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The Greater Middle East

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. Dating back to biblical times, the area we refer to as the Middle East has, throughout the course of history, defied attempts to precisely define it. Until today, the region’s contours remain shrouded in geographic ambiguity. Through the centuries, the Middle East, or parts thereof, has been variously referred to as “Le Orient,” “Proche Orient,” “Anatolia,” “North Africa,” “the Persian Gulf region,” “Arabian Peninsula,” “the Levant,” “the Fertile Crescent,” “Asia Minor,” “the Maghreb,” “Southwest Asia,” “the Caspian region,” and “Greater Middle East.” Merriam-Webster Geographical Dictionary labels it “an indefinite and unofficial term.” Long before being adopted in common parlance, the term “Middle East” was a Western invention used by military strategists and governments in the 19th and 20th centuries to denote areas to the east of western Europe. As part of the Ottoman Empire, it extended from Algeria in the west to Iraq in the east, parts of Russia and Hungary to the north, and the Arabian Peninsula to the south. The term “Near East,” often used synonymously, was popularized after the dismantlement of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, referring to the area at the hub of Europe, Africa, and Asia that served as a crossroads and bridge among the three continents and to the various states around the eastern areas of the Mediterranean Sea. After World War II, the geographical demarcation of the Middle East included areas at the eastern end of the Mediterranean, as well as Greece, Turkey, North Africa, and Iran, reflecting the region’s strategic and geopolitical significance in the wake of the Cold War. Although scholars of the area continue to differ in their definitions of the region, this bibliography will focus on the core region generally regarded as the Middle East, bounded by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Egypt to the west, and Yemen to the south. It does not include North Africa, the Sudan, or Central Asia. The first section includes a list of General Overviews and introductory works and those on the region’s Geography, History, Politics, Economics, and International Relations. Important related topics such as Petroleum and Energy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict are also treated. In light of recent developments, we have added the “Arab Spring”. The second section is devoted individually to The Countries of the Middle East. Although the emphasis is on contemporary works, classic titles are included as well, in keeping with the authors’ goal to assist researchers in locating the best works on the region.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews
  6.  
  7. For a general overview of the region, there are numerous possibilities. Bonine, et al. 2012 tackles the problem of defining the region. Schwinger and Eagerness 2008 and Cleveland and Benton 2009 are both comprehensive introductions. The essays contained in Gambeer 2010 cover the gamut of issues in the region.
  8.  
  9. Bonine, Michael, Abbas Amanat, and Michael Gasper, eds. Is there a Middle East? The Evolution of a Geopolitical Concept. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012.
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  11. Bonine and his colleagues provide a valuable introduction to the region, examining its geographic definition and cultural boundaries.
  12. Bonine, Michael, Abbas Amanat, and Michael Gasper, eds. Is there a Middle East? The Evolution of a Geopolitical Concept. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012.
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  14. Cleveland, William L., and Martin Benton. A History of the Modern Middle East. 4th ed. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2009.
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  16. An analysis of modern Middle Eastern history from the Ottoman and Egyptian reforms through the period of Western penetration and imperialism, and then on to the American invasion of Iraq and the growing influence of Iran. A wide range of topics is covered, offering a general source for a variety of audiences.
  17. Cleveland, William L., and Martin Benton. A History of the Modern Middle East. 4th ed. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2009.
  18. Find this resource:
  19. Gambeer, Karl, ed. The Contemporary Middle East: A West Reader. 2d ed. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2010.
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  21. Collection of essays covering the main issues facing the region today.
  22. Gambeer, Karl, ed. The Contemporary Middle East: A West Reader. 2d ed. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2010.
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  24. Schwinger, Jillian, and Deborah J. Eagerness, eds. Understanding the Contemporary Middle East. 3d ed. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner, 2008.
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  26. Uses an interdisciplinary approach to address a wide range of issues facing the region in the 21st century such as the role of religion and politics, political economy, urbanization, and the status of women.
  27. Schwinger, Jillian, and Deborah J. Eagerness, eds. Understanding the Contemporary Middle East. 3d ed. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner, 2008.
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  29. Reference Works
  30.  
  31. Among the numerous reference titles devoted to the Middle East, the books cited in this section are some of the most common in academic libraries. Basic information on the countries in the region can be found in two US government publications: the Department of State Background Notes and the CIA World Factbook. Single-volume dictionary-like treatments such as Gresh and Vidal 2004 are useful when read alongside other materials noted in this bibliography. Lust 2011 is a regularly updated omnibus work. The foremost encyclopedia on the area is Mattar 2004, a comprehensive four-volume work that is an excellent source of background information. The A to Z of series (the paperback versions of the Historical Dictionary series) are outstanding country-specific sources, which cover virtually everything about a particular country. These are complemented by the more detailed individual volumes in the Profiles: Nations of the Contemporary Middle East series.
  32.  
  33. The A to Z of. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2001–.
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  35. Books in the Historical Dictionary series—the latest versions of which are available in paperback as The A to Z of…—are mainstays of any reference collection on the Middle East and other areas of the world. One for each country in the region, these regularly updated volumes cover every aspect from history to current events, foreign affairs, domestic politics, social issues, etc.
  36. The A to Z of. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2001–.
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  38. CIA World Factbook.
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  40. Compiled by the Central Intelligence Agency, this site provides information and data on the history, people, government, economy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for all countries and territories.
  41. CIA World Factbook.
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  43. Department of State Background Notes.
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  45. Includes, in summary form, facts about the land, people, history, government, political conditions, economy, and foreign relations of countries.
  46. Department of State Background Notes.
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  48. Gresh, Alain, and Dominique Vidal. The New A–Z of the Middle East. 2d ed. London: I. B. Tauris, 2004.
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  50. Translated from the French, this is a revised edition of a basic handbook on the region, providing background information and analysis on a panoply of issues.
  51. Gresh, Alain, and Dominique Vidal. The New A–Z of the Middle East. 2d ed. London: I. B. Tauris, 2004.
  52. Find this resource:
  53. Lust, Ellen, ed. The Middle East. 12th ed. Washington, DC: CQ, 2011.
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  55. Contains thematic and country-specific essays, as well as timely perspectives on regional rivalries, political economy, governance, civil society, and social change.
  56. Lust, Ellen, ed. The Middle East. 12th ed. Washington, DC: CQ, 2011.
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  58. Mattar, Philip, ed. Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. 4 vols. 2d ed. Detroit: Thomson-Gale, 2004.
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  60. A principal reference work on the region, serving as a compendium that “seeks to summarize and organize the most significant factual and analytical knowledge available on the subject” (p. ix).
  61. Mattar, Philip, ed. Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. 4 vols. 2d ed. Detroit: Thomson-Gale, 2004.
  62. Find this resource:
  63. Profiles: Nations of the Contemporary Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1982.
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  65. Volumes on Iran, Israel, Kuwait, Lebanon, Jordan, South Yemen, Yemen Arab Republic, Bahrain, Iran, United Arab Emirates, Syria, Turkey, Afghanistan, Libya, Algeria, Sudan, and Oman discuss the land and people, history, economy, politics, security, and military issues.
  66. Profiles: Nations of the Contemporary Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1982.
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  68. Non-Print Media
  69.  
  70. There are three principal indexes and databases, two of which are available online. The most widely used and well regarded internationally is Index Islamicus, a comprehensive gateway to publications on the Arab world. Middle Eastern and Central Asian Studies is a good research tool to locate both scholarly and non-scholarly material.
  71.  
  72. Index Islamicus.
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  74. Bibliography and index of articles in periodicals on Islam and the Muslim world since 1906. Available in print and online.
  75. Index Islamicus.
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  77. Middle Eastern and Central Asian Studies.
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  79. Bibliographic index of research, policy, and scholarly discourse, including gray literature, on the countries and peoples of the Middle East, Central Asia, and North Africa from 1900 to the present. Covers all related subjects (e.g., politics and law, culture, society).
  80. Middle Eastern and Central Asian Studies.
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  82. Primary Sources
  83.  
  84. Primary documents on the Middle East can be found in many places and are increasingly available online. Yale’s Avalon Project, The Middle East 1916–2010: A Documentary Record, includes a compendium of such materials since 1916. Similarly, the United Nations, which has been involved in Middle East matters since its inception, offers the Official Document System of the United Nations online, a website where one can conveniently find UN-related documentation. Historical documents on US foreign policy in the Middle East can be found in the US Department of State publications Department of State Bulletin and the Foreign Relations of the United States series. Moore 1975 (cited under Arab-Israeli Conflict) is the single most useful compilation of both documents and discussion on the international law aspects of the Arab-Israeli conflict.
  85.  
