fletcher, eds. Venice: A Documentary History 1450–1630. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001.
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  103. A useful collection of translated documents about the Germanic/Italian (338–343) and the Sephardic Jews (344–349). In the index we can find more sources. Originally published in 1992 (Oxford: Blackwell).
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  105. Venice (Lagoon)
  106.  
  107. Apart from the fifteen years of toleration (1383–1397), there was no constant Jewish life in the city of Venice before the beginning of the Cinquecento and the institution of the ghetto. Most scholars are therefore interested in the ghetto during in the Cinquecento and Seicento, with the exception, above all, of Reinhold C. Mueller and Benjamin Ravid, who examined the situation of the Jews before this period (see Status and Economic Activity).
  108.  
  109. Status and Economic Activity
  110.  
  111. Until 1589 the Jews of Venice were only tolerated for some years by single contracts (condotte). The right to live in the city was normally dependent on their usefulness as moneylenders, merchants, or physicians. The injustices did not stop in the Seicento (Cozzi 1996 and Ravid 1978). Therefore the research about their legal status and economic position is essential to understand their existence in Venice. During the Trecento and Quattrocento they had an important role as moneylenders in the city of Venice itself and in nearby Mestre, where they had to live most of the time (Mueller 1975, Mueller 1995, Mueller 2011). Nevertheless, the government took little notice of them (Ravid 1987). They had more opportunities to work in different fields in the Venetian dominions, with much larger communities (Mueller 2008).
  112.  
  113. Cozzi, Gaetano. Giustizia “contaminata”: Vicende giudiziarie di nobili ed ebrei nella Venezia del Seicento. Venice: Marsilio, 1996.
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  115. A useful study of the judicial system and its injustices in the Seicento, and proof that it is an illusion to believe that the Jewish community was about to be integrated into Christian society.
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  117. Mueller, Reinhold C. “Les prêteurs juifs de Venise au Moyen Age.” Annales E.S.C. 30 (1975): 1277–1302.
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  119. An excellent study of the moneylending activity of the Jews in Venice and the mainland by an expert in the “Venetian Money Market.” The beginning of the tolerated presence of Jews in Venice (1382–1397) was due to the necessity to get fresh capital after the War of Chioggia (1378–1381).
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  121. Mueller, Reinhold C. “The Jewish Moneylenders of Late Trecento Venice: A Revisitation.” Mediterranean Historical Review 10 (1995): 202–217.
  122. DOI: 10.1080/09518969508569693Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  123. An additional study to Mueller 1975, with the examination of (1) the dissatisfaction of the Jews in 1388–1389 and their readiness to abandon Venice, and (2) the intercultural ties between Venice and the Jews of Spain, victims of the “pogroms” of 1391 in Castil. With the edition of documents.
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  125. Mueller, Reinhold C. “The Status and Economic Activity of Jews in the Venetian Dominions during the Fifteenth Century.” In Wirtschaftsgeschichte der mittelalterlichen Juden: Fragen und Einschätzungen. Edited by Michael Toch, 63–92. Munich: Oldenbourg, 2008.
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  127. Mueller underlines the importance of Crete and Corfu for the study of the Jews. There the situation was much better than in the Lagoon city or the mainland. These communities were ten times larger than those found in terraferma cities and have a large documentation.
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  129. Mueller, Reinhold C. “Konkursfall eines jüdischen Bankiers in Mestre am Ende des 15. Jahrhundets.” In Christliches und jüdisches Europa im Mittelalter: Kolloquium zu Ehren von Alfred Haverkamp. Edited by Lukas Clemens, 251–267. Trier, Germany: Kliomedia, 2011.
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  131. Mestre is especially interesting for the study of the Jewish presence in Venice, even before it became a part of the terraferma empire in 1337, because Jewish pawnbrokers lived here who worked for Venetians. The author examines the bankruptcy of a Jewish moneylender at the end of the Quattrocento.
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  133. Ravid, Benjamin. Economics and Toleration in Seventeenth-Century Venice: The Background and Context of the Discorso of Simone Luzzatto. Jerusalem: American Academy for Jewish Research, 1978.
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  135. An interpretation of the important “Discourse Concerning the State of the Jews” di Simone Luzzatto (born Venice c. 1580, died Venice 1663). See Luzzatto 1638 (cited under Sources).
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  137. Ravid, Benjamin. “The Legal Status of the Jews in Venice to 1509.” Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 54 (1987): 169–202.
  138. DOI: 10.2307/3622584Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  139. Study on the legal status of the Jews in Venice before the ghetto times. He underlines that “clearly the Jews were not significant in Venice nor was their presence in the city itself an object of government attention and legislation” until the last two decades of the 14th century.
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  141. Sources
  142.  
  143. Luzzatto 1638 and Viola 1786 are two sources for the study of the status of the Jews in the Renaissance from the official Christian perspective, on the one hand, and from a Jewish intellectual, on the other.
  144.  
  145. Luzzatto, Simone. Discorso circa il stato de gl’Hebrei: Et in particolar dimoranti nell’inclita Città di Venetia. Venice: Calleoni, 1638.
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  147. The most famous opus of the Venetian rabbi, written in an effort to defuse the threat of expulsion that hung over the Jews (“Discourse Concerning the State of the Jews and in Particular Those Living in the Fair City of Venice”). There is also a facsimile reprint (Bologna, Italy: Saletta, 1976).
  148. Find this resource:
  149. Viola, Andrea Alvise. Compilazione delle leggi del Maggior Consiglio, Senato, Consiglio dei Dieci, Consiglio dei Quaranta al Criminal, terminazioni dei Presidenti sopra gli Offici, ordini dei Savi e terminazioni di altre magistrature in materia d’offici e banchi del Ghetto. 5 vols. Venice: Pinelli, 1786.
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  151. The largest printed collection of official documents in consideration of the Jewish moneylenders of Venice. With documents from 1385 to 1788.
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  153. Ghetto
  154.  
  155. The institution (Finlay 1982) and architectural structure of the three parts of the Venetian ghetto (Nuovo, Vecchio, Nuovissimo; see Concina, et al. 1996 and Sandri and Alazraki 1971) are already well examined.). However, more detailed studies about the culture of the synagogues (e.g., Cooperman and Curiel 1990) and the direct relations between the Jews and the Christians in daily life are desirable. It would also be useful to have more comparative studies with regard to the situation in other cities, such as Cohen 1990.
  156.  
  157. Cohen, Julie-Marthe, ed. The Ghetto in Venice: Ponentini, Levantini e Tedeschi 1516–1797. S’-Gravenhage, The Netherlands: SDU-Uitgeverij, 1990.
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  159. A bilingual (Dutch/English) catalogue of the exhibition of the Jewish Historical Museum in Amsterdam, with six essays that consider the relationship between Venice and Amsterdam. See also Peter Burke’s Venice and Amsterdam: A Study of Seventeenth-Century Élites (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 1994; first published London: Temple Smith, 1974).
  160. Find this resource:
  161. Concina, Ennio, Ugo Camerino, and Donatella Calabi. La città degli ebrei: Il ghetto di Venezia: Architettura e urbanistica. Venice: Marsilio, 1996.
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  163. The best study of the architectural and urban situation of the Venetian ghetto. In times of religious exaggerations, the plan came up to purge the “Holy City” by the expulsion or separation of the Jewish refugees of the war against the League of Cambrai. With excellent photos, plans, and images.
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  165. Cooperman, Bernard D., and Roberta Curiel. Il ghetto di Venezia. Venice: Arsenale Ed., 1990.
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  167. Essays on the story of the Jewish community (Cooperman), and the ghetto and synagogues (Curiel). With good photos by Graziano Arici, useful plans, and a glossary.
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  169. Finlay, Robert. “The Foundation of the Ghetto: Venice, the Jews, and the War of the League of Cambrai.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 126 (1982): 140–154.
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  171. Underlines the anti-Semitic motives of the creation of “a Jewish quarter, part prison and part isolated community”: “Venetians believed that only by such action would Providence favour their cause, bringing the war, which had begun with the Jews entering Venice, to a happy conclusion” (p. 141).
  172. Find this resource:
  173. Sandri, Maria Grazia, and Paolo Alazraki. Arte e vita ebraica a Venezia, 1516–1797. Florence: Sansoni, 1971.
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  175. Examines craftsmanship, art, architecture, and social life around the synagogues. The situation of the Jews in Venice and in the ghetto is seen in a too positive light (“un esempio unico di tolleranza e di civiltà”).
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  177. Community
  178.  
  179. Studies about the community are rare because of the lack of sources. With the spectacular document of the “Libro Grande,” Malkiel 1991 succeeds in showing the dependence of the Jewish political order on the order of the Republic.
  180.  
  181. Malkiel, David Joshua. A Separate Republic: The Mechanics and Dynamics of Venetian Jewish Self-Government, 1607–1624. Jerusalem: Magnes, 1991.
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  183. Edition and study of the record book (“Libro Grande”) of the Jewish community of Venice for the years 1607–1624, which was translated into Italian in 1632 (pp. 269–644). Parallels can be seen between the political order of the town and the Jewish community.