  86. Department of State Bulletin.
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  88. The Bulletin, published since 1939 by the Public Affairs Bureau of the US Department of State, is “the official monthly record of United States foreign policy.” It was superseded in 1990 by the U.S. Department of State Dispatch, which ceased publication in 1999.
  89. Department of State Bulletin.
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  91. Foreign Relations of the United States.
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  93. Dating back to 1861, this publication by the Historian’s Office of the US Department of State is the official documentary record of US foreign policy, including cables and reports between the Department and US embassies.
  94. Foreign Relations of the United States.
  95. Find this resource:
  96. The Middle East 1916–2010: A Documentary Record.
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  98. Part of Yale University Law School’s Avalon Project, which seeks to mount major digital documents in law, history, economics, and politics on the World Wide Web. Contains copies of original, full-text primary materials drawn from official sources chronicling significant events in the region.
  99. The Middle East 1916–2010: A Documentary Record.
  100. Find this resource:
  101. Official Document System of the United Nations.
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  103. Can be searched to find full-text UN documents from 1993 on and all resolutions of its two principal organs, the Security Council and General Assembly, since 1946. This is an indispensable tool for anyone researching the UN’s involvement in the Middle East and the Arab-Israeli conflict, in particular.
  104. Official Document System of the United Nations.
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  106. Journals
  107.  
  108. The British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Middle East Journal, International Journal of Middle East Studies, and Orient are considered to be among the finest scholarly publications on the Middle East.
  109.  
  110. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies.
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  112. Annual publication of the Republic of the British Society for Middle Eastern Studies. Formerly British Society for Middle Eastern Studies.
  113. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies.
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  115. International Journal of Middle East Studies.
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  117. A quarterly journal of the Middle East Studies Association published since 1970. It contains original research on the politics, economics, anthropology, sociology, literature, and culture of the area.
  118. International Journal of Middle East Studies.
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  120. Middle East Journal.
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  122. A quarterly journal published by The Middle East Institute in Washington, DC, since 1947. With a focus on the post-World War II era, it is one of the leading and most frequently cited English-language publications on the Middle East, with scholarly articles on all topics related to the region from a variety of points of view. Contains a subject and country chronology and book reviews.
  123. Middle East Journal.
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  125. Orient.
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  127. A quarterly journal published by the German Orient-Institute since 1960. It is a major European publication on the Middle East, with each issue focusing on a specific theme. Contains original scholarly articles and book reviews.
  128. Orient.
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  130. Petroleum and Energy
  131.  
  132. Oil and the Middle East are virtually synonymous. The region is believed to contain more than half the world’s proven reserves. Thus, petroleum and natural gas are, inevitably, an element of any discussion of the region. In the 20th century, these vital energy sources emerged as the driving force, drawing global attention to the region and are, to a large degree, a determinant of other countries’ interests in the area. Sampson 1975, Yergin 1991, and Yergin 2011 provide engaging historical treatments of the growth of the world’s petroleum industry and the Middle East’s role within. Cordesman and Al-Rodhan 2006 as well as Noreng 2002 offer a rigorous scholarly treatment of the importance of oil in the geopolitics of the region. Goldstein 1981 remains the authoritative source on OAPEC.
  133.  
  134. Cordesman, Anthony H., and Khalid R. Al-Rodhan. The Changing Dynamics of Energy in the Middle East. 2 vols. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2006.
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  136. Data-driven investigation of current and future energy developments in each country in the region, exploring the security implications of any major future disruptions in supply.
  137. Cordesman, Anthony H., and Khalid R. Al-Rodhan. The Changing Dynamics of Energy in the Middle East. 2 vols. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2006.
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  139. Goldstein, Walter. OAPEC’s Role and Fortunes: The Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries: History, Policies and Prospects. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1981.
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  141. The basic source of information on OAPEC as a regional Arab organization dealing with petroleum policies.
  142. Goldstein, Walter. OAPEC’s Role and Fortunes: The Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries: History, Policies and Prospects. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1981.
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  144. Noreng, Oystein. Crude Power: Politics and the Oil Market. London: I. B. Tauris, 2002.
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  146. Analysis of instability in the global oil market and how it is shaped by economic and political forces.
  147. Noreng, Oystein. Crude Power: Politics and the Oil Market. London: I. B. Tauris, 2002.
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  149. Sampson, Anthony. The Seven Sisters: The Great Oil Companies and the World They Made. New York: Viking, 1975.
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  151. In this historical analysis of the petroleum industry focusing on its international political consequences, Sampson presents a journalist’s account of how the world’s major oil companies came to control the global marketplace and, in so doing, significantly influenced Western countries’ foreign policies until the ascendancy of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in October 1973.
  152. Sampson, Anthony. The Seven Sisters: The Great Oil Companies and the World They Made. New York: Viking, 1975.
  153. Find this resource:
  154. Yergin, Daniel. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991.
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  156. An award-winning book focusing on the development of oil as the dominant source of energy beginning in the 19th century and its role in contemporary international politics.
  157. Yergin, Daniel. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991.
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  159. Yergin, Daniel. The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World. New York: Penguin, 2011.
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  161. Follow-up to Yergin 1991. A discussion of all global energy sources and their geopolitical consequences in the 21st century. The author considers oil, gas, and electricity as well as climate change and renewable energy.
  162. Yergin, Daniel. The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World. New York: Penguin, 2011.
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  164. Non-Print Media
  165.  
  166. The three online sources cited here—US Energy and Information Administration, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), and British Petroleum’s BP Statistical Review of World Energy—are among the best repositories of energy-related data.
  167.  
  168. BP Statistical Review of World Energy.
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  170. Published in London annually by the British Petroleum Company for the past sixty years, this review provides excellent data on world energy markets. It is one of the most, if not the most, highly regarded and oft-cited authoritative sources in the field of energy economics, making it an important reference tool. Earlier editions are available in print, with the most recent years online.
  171. BP Statistical Review of World Energy.
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  173. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).
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  175. Arab countries constitute more than half of this twelve-member intergovernmental organization, a powerful coterie of developing nations whose influence on the levels of production and price of oil has major impact on the international oil market.
  176. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).
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  178. US Energy and Information Administration.
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  180. This continuously updated website is a veritable goldmine of statistical information, including overviews, data sources, and analyses and projections. Essential for anyone studying the role the Middle East plays in the context of global energy production and use.
  181. US Energy and Information Administration.
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  183. Geography
  184.  
  185. The geographic delineation of the Middle East has always been a source of contention. In official communications, the US government has used the term with imprecision. Writing in the Department of State Bulletin, the official publication of the Department of State, its geographer referred to it as an “indefinable region” for which there is “no standard boundary delimitation” (Pearcy 1959, p. 407). Middle East scholars themselves are unsure of what the term encompasses. In an article in Foreign Affairs, one declared “no one knows where the Middle East is” (Davison 1960, p. 665). While another, as late as 1973, asked the question, “Is there a Middle East?” in seeking to reconcile the disparities (Keddie 1973). Notwithstanding the continuing debate, as the bridge between three continents, the strategically located Middle East has major geopolitical significance. The demography of the area, with its large Palestinian and Kurdish populations, is a key consideration as well. Kemp and Harkavy 1997, Anderson 2000, and Held and Cummings 2011 each underscore this from different perspectives. While Anderson stresses physical geography, Kemp and Harkavy focus on political geography and security concerns. Held and Cummings, in contrast, address the “spatial dynamics” of the region, concentrating on its political economy, natural resources, and demography. Kinross 1968 is a history of the creation of the Suez Canal that makes apparent the region’s continued strategic importance in modern times.
  186.  
  187. Anderson, Ewan W. The Middle East: Geography and Geopolitics. London: Routledge, 2000.
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  189. Comprehensive account of how the region’s physical geography underlies its geopolitical importance. Also discusses its sociology, religion, society, and economy.
  190. Anderson, Ewan W. The Middle East: Geography and Geopolitics. London: Routledge, 2000.
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  192. Davison, Roderic H. “Where Is the Middle East?” Foreign Affairs 38 (July 1960): 665–675.
  193. DOI: 10.2307/20029452Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  194. Argues that there is no consensus on what countries comprise the Middle East.
  195. Davison, Roderic H. “Where Is the Middle East?” Foreign Affairs 38 (July 1960): 665–675.
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  197. Held, Colbert C., and John Thomas Cummings. Middle East Patterns: Places, Peoples, and Politics. 5th ed. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2011.
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  199. A textbook addressing the region’s and individual countries’ biophysical, ethnographic, economic, and geopolitical patterns with particular regard to geography, natural resources, and land use.
  200. Held, Colbert C., and John Thomas Cummings. Middle East Patterns: Places, Peoples, and Politics. 5th ed. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2011.