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  185. Cemetery
  186.  
  187. Since the Jews received a place outside the main islands of Venice on the Lido in 1386 for their sepulchres, the Jewish cemetery was used steadily until the end of the Republic (Crippa, et al. 2000). Unfortunately, the oldest part had to yield to a street constructed in 1928.
  188.  
  189. Crippa, Bernardo, Alessandra Veronese, and Cesare Vivante, eds. La comunità ebraica di Venezia e il suo antico cimitero: Ricerca a cura di Aldo Luzzatto. 2 vols. Milan: Il Polifilo, 2000.
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  191. Excellent study and documentation of the Venetian community through their cemetery on the Lido di Venezia. Chronological and alphabetical list of all known names of sepulchred Jews from epigraphic sources. Prosopography of 143 families. Good photos, plans, and other useful lists of names. Abstract in English by John Millerchip (37 pages).
  192. Find this resource:
  193. Inquisition
  194.  
  195. Already in 1497, and again in 1550, the Venetian Senate decided to banish “omnes Maranos qui venerunt ex hyspania quam aliunde”—an order with unclear effects, because later they were still in Venice, where they were often objects of the Holy Office, as shown in Ruspio 2007. The survived documentation of this institution is very rich, which is confirmed by the fourteen volumes of Ioly Zorattini 1980–1999, so that on this historical base a number of popular (Calimani 1991, Calimani 2003) and scientific (Ioly Zorattini 2003, Pullan 1983) works could illuminate not only the religious but also the socioeconomic status (Segre 2004) of the wanderers between Jewry and Christendom in early modern times.
  196.  
  197. Calimani, Riccardo. Storie di Marrani a Venezia. Milan: Rusconi, 1991.
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  199. Popular depiction of stories out of the acts of the Holy Office in Venice, edited until 1990, especially about the “Marranos,” forcibly converted Jews (and their children) who had fled from Spain and Portugal to the Lagoon.
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  201. Calimani, Riccardo. L’inquisizione a Venezia: Eretici e processi 1548–1674. Milan: Mondadori, 2003.
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  203. Popular account of stories out of the acts of the Holy Office in Venice.
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  205. Ioly Zorattini, Pier Cesare. Processi del S. Uffizio di Venezia contro Ebrei e Giudaizzanti. 14 vols. Florence: Olschki, 1980–1999.
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  207. Critical edition of the proceedings of the Holy Office against Jews and Judaizers from the mid-16th century to 1794. Essential source for studies of the Inquisition, the Jews in Venice, and the social and economic history of the Lagoon city. Volume 1 contains an introduction by Brian Pullan.
  208. Find this resource:
  209. Ioly Zorattini, Pier Cesare. “Ebrei e S. Uffizio a Venezia: Tre secoli di storia.” In Le Inquisizioni cristiane e gli ebrei. Edited by Giuseppe Galasso, 219–233. Rome: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, 2003.
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  211. Reflection on the huge edition of the acts of the Holy Office in Venice by the author himself. A motivation for him was to show that the traditional dichotomy Inquisition-Marranos is too tight, and that the interdependencies between the two religions are more diverse.
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  213. Pullan, Brian. The Jews of Europe and the Inquisition of Venice, 1550–1670. Totowa, NJ: Barnes and Noble, 1983.
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  215. Excellent interpretation of c. 100 trials of Jews and Judaizers before the Holy Office in Venice (1548–1594 and 1619–1670). Three parts: 1. The Recording Institution: The Inquisition; 2. The Place of the Jews in Venetian Society; 3. The Marranos from Iberia and the Converts from Italy.
  216. Find this resource:
  217. Ruspio, Federica. La nazione portoghese: Ebrei ponentini e nuovi cristiani a Venezia. Turin, Italy: Zamorani, 2007.
  218. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  219. Good study of the Judaizers and Christianizers who had come to Venice after the expulsion from Portugal (1497). Shows that the connection of people who came from Iberia once was tight despite the different religious orientation. The appendix contains a prosopography of families between the 16th and 17th century.
  220. Find this resource:
  221. Segre, Renata. “Cristiani novelli e medici ebrei a Venezia: Storie di Inquisizione tra Quattrocento e Cinquecento.” In Una manna buona per Mantova: Festschrift Vittore Colorni. Edited by Mauro Perani, 381–400. Florence: Olschki, 2004.
  222. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  223. Study about two physicians from the Archivio della Curia Patriarcale in Venice.
  224. Find this resource:
  225. Maritime Empire
  226.  