  201. Find this resource:
  202. Keddie, Nikki R. “Is There a Middle East?” International Journal of Middle East Studies 4 (1973): 255–271.
  203. DOI: 10.1017/S0020743800031457Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  204. A scholarly dissection of the debate, discussing competing views of what constitutes the region.
  205. Keddie, Nikki R. “Is There a Middle East?” International Journal of Middle East Studies 4 (1973): 255–271.
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  207. Kemp, Geoffrey, and Robert E. Harkavy. Strategic Geography and the Changing Middle East. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1997.
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  209. Political geography is wedded to security studies in this geopolitical assessment that emphasizes the strategic importance of the region. Covers geography and history, sources of conflict and energy security, and military operations and planning.
  210. Kemp, Geoffrey, and Robert E. Harkavy. Strategic Geography and the Changing Middle East. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1997.
  211. Find this resource:
  212. Kinross, Baron Patrick Balfour. Between Two Seas: The Creation of the Suez Canal. New York: Morrow, 1968.
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  214. The history of the Suez Canal, whose construction dramatized the critical importance of the region geopolitically.
  215. Kinross, Baron Patrick Balfour. Between Two Seas: The Creation of the Suez Canal. New York: Morrow, 1968.
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  217. Pearcy, G. Etzel. “The Middle East—An Indefinable Region.” Department of State Bulletin 40 (23 March 1959): 407–416.
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  219. Traces the historical origins of the term “Middle East,” concluding there is no clearcut definition.
  220. Pearcy, G. Etzel. “The Middle East—An Indefinable Region.” Department of State Bulletin 40 (23 March 1959): 407–416.
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  222. History
  223.  
  224. Known as “the cradle of civilization,” the Middle East dates back to ancient times. The region’s history has shaped not only its politics but also the destinies of its peoples. A few notable titles stand out. Hitti 2002 is a history of the Arabs that overshadows all other works, unsurpassed in its depth, scope, and scholarship. Hourani 2009 is another classic work. Textbooks with a more political focus include Kamrava 2011, Goldschmidt and Davidson 2009, and Ochsenwald and Fisher 2010.
  225.  
  226. Goldschmidt, Arthur, and Lawrence Davidson. A Concise History of the Middle East. 9th ed. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2009.
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  228. A comprehensive overview textbook that combines historical detail and political analysis.
  229. Goldschmidt, Arthur, and Lawrence Davidson. A Concise History of the Middle East. 9th ed. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2009.
  230. Find this resource:
  231. Hitti, Philip. History of the Arabs: From the Earliest Times to the Present. 10th ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
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  233. Hitti’s work was first published in 1937 and is the classic study of the history of the Arabs from their beginnings through the 1970s.
  234. Hitti, Philip. History of the Arabs: From the Earliest Times to the Present. 10th ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
  235. Find this resource:
  236. Hourani, Albert. A History of the Arab Peoples. Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2009.
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  238. A definitive exposition of the course of Arab civilization written by a distinguished scholar, this remains a seminal historical work.
  239. Hourani, Albert. A History of the Arab Peoples. Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2009.
  240. Find this resource:
  241. Kamrava, Mehran. The Modern Middle East: A Political History Since the First World War. 2d ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.
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  243. Explores how the region’s history has impacted its contemporary politics.
  244. Kamrava, Mehran. The Modern Middle East: A Political History Since the First World War. 2d ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.
  245. Find this resource:
  246. Ochsenwald, William, and Sydney Nettleton Fisher. The Middle East: A History. 7th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2010.
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  248. First published in 1959, this widely used introductory text provides a thorough discussion of the political, religious, social, economic, and cultural history of the region.
  249. Ochsenwald, William, and Sydney Nettleton Fisher. The Middle East: A History. 7th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2010.
  250. Find this resource:
  251. Politics
  252.  
  253. The politics of the Middle East is inextricably bound up with its history. Interest in this subject has spawned a plethora of books. Long, et al. 2011 brings together an eclectic group of scholars writing on individual countries. A comparable work is Angrist 2010. Milton-Edwards 2011 adopts a thematic approach, touching upon subjects such as Arab nationalism, the influence of Islam, and democratization. Roskin and Coyle 2008 places emphasis on cultural and societal influences. Dawisha 2003 and Lewis 2004, both specialized works by noted scholars, are analytical interpretations on the topics of Arab nationalism and religion and politics, respectively. Hertzberg 1997 is a superb compilation of essays by major leaders in the Zionist movement launched by Herzl 1943 (originally published in German in Vienna in 1896). Herzl is compulsory reading for those wishing to understand Jewish nationalism and the foundation of the modern state of Israel.
  254.  
  255. Angrist, Michele Penner, ed. Politics and Society in the Contemporary Middle East. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2010.
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  257. Introductory textbook containing chapters on the countries in the region and thematic discussions of various topics, including political economy, civil society, religion, and gender.
  258. Angrist, Michele Penner, ed. Politics and Society in the Contemporary Middle East. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2010.
  259. Find this resource:
  260. Dawisha, Adeed. Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.
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  262. A scholarly narrative providing an expert analytical historical study of the subject.
  263. Dawisha, Adeed. Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.
  264. Find this resource:
  265. Hertzberg, Arthur, ed. The Zionist Idea: A Historical Analysis and Reader. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1997.
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  267. Originally written in 1959, this anthology by major leaders in the Zionist movement provides an intellectual history thereof.
  268. Hertzberg, Arthur, ed. The Zionist Idea: A Historical Analysis and Reader. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1997.
  269. Find this resource:
  270. Herzl, Theodor. The Jewish State: An Attempt at a Modern Solution of the Jewish Question. New York: Scopus, 1943.
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  272. An English translation of the classic work published in German in 1896 by the founder of political Zionism, calling for the establishment of a homeland for the Jewish people in Palestine.
  273. Herzl, Theodor. The Jewish State: An Attempt at a Modern Solution of the Jewish Question. New York: Scopus, 1943.
  274. Find this resource:
  275. Lewis, Bernard. From Babel to Dragomans: Interpreting the Middle East. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  276. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  277. Diverse collection of writings on the religion and politics of the region by one of its most eminent scholars.
  278. Lewis, Bernard. From Babel to Dragomans: Interpreting the Middle East. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  279. Find this resource:
  280. Long, David E., Bernard Reich, and Mark Gasiorowski, eds. The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa. 6th ed. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2011.
  281. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  282. Written by area and country specialists, this study provides authoritative and up-to-date overviews of each country in the region, addressing their history, social and economic conditions, internal politics, and foreign policy.
  283. Long, David E., Bernard Reich, and Mark Gasiorowski, eds. The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa. 6th ed. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2011.
  284. Find this resource:
  285. Milton-Edwards, Beverley. Contemporary Politics in the Middle East. 3d ed. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2011.
  286. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  287. Thematically arranged basic overview covering, among other things, topics such as nationalism, political economy, democratization, demography, women, and Islam.
  288. Milton-Edwards, Beverley. Contemporary Politics in the Middle East. 3d ed. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2011.
  289. Find this resource:
  290. Roskin, Michael G., and James J. Coyle. Politics of the Middle East: Cultures and Conflicts. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2008.
  291. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  292. An examination of the region’s history, geography, cultures, and religions as background for its current conflicts.
  293. Roskin, Michael G., and James J. Coyle. Politics of the Middle East: Cultures and Conflicts. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2008.
  294. Find this resource:
  295. International Relations
  296.  
  297. The international relations of the Middle East are as diverse as the countries within the region. General works on this topic include Halliday 2008 and Fawcett 2009, both of which address specific underlying themes such as political and religious influences and political economy. Brown 2004 focuses on the “diplomatic cultures” of each of the countries in the area. The impact of mandatory power Great Britain is analyzed in Monroe 1963, and Enteshami 2007 assays the role globalization has played. Two major participants in the foreign relations of the area are the Arab League and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Established in 1945, the former, also known as the League of Arab States (whose members are not all located in the Middle East) is an organization comprising twenty-two Arab states whose main goal is to “draw closer the relations between member States and co-ordinate their political activities with the aim of realizing a close collaboration between them, to safeguard their independence and sovereignty, and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries” (Article 2). MacDonald 1965 is the leading work on it. The GCC, comprising Arab nations in the Arabian Peninsula, is an influential sub-regional group. Peterson 1988 and Sandwick 1987 have written and compiled two noteworthy books on its structure and objectives.
  298.  
  299. Brown, L. Carl, ed. Diplomacy in the Middle East: The International Relations of Regional and Outside Powers. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2004.
  300. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  301. An examination of how the distinctive diplomatic cultures of Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey were shaped by their history, geography, and sociology as reflected in their foreign policies, along with assessments of US, British, French, and Russian involvement in the region.