  227. Arbel 1995, Jacoby 1989, and Jacoby 1979 are especially interested in the economic aspects of the Jewish presence in the Stato da Mar. Arbel 2000 concentrates on the island of Cyprus during the Venetian rule (1489–1571), while Manoussacas 1987 and Starr 1942 focus on the island of Crete (1204–1669). Segre 2010 gives insight into the private life of Jews between this island and the capital.
  228.  
  229. Arbel, Benjamin. Trading Nations: Jews and Venetians in the Early Modern Eastern Mediterranean. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1995.
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  231. Eight thematically related studies (the five already published are revised) about the economic activity of Jews. We see the growing influence of the Jewish merchants between 1530 and 1590. One third of the book is about the career of the merchant Hayyim Saruq. With documents, bibliography, and index.
  232. Find this resource:
  233. Arbel, Benjamin. “The Jews in Cyprus: New Evidence from the Venetian Period.” In Cyprus, the Franks and Venice, 13th–16th centuries. Edited by B. Arbel, 23–40. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2000.
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  235. Using documents of the Venetian archives, Arbel examines the number and geographical distribution of the Jews in Cyprus, as well as their ethnic composition. With an edition of the fiscal list of Jews residing in Famagusta in 1568. First published in Jewish Social Studies 41 (1979): 23–40.
  236. Find this resource:
  237. Jacoby, David. Recherches sur la Méditerranée orientale du XIIe au XVe siècle: Peuples, sociétés, économies. London: Variorum Reprints, 1979.
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  239. Four of the already published studies (1972–1977) are interesting here: (1) about the Jews in Venice; (2) about the Jews in Crete; (3) about a Jewish agent in the service of Venice, and (4) about Venetian Jews in Constantinople. In French, with addenda, corrigenda, and index.
  240. Find this resource:
  241. Jacoby, David. “Venice and the Venetian Jews in the Eastern Mediterranean.” In Studies on the Crusader States and on Venetian Expansion. Edited by David Jacoby, 29–58. Northampton, UK: Variorum Reprints, 1989.
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  243. A good overview of the situation of the Jews in different communities in the Levant. First published in Cozzi 1987, pp. 29–58 (cited under Collections of Studies).
  244. Find this resource:
  245. Manoussacas, Manoussos I. “Le recueil de privilèges de la famille juive Mavrogonato de Crète (1464–1642).” Byzantinische Forschungen 12 (1987): 345–366.
  246. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  247. The family of the Mavrogonato is particularly interesting because of David, a Jewish agent in the service of Venice.
  248. Find this resource:
  249. Segre, Renata. “Juifs à Venise et juifs en Crète: Relations et vie au XIVe siècle.” In Les Juifs méditerranées au Moyen âge: Culture et prosopographie. Edited by Danièle Iancu-Agou, 67–80. Paris: Cerf, 2010.
  250. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  251. After the Fourth Crusade, Crete, where Jews had been living already, became a part of the Venetian Stato da Mar (1204–1669). In Venice one finds Jews from this island since the 1380s. Segre shows that the trade within the maritime empire was organized by Jews to some degree.
  252. Find this resource:
  253. Starr, Joshua. “Jewish Life in Crete under the Rule of Venice.” Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 12 (1942): 59–114.
  254. DOI: 10.2307/3622097Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  255. Starr is interested in the political relations of Crete with the capital, with regard to the Jewish population of Crete, their taxation, and economic activities. With special attention to their communal life and their situation at the end of the Venetian rule.
  256. Find this resource:
  257. Terraferma Empire
  258.  
  259. During the last decade a series of good studies about single communities on the mainland of Venice, especially about Padua (Carpi 2002, Bonfil 1976), Treviso (Möschter 2008), and Verona (Castaldini 2004, Castaldini 2008, Horowitz 1982), were published. A general overview of Jewish life in the Venetian terraferma is still missing, even if the contributions to Romani and Traniello 2012, Varanini and Mueller 2005, Zaggia 1998, and Carpi 1989 analyze several towns.
  260.  
  261. Bonfil, Robert. “Kavvim li demutam ha-hevratit va-ha-ruhanit shel yehudey ezor Venezia be-reshit ha-mea ha-shesh-esre.” Zion 41 (1976): 68–96.
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  263. This article, which translates as “Some features of the social and spirital profile of the Jews of the Veneto region at the beginning of the 16th century,” is based on the analysis of seven ordinances ordained by R. Judah Mintz and the rabbis of the area in 1507 in Padua. These acts do not necessarily reflect a tendency on the part of Italian Jews to leave the customs of their forefathers by acculturating to the spirit of the Renaissance.