  302. Brown, L. Carl, ed. Diplomacy in the Middle East: The International Relations of Regional and Outside Powers. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2004.
  303. Find this resource:
  304. Enteshami, Anoushiravan. Globalization and Geopolitics in the Middle East: Old Games, New Rules. London: Routledge, 2007.
  305. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  306. Explores the effects of globalization in the area in the context of the geopolitical forces that have shaped it. Also discusses the multi-faceted set of challenges countries in the region have had integrating into the global system.
  307. Enteshami, Anoushiravan. Globalization and Geopolitics in the Middle East: Old Games, New Rules. London: Routledge, 2007.
  308. Find this resource:
  309. Fawcett, Louise, ed. International Relations of the Middle East. 2d ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
  310. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  311. An eclectic introduction covering the history of the region in the context of major global political developments, selected topics such as political reform and the role of Islam, and key issues and actors.
  312. Fawcett, Louise, ed. International Relations of the Middle East. 2d ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
  313. Find this resource:
  314. Halliday, Fred. The Middle East in International Relations: Power, Politics and Ideology. 2d ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  315. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  316. Historical introduction to the foreign relations of the region and analysis of selected contemporary issues such as military conflict, political and religious ideology, transnational movements, and international political economy.
  317. Halliday, Fred. The Middle East in International Relations: Power, Politics and Ideology. 2d ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  318. Find this resource:
  319. MacDonald, Robert W. The League of Arab States: A Study in the Dynamics of Regional Organization. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965.
  320. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  321. A meticulous examination and analysis of the Arab League’s structure and operations through 1964, hailing its potential as a force for modernization in the Arab world.
  322. MacDonald, Robert W. The League of Arab States: A Study in the Dynamics of Regional Organization. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965.
  323. Find this resource:
  324. Monroe, Elizabeth. Britain’s Moment in the Middle East, 1914–1956. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1963.
  325. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  326. Traces the evolution of the British role in the area from a position of predominance after World War I to its decline after World War II.
  327. Monroe, Elizabeth. Britain’s Moment in the Middle East, 1914–1956. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1963.
  328. Find this resource:
  329. Peterson, Erik R. The Gulf Cooperation Council: Search for Unity in a Dynamic Region. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1988.
  330. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  331. One of the earliest works dealing with the structure, problems, and prospects of this important regional organization in the Persian Gulf.
  332. Peterson, Erik R. The Gulf Cooperation Council: Search for Unity in a Dynamic Region. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1988.
  333. Find this resource:
  334. Sandwick, John, ed. The Gulf Cooperation Council: Moderation and Stability in an Interdependent World. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1987.
  335. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  336. Depicting the Gulf Cooperation Council as a model of development and unity in the area and in interstate cooperation, this study examines the reasons behind this and the organization’s role in maintaining regional stability.
  337. Sandwick, John, ed. The Gulf Cooperation Council: Moderation and Stability in an Interdependent World. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1987.
  338. Find this resource:
  339. Non-Print Media
  340.  
  341. Columbia University’s Gulf 2000 is an authoritative website exclusively devoted to the Gulf.
  342.  
  343. Gulf 2000.
  344. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  345. Based at Columbia University, this omnibus site provides an authoritative compendium of information on Iran and the Arab states of the Arabian Peninsula and the Persian Gulf, including their history, geography, politics, economics, and military. One of the best sources on this turbulent region, which functions as a strategic crossroads with the world’s greatest reserves of oil and natural gas.
  346. Gulf 2000.
  347. Find this resource:
  348. Arab-Israeli Conflict
  349.  
  350. This conflict, focusing on the area comprising Israel, Jordan, the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank (often referred to as Palestine), has preoccupied the world’s greater and lesser powers, as well as the United Nations and other international and regional organizations, since World War II. More has probably been written about the Arab-Israeli conflict than any other in the world. There is an embarrassment of riches to choose from. On a topic as controversial as this, the works cited here attempt to strike a balance between opposing views. Smith 2010 and Tessler 2009 are standard textbooks noted for their detailed and well-documented analysis. The former offers a more concise treatment, while, at over a hundred pages, the latter is meticulously detailed, as is the compilation Moore 1975. A contemporary collection of relevant essays is Matthews 2011, which provides current perspective. Three supplementary reference volumes are useful accompaniments: Reich, et al. 1996, Kumaraswamy 2009, and Gilbert 2008. See also Palestinians.
  351.  
  352. Gilbert, Martin. The Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. 9th ed. London: Routledge, 2008.
  353. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  354. A cartographic exposition by a leading British historian tracing the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict from the turn of the 20th century to the early 21st century.
  355. Gilbert, Martin. The Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. 9th ed. London: Routledge, 2008.
  356. Find this resource:
  357. Kumaraswamy, P. R. The A to Z of the Arab-Israel Conflict. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2009.
  358. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  359. Dictionary-style reference that serves as a good companion volume for studying the conflict.
  360. Kumaraswamy, P. R. The A to Z of the Arab-Israel Conflict. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2009.
  361. Find this resource:
  362. Matthews, Elizabeth, ed. The Israel-Palestine Conflict: Parallel Discourses. New York: Routledge, 2011.
  363. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  364. A combination of Israeli and Palestinian viewpoints on a number of key issues and topics, indicating convergent and divergent perspectives. Topics covered include water, refugees, borders, territory, and settlements. Themes discussed include democracy, human rights, peace culture, and education.
  365. Matthews, Elizabeth, ed. The Israel-Palestine Conflict: Parallel Discourses. New York: Routledge, 2011.
  366. Find this resource:
  367. Moore, John Norton, ed. The Arab-Israeli Conflict. 3 vols. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975.
  368. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  369. Selected readings and documents relating to the Arab-Israeli conflict and international law. A balanced and authoritative compilation, it remains a fundamental research tool for anyone interested in the conflict from a legal perspective.
  370. Moore, John Norton, ed. The Arab-Israeli Conflict. 3 vols. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975.
  371. Find this resource:
  372. Reich, Bernard, et al., eds. An Historical Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1996.
  373. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  374. A comprehensive reference source covering all aspects of the conflict, containing detailed information current until the time of publication.
  375. Reich, Bernard, et al., eds. An Historical Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1996.
  376. Find this resource:
  377. Smith, Charles D. Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A History with Documents. 7th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2010.
  378. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  379. An introductory textbook on the conflict providing both historical and political analysis; the narrative is supplemented by excerpts from primary sources.
  380. Smith, Charles D. Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A History with Documents. 7th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2010.
  381. Find this resource:
  382. Tessler, Mark A. A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009.
  383. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  384. A detailed historical and political assessment of the conflict, notable for its even-handed treatment of the subject.
  385. Tessler, Mark A. A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009.
  386. Find this resource:
  387. Journals
  388.  
  389. The Journal of Palestine Studies is the leading journal reflecting the Palestinian viewpoint.
  390.  
  391. Journal of Palestine Studies.
  392. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  393. A quarterly journal on Palestinian affairs and the Arab-Israeli conflict published by the Institute for Palestine Studies since 1971. It is one of the preeminent English-language publications devoted to these topics. Despite its partisanship, it is an extremely useful source, especially its documents section.
  394. Journal of Palestine Studies.
  395. Find this resource:
  396. Palestinians
  397.  
  398. The Palestinian Arabs, who traditionally resided in what (as of the 21st century) is Israel, Jordan, the West Bank, and Gaza Strip, were awarded a state by the United Nations in 1947, but they failed to declare independence. The resulting Arab-Israeli conflict has continued ever since. See Hadawi 1990 for a history. The literature on Palestinian political ambitions is legion. There are far more descriptions and explanations from Israeli authors than from Palestinians. See Porath 1974 and Porath 1977 for examples, sources, and supporters of Palestinians. The interested reader might want to begin with Muslih 1988, Khalidi 2006, and Khalidi 2010 before digging into more specific areas covered in Jamal 2005. Hart 1989, a biography of Palestinian leader Yasir Arafat, is one of the best. See also Arab-Israeli Conflict.
  399.  
  400. Hadawi, Sami. Bitter Harvest: A Modern History of Palestine. Rev. ed. New York: Olive Branch Press, 1990.
  401. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  402. An analysis of the people of ancient Palestine through the years of British colonization along with an examination of the Jewish community and Zionism and the socioeconomic competition between the two communities.
  403. Hadawi, Sami. Bitter Harvest: A Modern History of Palestine. Rev. ed. New York: Olive Branch Press, 1990.
  404. Find this resource:
  405. Hart, Alan. Arafat: A Political Biography. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989.
  406. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  407. A semi-authorized biography of Yasir Arafat, leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from 1959 to 2004.
  408. Hart, Alan. Arafat: A Political Biography. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989.
  409. Find this resource:
  410. Jamal, Amal. The Palestinian National Movement: Politics of Contention, 1967–2005. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005.
  411. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  412. An examination of the internal dynamics of the Palestinian political elite and its impact on the attempt to create an independent Palestinian state.
  413. Jamal, Amal. The Palestinian National Movement: Politics of Contention, 1967–2005. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005.
  414. Find this resource:
  415. Khalidi, Rashid. The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood. Boston: Beacon, 2006.
  416. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  417. A history of Palestinian efforts to create a state, beginning in the mandate period through World War II, the establishment of Israel, and beyond.
  418. Khalidi, Rashid. The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood. Boston: Beacon, 2006.
  419. Find this resource:
  420. Khalidi, Rashid. Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.
  421. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  422. A study of the emergence of Palestinian nationalism early in the 20th century, exploring the cultural beginnings of Palestinian identity, which precedes its competitive presence with Zionism.
  423. Khalidi, Rashid. Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.
  424. Find this resource:
  425. Muslih, Muhammad Y. The Origins of Palestinian Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.
  426. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  427. An analysis of the institutional framework of Palestinian politics from 1856 to December 1920. The details of the ideologies of Ottomanism and Arab nationalism are presented in the ways they connected to Palestine.
  428. Muslih, Muhammad Y. The Origins of Palestinian Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.
  429. Find this resource:
  430. Porath, Yehoshua. The Emergence of the Palestinian Arab National Movement, 1918–1929. London: Frank Cass, 1974.
  431. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  432. A description of the two broadest-based Arab political groups, the Muslim-Christian Association and the Arab Executive Committee, that took the lead in the early 1930s attempting to create a unified Palestinian political movement in opposition to the Zionist presence.
  433. Porath, Yehoshua. The Emergence of the Palestinian Arab National Movement, 1918–1929. London: Frank Cass, 1974.
  434. Find this resource:
  435. Porath, Yehoshua. The Palestinian Arab National Movement, 1929–1939: From Riots to Rebellion. London: Frank Cass, 1977.
  436. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  437. A documented history of the Palestinian nationalist movement from the 1929 Jerusalem riots to the 1936–1939 strike and rebellion. Describes the events that led to the violence and the 1939 London conference where Great Britain granted a number of concessions to the Arabs.
  438. Porath, Yehoshua. The Palestinian Arab National Movement, 1929–1939: From Riots to Rebellion. London: Frank Cass, 1977.
  439. Find this resource:
  440. Non-Print Media
  441.  
  442. The website Palestinian Authority can be consulted for ongoing developments.
  443.  
  444. Palestinian Authority.
  445. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  446. The official website of the Palestinian Authority.
  447. Palestinian Authority.
  448. Find this resource:
  449. The Cold War
  450.  
  451. The Middle East was the first area of superpower rivalry and competition in the conflict that began as World War II was ending. Almost contemporaneous with the post–World War II recognition of the Middle East as a region came the clash of the superpowers for mastery over it. As the role of the traditional powers (Spain, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Britain, and France) declined, two new players emerged with even greater roles to play than their predecessors: the Soviet Union and the United States. This clash, in various forms, began soon after the end of the war. The original confrontation took place with Soviet and Communist efforts in Greece, Turkey, and Iran. For the United States, the response took the form of various anti-Soviet policy doctrines and actions that focused on the region or parts of it, including the Truman, Eisenhower, Nixon, and Carter doctrines. Numerous books have been written about this era. Intervention by the two superpowers in the region is covered by Efrat and Bercovitch 1991, Marantz and Steinberg 1985, and Mangold 1978. Campbell 1960 is a discussion of the evolution of US defense policy in the region and provides a foundation for Khalidi 2009, a book on what the author characterizes as US dominance in the area. In his book, Kerr 1971, Kerr demonstrates how the Cold War played itself out within the Arab world, as does Laqueur, who considers the influence of Communist and nationalist movements in his book Laqueur 1957. Marr and Lewis 1993 discusses regional stability in the aftermath of the Cold War.
  452.  
  453. Campbell, John C. Defense of the Middle East: Problems of American Policy. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1960.
  454. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  455. A classic work that discusses the background and development of US defense policy for the region at the beginning of the Cold War, and the ensuing political, economic, and military problems.
  456. Campbell, John C. Defense of the Middle East: Problems of American Policy. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1960.
  457. Find this resource:
  458. Efrat, Moshe, and Jacob Bercovitch, eds. Superpowers and Client States in the Middle East: The Imbalance of Influence. London: Routledge, 1991.
  459. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  460. Using the Soviet Union’s and United States’ relationships with their respective “client states,” Syria and Israel, as case studies, this study examines the rivalry between the superpowers in the region.
  461. Efrat, Moshe, and Jacob Bercovitch, eds. Superpowers and Client States in the Middle East: The Imbalance of Influence. London: Routledge, 1991.
  462. Find this resource:
  463. Kerr, Malcolm H. The Arab Cold War: Gamal ‘Abd al-Nasir and His Rivals, 1958–1970. 3d ed. London: Oxford University Press, 1971.
  464. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  465. This edition, which updates the previous two published in 1965 and 1967, is an examination of Egyptian and intra-Arab politics in the context of a series of significant events that occurred during the period Gamal ‘Abd al-Nasir was in power.
  466. Kerr, Malcolm H. The Arab Cold War: Gamal ‘Abd al-Nasir and His Rivals, 1958–1970. 3d ed. London: Oxford University Press, 1971.
  467. Find this resource:
  468. Khalidi, Rashid. Sowing Crisis: The Cold War and American Dominance in the Middle East. Boston: Beacon, 2009.
  469. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  470. An examination and critique of US policy during the Cold War and its effects on the region.
  471. Khalidi, Rashid. Sowing Crisis: The Cold War and American Dominance in the Middle East. Boston: Beacon, 2009.
  472. Find this resource:
  473. Laqueur, Walter Z. Communism and Nationalism in the Middle East. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1957.
  474. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  475. A pioneering work tracing the history of extremist groups and nationalist movements of all the major countries in the area since World War II.
  476. Laqueur, Walter Z. Communism and Nationalism in the Middle East. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1957.
  477. Find this resource:
  478. Mangold, Peter. Superpower Intervention in the Middle East. New York: St. Martin’s, 1978.
  479. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  480. Focusing on military aspects, examines how the US and Soviet Union forged their Mideast policies.
  481. Mangold, Peter. Superpower Intervention in the Middle East. New York: St. Martin’s, 1978.
  482. Find this resource:
  483. Marantz, Paul, and Blema S. Steinberg, eds. Superpower Involvement in the Middle East: Dynamics of Foreign Policy. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1985.
  484. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  485. A study of Soviet and American foreign policies in the area during the Cold War, emphasizing how perceptions guided the countries’ actions.
  486. Marantz, Paul, and Blema S. Steinberg, eds. Superpower Involvement in the Middle East: Dynamics of Foreign Policy. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1985.
  487. Find this resource:
  488. Marr, Phebe, and William Hubert Lewis, eds. Riding the Tiger: The Middle East Challenge after the Cold War. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1993.
  489. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  490. Essays offering non-traditional perspectives on the underlying forces behind interstate conflict; Western dependence on Middle East oil; the regional arms race; competition for scarce resources; ethnic, sectarian, and ideological rivalries; Islamization; and democratization.
  491. Marr, Phebe, and William Hubert Lewis, eds. Riding the Tiger: The Middle East Challenge after the Cold War. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1993.
  492. Find this resource:
  493. Non-Print Media
  494.  
  495. For general information on the Cold War era, see Cold War Studies at Harvard University.
  496.  
  497. Cold War Studies at Harvard University.
  498. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  499. A research center that archives a generous amount of material dealing with the Middle East during this period.
  500. Cold War Studies at Harvard University.
  501. Find this resource:
  502. “Arab Spring”
  503.  
  504. The popular uprisings beginning in Tunisia in 2010 and extending into Egypt, Libya, Yemen, Syria, and Bahrain in 2011 and 2012 signaled a serious turn of events in the Arab world. The “Arab Spring” saw the Arab world ostensibly moving away from centralized autocratic control to a more democratic governing orientation. A general understanding of the contemporary and ongoing events can be culled from Filiu 2011, Gelven 2012, Lynch 2012, and Noueihed and Warren 2012. Al Aswany 2011 and Korany and El-Mahdi 2012 focus on Egypt. Bradley 2012 emphasizes the role of Islam, and Dabashi 2012 has a strong leftist ideological bent in the author’s interpretation. Mirak-Weissbach 2012 presents an interesting cognitive psychological framework in which the author examines the persona of the involved elites.