  264. Find this resource:
  265. Carpi, Daniel. Be-tarbut ha-Renesans u-ven ḥomot ha-geṭo: Meḥḳarim be-toldot ha-Yehudim be-Iṭalyah ba-meʾot ha-14.-ha-17. Tel-Aviv: University Publishing Project, 1989.
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  267. Translates as “Between Renaissance and ghetto: Essays on the history of the Jews in Italy in the 14th–17th centuries.” Nine of the ten already edited (in part in Italian and English) studies, using mostly archive material, relate to the Jews in the mainland of Venice and Venice itself. These deal with the rabbis Messer Leon and Jacob Mantino in Padua, the Jewish students and community there, the inquisitional trials against the Jews in Bologna, and the community of Venice.
  268. Find this resource:
  269. Carpi, Daniel. L’ individuo e la collettività: Saggi di storia degli ebrei a Padova e nel Veneto nell’età del Rinascimento. Florence: Olschki, 2002.
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  271. Collection of six studies about the Jews in Padua and the Padovano, about the family of the Finzi (famous through the novel by Giorgio Bassani), about moneylender families (Piove da Sacco, Levi Mashulam del Banco), about physicians, and about social assistance.
  272. Find this resource:
  273. Castaldini, Alberto. Mondi paralleli. Ebrei e cristiani nell’Italia padana dal tardo Medioevo all’età moderna. Florence: Olschki, 2004.
  274. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  275. Studies about the relations between Jews and their Christian environment in smaller settlements in the district of Verona (Villafranca, Soave) and alongside the Via Emilia from Rimini to Milan until the 18th century (with fifteen individual cases).
  276. Find this resource:
  277. Castaldini, Alberto. La segregazione apparente: Gli Ebrei a Verona nell’età del ghetto (secoli XVI–XVIII). Florence: Olschki, 2008.
  278. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  279. Story of the Jews in Verona during the Venetian domination. Examines the institution of the ghetto, everyday life (social, political and economic aspects), rabbis and fraternities, identity (Marranos, Judaizers), and culture (education, print).
  280. Find this resource:
  281. Horowitz, Elliott S. “Jewish Confraternities in Seventeenth-Century Verona: A Study in the social history of piety.” PhD diss., Yale University, 1982.
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  283. An important case study in the social history of Jewish piety. The chapter about the Veronese confraternities Gemilut Hasadim and Rahamim, which were devoted to the rites of death, is interesting because of the parallels to the Christian confraternities.
  284. Find this resource:
  285. Möschter, Angela. Juden im venezianischen Treviso (1389–1509). Hannover, Germany: Hahn, 2008.
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  287. Before the final expulsion in 1509, Treviso had been the biggest and most important Jewish community in Upper Italy: the center of Ashkenazim Judaism. Möschter draws upon the rich archives of Treviso. With a prosopographic catalogue and edition of thirty-seven documents.
  288. Find this resource:
  289. Romani, Marina, and Elisabetta Traniello, eds. Gli ebrei nell’Italia centro settentrionale fra tardo Medioevo ed età moderna (secoli XV-XVIII). Rome: Bulzoni, 2012.
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  291. Some studies about the terraferma are interesting in our context, including those on Jewish professions apart from money lending (Rachele Scuro), the formation of the ghettos (Stefano Zaggia), Treviso at the beginning of the Quattrocento (Angela Möschter), and Jewish women and families (Miriam Davide).
  292. Find this resource:
  293. Varanini, Gian Maria, and Reinhold C. Mueller, eds. Ebrei nella terraferma veneta del Quattrocento: Atti del Convegno di Studi, Verona, 14 Novembre 2003. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2005.
  294. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  295. These ten studies, from a Veronese conference in 2003, take into particular consideration the daily life of the region. It becomes clear how tight the relations often were between Jews and Christians. The Jewish communities taken into consideration are Feltre, Padua, Rovigo, Treviso, Trieste, Verona, and Vicenza.
  296. Find this resource:
  297. Zaggia, Stefano. “Gli spazi urbani degli ebrei nelle città della Terraferma veneta.” In Città italiana e i luoghi degli stranieri: XIV-XVIII secolo. Edited by Donatella Calabi and Paola Lanaro Sartori, 143–167. Rome: Laterza, 1998.
  298. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  299. Comparative study about the situation of the Jewish settlements in Padua, Rovigo, Treviso, Vicenza, and Verona before and after the segregation.
  300. Find this resource:
  301. Sources
  302.  