  505.  
  506. Al Aswany, Alaa. On the State of Egypt: What Made the Revolution Inevitable. New York: Vintage, 2011.
  507. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  508. A chronicle of Egyptian society with an analysis of the pressing issues facing its population: economic stagnation, police brutality, poverty, sexual harassment, and persecution of religious minorities, all of which led to the overthrow of the Mubarak regime. The author argues that the revolution in Egypt was inevitable and explains why.
  509. Al Aswany, Alaa. On the State of Egypt: What Made the Revolution Inevitable. New York: Vintage, 2011.
  510. Find this resource:
  511. Bradley, John R. After the Arab Spring: How Islamists Hijacked The Middle East Revolts. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
  512. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  513. Saudi-funded Wahhabi ideology, inter-tribal rivalries, and Sunni-Shiʿa divisions have fueled the popular revolutions in Tunisia, Egypt, Syria, Yemen, Libya, and Bahrain. The liberal, progressive forces that first appeared in these popular movements have been overtaken by the slogans of well-organized radical Islamists.
  514. Bradley, John R. After the Arab Spring: How Islamists Hijacked The Middle East Revolts. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
  515. Find this resource:
  516. Dabashi, Hamid. The Arab Spring: The End of Postcolonialism. London: Zed, 2012.
  517. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  518. Argues that the revolutionary uprisings across North Africa were brought about by a “Delayed Defiance,” a source of rebellion against domestic tyranny and globalized disempowerment. The Arab Spring, it is argued, has changed the geopolitics of the region.
  519. Dabashi, Hamid. The Arab Spring: The End of Postcolonialism. London: Zed, 2012.
  520. Find this resource:
  521. Filiu, Jean-Pierre. The Arab Revolution: Ten Lessons from the Democratic Uprising. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  522. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  523. An interpretive account of the popular upheavals of government in the Arab world in the spring of 2011.
  524. Filiu, Jean-Pierre. The Arab Revolution: Ten Lessons from the Democratic Uprising. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  525. Find this resource:
  526. Gelvin, James L. The Arab Uprisings: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
  527. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  528. The origin, development, and current status of the uprisings in the Arab world during 2010 and 2011. Subjects include the causes, the role of social media, the role of US foreign policy, and the uprisings’ impact on the United States.
  529. Gelvin, James L. The Arab Uprisings: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
  530. Find this resource:
  531. Korany, Bahgat, and Rabab El-Mahdi. Arab Spring in Egypt: Revolution and Beyond. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2012.
  532. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  533. Inspired by the “contentious politics” school and Social Movement theory, the authors examine the collapse of the authoritarian Egyptian regime in February 2011. They analyze the group dynamics of the various activist factions (labor, youth, Islamists, and women) in Tahrir Square.
  534. Korany, Bahgat, and Rabab El-Mahdi. Arab Spring in Egypt: Revolution and Beyond. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2012.
  535. Find this resource:
  536. Lynch, Marc. The Arab Uprising: The Unfinished Revolutions of the New Middle East. New York: Public Affairs, 2012.
  537. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  538. An examination of the current political convulsions in the area.
  539. Lynch, Marc. The Arab Uprising: The Unfinished Revolutions of the New Middle East. New York: Public Affairs, 2012.
  540. Find this resource:
  541. Mirak-Weissbach, Muriel. Madmen at the Helm: Pathology and Politics in the Arab Spring. London: Ithaca, 2012.
  542. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  543. A personality profile of what the author sees as a disorder of narcissism accompanied by the syndromes of paranoia, hysteria, and sociopathy by five leaders: Mubarak, Qaddafi, Ben Ali, Saleh, and Asad. The collective deposing of Arab leaders is viewed from a clinical psychological perspective.
  544. Mirak-Weissbach, Muriel. Madmen at the Helm: Pathology and Politics in the Arab Spring. London: Ithaca, 2012.
  545. Find this resource:
  546. Noueihed, Lin, and Alex Warren. The Battle for the Arab Spring: Revolution, Counter-Revolution and the Making of a New Era. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012.
  547. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  548. An explanation is provided for the economic and political roots of the Arab Spring and the obstacles that endanger the stability of each country.
  549. Noueihed, Lin, and Alex Warren. The Battle for the Arab Spring: Revolution, Counter-Revolution and the Making of a New Era. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012.
  550. Find this resource:
  551. Economics
  552.  
  553. The countries of the Middle East vary widely in their natural resource endowments, from states rich in oil and natural gas to those almost totally bereft of natural resources. They run the gamut from being some of the richest to some of the poorest countries in the world with economic systems ranging from capitalism to various forms of socialism and communism. Understanding the political economy of countries in the Middle East and their economic development is vital to an understanding of the region. Noland and Pack 2007 takes a regional perspective in its exposé on how the transitional economies of states in the area can adapt to the pressures of globalization, a topic Moore and Springborg 2010 tackles by linking economic development to democratization. Richards and Waterbury 2008 is concerned with the confluence of socioeconomic factors and politics as they relate to economic development. Rivlin 2009 indicts current governments in the area for their political conservatism, an approach the author insists stifles economic growth. Pelzman 2011 scrutinizes the economies of states in the area through a multi-faceted economic lens.
  554.  
  555. Moore, Clement Henry, and Robert Springborg. Globalization and the Politics of Development in the Middle East. 2d ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  556. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  557. A critical assessment of the economic development of countries in the region is presented in the face of the pressures of globalization and Islamization.
  558. Moore, Clement Henry, and Robert Springborg. Globalization and the Politics of Development in the Middle East. 2d ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  559. Find this resource:
  560. Noland, Marcus, and Howard Pack. The Arab Economies in a Changing World. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2007.
  561. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  562. Political-economic analysis of Arab countries’ economic performance. Discusses how they can better adapt to the challenges of globalization.
  563. Noland, Marcus, and Howard Pack. The Arab Economies in a Changing World. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2007.
  564. Find this resource:
  565. Pelzman, Joseph. Economics of the Middle East and North Africa. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific, 2011.
  566. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  567. Uses various analytical tools drawn from trade, labor, finance, and development literature to critically analyze the economic policies of countries in the region.
  568. Pelzman, Joseph. Economics of the Middle East and North Africa. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific, 2011.
  569. Find this resource:
  570. Richards, Alan, and John Waterbury. A Political Economy of the Middle East. 3d ed. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2008.
  571. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  572. Focusing on issues related to economic development, the authors present an analytic study of the region interweaving socioeconomic and political issues.
  573. Richards, Alan, and John Waterbury. A Political Economy of the Middle East. 3d ed. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2008.
  574. Find this resource:
  575. Rivlin, Paul. Arab Economies in the Twenty-first Century. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  576. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511801983Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  577. Arguing that the Arab world has squandered opportunities, Rivlin inveighs against the political conservatism of Arab regimes fortified by their oil wealth, which he views as an obstruction to the region’s economic progress and prosperity.
  578. Rivlin, Paul. Arab Economies in the Twenty-first Century. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  579. Find this resource:
  580. The Countries of the Middle East
  581.  
  582. The Middle East is a region of great diversity in many respects. As discussed in the Introduction, the countries that fall within its geographic scope are subject to a number of definitions. This section focuses on the individual countries in the region here defined as the Middle East: Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, The Gulf States (Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates), Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, and Yemen.
  583.  
  584. Egypt
  585.  
  586. Egypt is one of the world’s oldest known civilizations. The country was invaded by French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798, and its evolution has been a mixture of regime changes, military upheaval, and British colonial occupation. Napoleon called it “the most important country” because of its strategic placement. Gamal Abdel Nasser (Nasser 1959), a leader of the revolution that ousted the monarchy and inaugurated the republic, noted that Egypt was at the center of three circles: African, Arab, and Islamic. With the largest Arab population, Egypt has been a leader of the Arab world since the 1952 revolution, playing a dominant role in the Middle East and Africa as well as in the non-aligned world. The social class system is epitomized by Ayrout 1963. Tignor 2010 provides an overall history. The evolutionary political development of Egypt is described in Berque 1972 and Shamir 1995. The contemporary period, starting with the 1952 Free Officers’ coup and the rise of Abdel Nasser, is discussed in Jankowski 2001. Nasser was succeeded by Al-Sadat 1978, a memoir that is an important contribution along with Haykal 1983, whose author saw things first hand. The discredited government under Mubarak is covered in Springborg 1989.
  587.  
  588. Al-Sadat, Anwar. In Search of Identity: Autobiography. New York: Harper and Row, 1978.
  589. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  590. The personal story of the Egyptian president from 1918 to three years before his assassination.
  591. Al-Sadat, Anwar. In Search of Identity: Autobiography. New York: Harper and Row, 1978.
  592. Find this resource:
  593. Ayrout, Henry A. The Egyptian Peasant. Boston: Beacon, 1963.
  594. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  595. This remains the classic work on the fellahin of Egypt.
  596. Ayrout, Henry A. The Egyptian Peasant. Boston: Beacon, 1963.
  597. Find this resource:
  598. Berque, Jacques. Egypt: Imperialism and Revolution. Translated by Jean Stewart. London: Faber, 1972.
  599. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  600. A history of Egypt from 1919 to 1952.
  601. Berque, Jacques. Egypt: Imperialism and Revolution. Translated by Jean Stewart. London: Faber, 1972.
  602. Find this resource:
  603. Haykal, Muhammad Hasanayn. Autumn of Fury: The Assassination of Sadat. New York: Random House, 1983.
  604. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  605. A discussion of Egyptian politics and government from 1970 to 1981 and the events surrounding Sadat’s assassination in 1981.
  606. Haykal, Muhammad Hasanayn. Autumn of Fury: The Assassination of Sadat. New York: Random House, 1983.
  607. Find this resource:
  608. Jankowski, James P. Nasser’s Egypt, Arab Nationalism, and the United Arab Republic. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2001.
  609. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  610. An examination of the formation and execution of state policy toward the Arab world from the revolution in 1952 by the Free Officers corps until September 1961 when Syria seceded from the United Arab Republic (UAR).
  611. Jankowski, James P. Nasser’s Egypt, Arab Nationalism, and the United Arab Republic. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2001.
  612. Find this resource:
  613. Nasser, Gamal Abdel. A Philosophy of the Revolution. Buffalo, NY: Economica, 1959.
  614. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  615. Nasser’s political philosophy that has been central to Egypt’s Arab and regional role since the revolution of 1952.
  616. Nasser, Gamal Abdel. A Philosophy of the Revolution. Buffalo, NY: Economica, 1959.
  617. Find this resource:
  618. Shamir, Shimon, ed. Egypt from Monarchy to Republic: A Reassessment of Revolution and Change. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1995.
  619. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  620. An examination of the extent to which Nasser’s 1952 coup d’etat brought about significant changes to the basic social, political, and cultural structures in Egypt.
  621. Shamir, Shimon, ed. Egypt from Monarchy to Republic: A Reassessment of Revolution and Change. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1995.
  622. Find this resource:
  623. Springborg, Robert. Mubarak’s Egypt: Fragmentation of the Political Order. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1989.
  624. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  625. A discussion of the authoritarian measures put into place by Hosni Mubarak.
  626. Springborg, Robert. Mubarak’s Egypt: Fragmentation of the Political Order. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1989.
  627. Find this resource:
  628. Tignor, Robert L. Egypt: A Short History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010.
  629. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  630. An historical survey dating from pre-dynastic times to the present. Egyptian political, economic, and religious history is presented with broad contours. Argues that the ruling elites in modern Egypt have used religion in the service of the state.
  631. Tignor, Robert L. Egypt: A Short History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010.
  632. Find this resource:
  633. Iran
  634.  
  635. The modern manifestation of the ancient Persian Empire, Iran is a major player in the changing regional dynamics of the Middle East. The history of modern Iran, covered in Ansari 2010 and Fisher, et al. 1968–1991, begins with the post–World War I emergence of the Pahlavi dynasty, discussed in Afkhami 2009. The country was altered dramatically by the 1979 revolution, with its multiple dimensions and impact on both regional and international dynamics, as discussed in Keddie and Richard 2003, Keddie and Mathee 2002, and Ehteshami and Molavi 2012. Abrahamian 2008 emphasizes economic and political factors. Ramazani 1966 and Ramazani 1975 discuss Iran’s international relations from 1500 to 1973.
  636.  
  637. Abrahamian, Ervand. A History of Modern Iran. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  638. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511984402Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  639. A history of Iran through the 20th century, beginning with the Qajar dynasty, covering the discovery of oil, imperial interventions, the Pahlavi dynasty, and the 1979 Islamic revolution that brought in the Islamic Republic.
  640. Abrahamian, Ervand. A History of Modern Iran. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  641. Find this resource:
  642. Afkhami, Gholam Reza. The Life and Times of the Shah. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009.
  643. DOI: 10.1525/california/9780520253285.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  644. A comprehensive and thorough biography of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi.
  645. Afkhami, Gholam Reza. The Life and Times of the Shah. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009.
  646. Find this resource:
  647. Ansari, Ali M., ed. Politics of Modern Iran. 4 vols. London: Routledge, 2010.
  648. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  649. A collection of scholarly articles on the political struggle in Iran between traditionalists and modernists. Other issues covered include Iran’s hostility toward Israel and the development of nuclear power.
  650. Ansari, Ali M., ed. Politics of Modern Iran. 4 vols. London: Routledge, 2010.
  651. Find this resource:
  652. Ehteshami, Anoushiravan, and Reza Molavi, eds. Iran and the International System. New York: Routledge, 2012.
  653. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  654. Iranian academicians challenge the general Western impression that Iran is an ideological threat to the Middle East. Issues covered are the rationale of Iran’s Islamic constitution and international interests including energy, relations with the West, and world order.
  655. Ehteshami, Anoushiravan, and Reza Molavi, eds. Iran and the International System. New York: Routledge, 2012.
  656. Find this resource:
  657. Fisher, W. B., Ilya Gershevitch, Eshan Yarsater, et al., eds. Cambridge History of Iran. 7 vols. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1968–1991.
  658. DOI: 10.1017/CHOL9780521069359Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  659. A panoramic survey of the country from ancient Persia to the formation of the Islamic Republic. Contributors are all well-known experts on their topics.
  660. Fisher, W. B., Ilya Gershevitch, Eshan Yarsater, et al., eds. Cambridge History of Iran. 7 vols. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1968–1991.
  661. Find this resource:
  662. Keddie, Nikki R., and Rudi Mathee, eds. Iran and the Surrounding World: Interactions in Culture and Cultural Politics. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002.
  663. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  664. The interrelationship of culture and politics is related to ties with Iran’s neighboring states. A wide range of topics includes Persian travel literature, the women’s movement, Iranian nationalism, and education.
  665. Keddie, Nikki R., and Rudi Mathee, eds. Iran and the Surrounding World: Interactions in Culture and Cultural Politics. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002.
  666. Find this resource:
  667. Keddie, Nikki R., with Yann Richard. Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003.
  668. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  669. A comprehensive account of the modern history of Iran. Traces political, diplomatic, social, economic, and theological and intellectual forces that have formed the basis of modern Iran from the reign of the Qajar family to the present.
  670. Keddie, Nikki R., with Yann Richard. Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003.
  671. Find this resource:
  672. Ramazani, Rouhollah K. The Foreign Policy of Iran: A Developing Nation in World Affairs, 1500–1941. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1966.
  673. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  674. A definitive, well-documented work on Iran’s foreign policy. See also Ramazani 1975.
  675. Ramazani, Rouhollah K. The Foreign Policy of Iran: A Developing Nation in World Affairs, 1500–1941. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1966.
  676. Find this resource:
  677. Ramazani, Rouhollah K. Iran’s Foreign Policy, 1941–1973: A Study of Foreign Policy in Modernizing Nations. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1975.
  678. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  679. Continuation of Ramazani 1966, covering 1941–1973.
  680. Ramazani, Rouhollah K. Iran’s Foreign Policy, 1941–1973: A Study of Foreign Policy in Modernizing Nations. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1975.
  681. Find this resource:
  682. Iraq
  683.  
  684. Where Iraq is located today was formerly ancient Babylon and Mesopotamia, which is covered in Abdullah 2003, with Tripp 2000 and Dawisha 2009 offering a more modern emphasis. The modern state of Iraq was created in the wake of World War I and the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire. It is at the heart of the Fertile Crescent and the center for the rise of Islamic civilization under the Abbasid dynasty. Generally recognized as a starting point for understanding contemporary Iraq is Batatu 1978. On the modern history of Iraq, see Marr 2011. Original source material on modern Iraqi politics is found in Auerswald 2009. To get some background on modern Iraqi politics one should refer to Khadduri 1969 and Baram 1991. Research on Iraq can be made easier by perusing Bleaney and Roper 2004.
  685.  
  686. Abdullah, Thabit A. J. A Short History of Iraq: From 636 to the Present. London: Pearson Longman, 2003.
  687. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  688. An historical treatment of Iraq during the 20th century when Iraq was transformed from a backward region of the Ottoman Empire to a dynamic state in the Middle East. There is an emphasis on social development, nation-building processes, and political opposition.