  303. Carpi 1973–1979 and the document appendix of Ciscato 1901 are indispensable for the study of the Jews in Padova.
  304.  
  305. Carpi, Daniel, ed. Pinkas Vaad Kehillat Kodesh Padova [Minutes Book. Ed. with introduction and notes]. 2 vols. Jerusalem: Publications of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1973–1979.
  306. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  307. Edition of the Minutes Book of the Council of the Jewish Community of Padua, 1577–1630.
  308. Find this resource:
  309. Ciscato, Antonio. Gli ebrei in Padova (1300–1800): Monografia storica documentata. Padua, Italy: Società Cooperativa Tipografica, 1901.
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  311. The story of the Padovan community from the times of the Carrara until 1798; updated in Carpi 2002 (cited under Terraferma Empire) for the time of the Renaissance, but Ciscato’s documents are still useful (some years after 1373 until 1797; pp. 229–313). Reprinted in 1985 (Bologna, Italy: Forni).
  312. Find this resource:
  313. Intellectual Culture
  314.  
  315. The Jewish intellectual and cultural life was particularly rich in the old university town of Padua and in Venice, with its multiethnic ghetto with several synagogues. There were outstanding personalities, about whom several recent studies exist.
  316.  
  317. Language
  318.  
  319. The Jews in Italy normally did not speak Yiddish, but rather their own vernacular languages, mixes of Hebrew and local Italian dialects. The best expert for the Jewish-Venetian idiom, Umberto Fortis, wrote two studies with large dictionaries (Fortis and Zolli 1979, Fortis 2006).
  320.  
  321. Fortis, Umberto. La parlata degli ebrei di Venezia e le parlate giudeo-italiane. Florence: Giuntina, 2006.
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  323. Description of the Jewish-Venetian idiom (phonetics, morphology), dictionary of the Hebrewisms of the once Spanish, German, and Italian words and dictionary of the Giudeo-Veneziano (400 pages).
  324. Find this resource:
  325. Fortis, Umberto, and Paolo Zolli. La parlata giudeo-veneziana. Assisi, Italy: Carucci, 1979.
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  327. The Jewish idiom in Venice was particular because of the influence of the three “nations”: German, Italian, and Sephardic (Spanish/Portuguese and Levantine). First scientific study with dictionary (nearly 300 pages).
  328. Find this resource:
  329. Political Thought
  330.  
  331. Apart from the study of Melamed 1983, the works about Leon Modena (Adelman 1985, cited under Individuals) and Joseph Nasi (Ravid 1983, cited under Individuals) inform us about the political thought of Jews in Venice.
  332.  
  333. Melamed, Abraham. “The Myth of Venice in Italian Renaissance Jewish Thought.” In Italia Judaica: Atti del I Convegno internazionale, Bari 18–22 maggio 1981. Edited by the Ministero per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Ufficio Centrale per i Beni Archivistici, 401–413; 505–506. Rome: P.U.G., 1983.
  334. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  335. An interesting study of the way three Jewish thinkers were influenced by the culture of the Renaissance: Don Isaac Abravanel (late Quattrocento and early Cinquecento), David de Pomis (late Cinquecento), and mainly Simone Luzzatto (mid-Seicento).
  336. Find this resource:
  337. Science
  338.  
  339. Medicine was a field for Jews to undertake in times when most other activities were forbidden. Through the study of Ruderman 1992 (see also his contributions in Cozzi 1987 and Davis and Ravid 2001, cited under Collections of Studies) we know that Jews were allowed to graduate from the University of Padua in great numbers.
  340.  
  341. Ruderman, David B. “The Impact of Science on Jewish Culture and Society in Venice (with Special Reference to Jewish Graduates of Padua’s Medical School).” In Essential Papers on Jewish Culture in Renaissance and Baroque Italy. Edited by David B. Ruderman, 519–553. New York: New York University Press, 1992.
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  343. Among the students annually graduating from Padua’s renowned medical school, there were always some Jews (about 250 medical diplomas from 1517 to 1721). Without a collective identity, they were integrated among the non-Jewish student population.
  344. Find this resource:
  345. Printing
  346.  
  347. We owe Giuliano Tamani not only the exhibition catalogue about Jewish printing in Soncino (Tamani 1988), but also library catalogues of Hebrew manuscripts and books in Mantua (Tamani 2003, cited under Guides to Collections), Padua (Tamani 2005, cited under Guides to Collections), Venice (Tamani 1972, cited under Guides to Collections), Hebrew editions from the Cinquecento to the Settecento (in Pelusi 2000) and Hebrew printing in Venice from 1516 to 1627 (in Fortis 1982, cited under Collections of Studies, and Fortis 1991).
  348.  
  349. Fortis, Umberto. Editoria in ebraico a Venezia. Venice: Arsenale Ed., 1991.
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  351. Small exhibition catalogue (Fiera di Pordenone, Edit Expo, 63 pages).
  352. Find this resource:
  353. Pelusi, Simonetta, ed. Le civiltà del Libro e la stampa a Venezia: Testi sacri ebraici, cristiani, islamici dal Quattrocento al Settecento. Padua, Italy: Il Poligrafo, 2000.
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  355. Exhibition catalogue (Venezia, Biblioteca Marciana) on the occasion of the interreligious conference “God for Which Humanity? Religions Question Themselves.” With essays of Marino Zorzi (on the religious book and history of printing in Venice) and Giuliano Tamani (on Jewish printing). With excellent photographic reproductions.
  356. Find this resource:
  357. Tamani, Giuliano, ed. Tipografia ebraica a Soncino 1483–1490. Soncino, Italy: Ed. dei Soncino, 1988.
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  359. Exhibition catalogue (95 pages) on the occasion of the quincentenary (1488 April 22) of the editio princeps of the Hebrew bible in Soncino (province of Cremona, Lombardy). Here Joshua Solomon and his nephew Gershon ben Mose, members of the famous Jewish printer family of the Soncinos, lived and worked.
  360. Find this resource:
  361. Music
  362.  
  363. The five synagogues of the Venetian ghetto (the two “Germans,” the “Italian,” the “Levantine,” the “Spanish”) gave rise to a rich musical tradition, as seen in Cassuto 2003.
  364.  
  365. Cassuto, David. “La musica nelle sinagoghe del ghetto di Venezia all’epoca di Leone Modena.” In I beni culturali ebraici in Italia: Situazione attuale, problemi, prospettive e progetti per il futuro. Edited by Mauro Perani, 165–180. Ravenna, Italy: Longo, 2003.
  366. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  367. The author wants to fill a gap, because the Venetian synagogues had hitherto been studied virtually only in technical and structural regard without considering the liturgical functions. Based on the texts of Leon Modena, one of the leading rabbis of Venice.
  368. Find this resource:
  369. Individuals
  370.  
  371. Extraordinary representatives of Jewish religion, culture, and thought came together in the ghetto of Venice, such as the rabbi and historian Elia Capsali (Paudice 2010; see also Capsali 1975–1983, cited under Primary Sources; Corazzol in Israel, et al. 2010, cited under Collections of Studies); the grammarian Elia Levita (Weil 1963); the rabbis and authors Simone Luzzatto (Luzzatto 2013; see also Luzzatto 1638, cited under Sources; Melamed 1983, cited under Political Thought; Ravid 1978, cited under Status and Economic Activity; and Ravid 2003, cited under General Overviews) and Leon Modena (Adelman 1985, Modena 1638, Modena 1989, Weinberg 1992; see also Boksenboim 1984–1994, cited under Primary Sources; Cassuto 2003, cited under Music; Grözinger in Israel, et al. 2010, cited under Collections of Studies; Harrán in Davis and Ravid 2001, cited under Collections of Studies); the diplomat Joseph Nasi (Ravid 1983); and the poet Sara Copia Sullam (Fortis 2003, Sulam 2009).
  372.  
  373. Adelman, Howard Ernest. “Success and Failure in the Seventeenth Century Ghetto of Venice: The Life and Thought of Leon Modena, 1571–1648.” PhD diss., Brandeis University, 1985.
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  375. This PhD thesis was written under the supervision of Benjamin Ravid. Besides the family, life, and works, the author is especially interested in the educational program of Modena, its relation to Sarra Copia Sulam, and to its Christian environment.
  376. Find this resource:
  377. Fortis, Umberto. La “bella ebrea”: Sara Copio Sullam, poetessa nel ghetto di Venezia del’600. Turin, Italy: Zamorani, 2003.
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  379. The Jewish poet Sara Copia Sullam (b. 1600?–d. 1641) was in love with a Christian poet and monk, Ansaldo Cebà, who tried in vain to bring her to conversion. With an edition of the sonnets in Italian (introduction already published in Umberto Fortis, ed., Miscellanea di studi, Liceo Ginnasio Statale “Raimondo Franchetti” Venezia Mestre 3 [Venice: Storti, 1998], pp. 109–151).
  380. Find this resource:
  381. Luzzatto, Simone. Scritti politici e filosofici di un ebreo scettico nella Venezia del Seicento. Edited by Giuseppe Veltri. Milan: Bompiani, 2013.
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  383. Simone Luzzatto (b. c. 1580–d. 1663) was an important rabbi and scholar by the side of Leon Modena in the Venetian ghetto. This is an Italian edition and commentary of two of his major works: “Discourse Concerning the State of the Jews” (1638) and “Socrate” (1651), the first work of Skepticism of a Jew.
  384. Find this resource:
  385. Modena, Leone. Historia De Riti Hebraici Vita & osseruanze degl’Hebrei di questi tempi. Venice: Calleoni, 1638.
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  387. The famous treatise first came out in 1637 in Paris without the permission of the author. Here in a revised version. Other editions appeared in 1669, 1673, 1678, 1687, 1694, 1714, and it was also soon translated into many languages. See the reprint of the Venetian edition of 1678 (Sala Bolognese: Forni, 1979). To be read alongside the German translation, with an excellent introduction and commentary of the tract about the Jewish rites: Jüdische Riten, Sitten und Gebräuche, edited and translated, with commentary, by Rafael Arnold (Wiesbaden, Germany: Marix, 2007).
  388. Find this resource:
  389. Modena, Leone. The Autobiography of a Seventeenth-Century Venetian Rabbi: Leon Modena’s Life of Judah. Edited and translated by Marc R. Cohen. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989.
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  391. English edition of the original Hebrew text, written between 1617 and 1648, with introductive essays by Mark R. Cohen and Theodor K. Rabb, Howard E. Adelman, and Natalie Zemon Davis. Historical comments by Howard E. Adelmann and Benjamin Ravid. To be read alongside Modena’s Sefer Ḥaye Yehudah (Hebr.). edited by Daniel Carpi (Tel Aviv: University of Tel Aviv, 1985).
  392. Find this resource:
  393. Paudice, Aleida. Between Several Worlds: The Life and Writings of Elia Capsali; The Historical Works of a 16th-Century Cretan Rabbi. Munich: Meidenbauer, 2010.
  394. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  395. Based on the main historical works, the “Chronicle of Venice” (1519) and the “Seder Elijahu Zuta” (1523), the author shows the perspective of the rabbi Elia Capsali (b. c. 1485–d. c. 1555) on Crete under Venetian and Ottoman domination. With documents about the Jews in Crete, and about Capsali and his family.
  396. Find this resource:
  397. Ravid, Benjamin. “Money, Love and Power Politics in Sixteenth Century Venice: The Perpetual Banishment and Subsequent Pardon of Joseph Nasi.” In Italia Judaica: Atti del I Convegno internazionale, Bari 18–22 maggio 1981. Edited by the Ministero per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Ufficio Centrale per i Beni Archivistici, 159–181. Rome: P.U.G., 1983.
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  399. Joseph Nasi (b. c. 1524–d. 1579) was a Jewish diplomat and financier at the court of the Ottoman sultans. The study of his banishment and amnesty in Venice may help to explain his subsequent anti-Venetian stance, which played a role in inducing the Ottoman sultan to go to war against Venice.
  400. Find this resource:
  401. Sulam, Sarra Copia. Jewish Poet and Intellectual in Seventeenth-Century Venice: The Works of Sarra Copia Sulam in Verse and Prose, Along with Writings of Her Contemporaries in Her Praise, Condemnation, or Defense. Edited and translated by Don Harrán. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.
  402. DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226779874.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  403. Edition and translation—after an extended introduction about her life and work—of the many letters from Ansaldo Cebà to Sulam, the two letters from her to Isabella della Tolfa, her manifest in self-defense (1621), her “Notices from Parnassus” (1626 or thereafter), and other texts.
  404. Find this resource:
  405. Weil, Gérard E. Élie Lévita: Humaniste et massorète (1469–1549). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1963.
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  407. Elia Levita was an Ashkenazic Hebrew grammarian, scholar, and poet. He lived in Padua and Venice, where he worked as a proofreader for Daniel Bomberg and taught Hebrew. In the appendix is the archetype of his “Massoret ha-massoret” (München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek: Cod. hebr. 74), printed 1538 in Venice.
  408. Find this resource:
  409. Weinberg, Joanna. “Preaching in the Venetian Ghetto: The Sermons of Leon Modena.” In Preachers of the Italian Ghetto. Edited by David B. Ruderman, 105–128. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.
  410. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  411. By analyzing Modena’s mode of preaching, the author demonstrates “how a Jew living in the ghetto in Counter-Reformation Italy was able to structure his sermons according to Christian specifications while their content remained predominantly Jewish in theme and source” (p. 105). Available online.
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