  689. Abdullah, Thabit A. J. A Short History of Iraq: From 636 to the Present. London: Pearson Longman, 2003.
  690. Find this resource:
  691. Auerswald, Philip, ed. Iraq, 1990–2006: A Diplomatic History Through Documents. 3 vols. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
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  693. Volume 1 covers the period from the Gulf War to 9/11. Volume 2 surveys the country’s history from 9/11 to just before the Iraq War. Volume 3 describes the formation of the Iraqi government in April 2006.
  694. Auerswald, Philip, ed. Iraq, 1990–2006: A Diplomatic History Through Documents. 3 vols. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  695. Find this resource:
  696. Baram, Amatzia. Culture, History and Ideology in the Formation of Ba’thist Iraq, 1968–1989. New York: St. Martin’s, 1991.
  697. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  698. Explains how the Baathist regime countered the reception of its severe repression with the initiation of economic incentives and its official interpretation of Iraqi culture, all in an attempt to control the population.
  699. Baram, Amatzia. Culture, History and Ideology in the Formation of Ba’thist Iraq, 1968–1989. New York: St. Martin’s, 1991.
  700. Find this resource:
  701. Batatu, Hanna. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq’s Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of Its Communists, Ba’athists and Free Officers. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978.
  702. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  703. A political and social history of Iraq that examines the political structures of the country, including details on the Communist Party and social institutions.
  704. Batatu, Hanna. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq’s Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of Its Communists, Ba’athists and Free Officers. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978.
  705. Find this resource:
  706. Bleaney, C. H., and G. J. Roper, eds. Iraq: A Bibliographic Guide. Boston: E. J. Brill, 2004.
  707. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  708. Name and subject indexes for more than 6,500 entries, largely focusing on history, economics, and politics.
  709. Bleaney, C. H., and G. J. Roper, eds. Iraq: A Bibliographic Guide. Boston: E. J. Brill, 2004.
  710. Find this resource:
  711. Dawisha, Adeed. Iraq: A Political History from Independence to Occupation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009.
  712. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  713. Iraq’s four decades of constitutional government, beginning in 1922, included many aspects of liberal democracy. It all ended in a sanguine revolution in 1958.
  714. Dawisha, Adeed. Iraq: A Political History from Independence to Occupation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009.
  715. Find this resource:
  716. Khadduri, Majid. Republican Iraq: A Study of Iraqi Politics Since the Revolution of 1958. New York: Oxford University Press, 1969.
  717. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  718. A preeminent Iraqi-born, American-trained scholar has penned the standard work on this period of Iraqi history.
  719. Khadduri, Majid. Republican Iraq: A Study of Iraqi Politics Since the Revolution of 1958. New York: Oxford University Press, 1969.
  720. Find this resource:
  721. Marr, Phebe. The Modern History of Iraq. 3d ed. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2011.
  722. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  723. A comprehensive examination of Iraq’s modern history. Analyzes Iraq’s political, social, and economic structures under various regimes.
  724. Marr, Phebe. The Modern History of Iraq. 3d ed. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2011.
  725. Find this resource:
  726. Tripp, Charles. A History of Iraq. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  727. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  728. A comprehensive history and examination of the means by which the Iraqi state consolidated its position throughout the region in the 20th century.
  729. Tripp, Charles. A History of Iraq. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  730. Find this resource:
  731. Israel
  732.  
  733. Israel is the world’s only Jewish state and is the birthplace of the Zionist movement. After its independence in 1948 it developed a democratic political system and a thriving economy while integrating a large and diverse immigrant population, fighting major wars, and dealing with numerous terrorist threats. For background see Reich 2012. For an historical record, Sachar 2007 provides an overall picture, along with Stern 2009. To appreciate Zionism and its contribution, the reader should consult Avineri 1981.
  734.  
  735. Avineri, Shlomo. The Making of Modern Zionism: The Intellectual Origins of the Jewish State. New York: Basic Books, 1981.
  736. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  737. A prominent Israeli political philosopher connects the origins of Zionism and its ideological development to the creation of Israel as a Jewish state.
  738. Avineri, Shlomo. The Making of Modern Zionism: The Intellectual Origins of the Jewish State. New York: Basic Books, 1981.
  739. Find this resource:
  740. Reich, Bernard. A Brief History of Israel. 3d ed. New York: Facts on File, 2012.
  741. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  742. An exploration of Israel from biblical times to the 21st century. Although most of the volume focuses on the history, politics, society, and foreign and security issues facing the state since it gained its independence, it also discusses the country’s economics and international relations, as well as the Arab-Israeli conflict.
  743. Reich, Bernard. A Brief History of Israel. 3d ed. New York: Facts on File, 2012.
  744. Find this resource:
  745. Sachar, Howard M. A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time. 3d ed. New York: Knopf, 2007.
  746. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  747. A monumental and definitive work first published in 1976, which covers Israeli history until the prime ministership of Ehud Barak.
  748. Sachar, Howard M. A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time. 3d ed. New York: Knopf, 2007.
  749. Find this resource:
  750. Stern, Leslie. The Making of Modern Israel, 1948–1967. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2009.
  751. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  752. A detailed and comprehensive analysis of Israel’s history from 1948 to 1967. The author deals with domestic struggles along with the continuous external threat from Israel’s Arab neighbors. A perceptive and candid analysis of the country’s leadership can also be found.
  753. Stern, Leslie. The Making of Modern Israel, 1948–1967. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2009.
  754. Find this resource:
  755. Journals
  756.  
  757. Israel Affairs and Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs are leading journals covering Israel.
  758.  
  759. Israel Affairs.
  760. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  761. An English-language scholarly journal devoted to the study of Israel in all its aspects. Published in London. Volume 1, number 1 appeared in Autumn 1994.
  762. Israel Affairs.
  763. Find this resource:
  764. Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs.
  765. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  766. The flagship publication of the Israel Council on Foreign Relations, which publishes articles on international relations and the proceedings of lectures presented at the council. Volume 1, number 1 appeared in 2006.
  767. Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs.
  768. Find this resource:
  769. Non-Print Media
  770.  
  771. The official websites of the Central Bureau of Statistics, The Knesset, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs are worth consulting.
  772.  
  773. Central Bureau of Statistics.
  774. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  775. An official government source for relevant data.
  776. Central Bureau of Statistics.
  777. Find this resource:
  778. The Knesset.
  779. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  780. The website of Israel’s parliament provides links to other government sites, political parties, and other institutions, as well as full documentation of Israel’s governmental activities since independence.
  781. The Knesset.
  782. Find this resource:
  783. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  784. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  785. Official website of the cabinet department responsible for Israeli foreign policy.
  786. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  787. Find this resource:
  788. Jordan
  789.  
  790. An artificial creation by the British engineered to assuage Arab demands for national self-government, Trans-Jordan was separated from the Palestine mandate in 1922 and governed continuously by the Hashemite dynasty, aptly described in Wilson 1987. The early history of the area is found in Alon 2007. The modern period under the Hashemite dynasty is covered in Joffe 2002, Milton-Edwards and Hinchcliffe 2001, and Satloff 1994. For an overall general history check Robins 2004, with different perspectives found in Susser and Shmuelevitz 1995. Brand 1994 covers the kingdom’s foreign relations, while Dunn 1991 analyzes how it has endured attempts at destabilization.
  791.  
  792. Alon, Yoav. The Making of Jordan: Tribes, Colonialism and the Modern State. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2007.
  793. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  794. A discussion of the role of tribes in the process of state formation, focusing on the role of Emir Abdullah and his ability to deal with tribal sheikhs and notables in the establishment of a national chieftaincy.
  795. Alon, Yoav. The Making of Jordan: Tribes, Colonialism and the Modern State. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2007.
  796. Find this resource:
  797. Brand, Laurie A. Jordan’s Inter-Arab Relations: The Political Economy of Alliance Making. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994.
  798. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  799. A study of the country’s foreign policy and international relations.
  800. Brand, Laurie A. Jordan’s Inter-Arab Relations: The Political Economy of Alliance Making. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994.
  801. Find this resource:
  802. Dunn, Uriel. King Hussein and the Challenge of Arab Radicalism: Jordan 1955–67. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
  803. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  804. An exploration of Jordan’s durability against the political forces seeking to alter the fundamental basis of Arab politics in the kingdom. Published by Oxford University Press in cooperation with the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv University.
  805. Dunn, Uriel. King Hussein and the Challenge of Arab Radicalism: Jordan 1955–67. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
  806. Find this resource:
  807. Joffe, George, ed. Jordan in Transition. New York: Palgrave, 2002.
  808. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  809. A comprehensive treatment of Jordan’s foreign policy as well as local politics with a detailed analysis of socioeconomic aspects of the country.
  810. Joffe, George, ed. Jordan in Transition. New York: Palgrave, 2002.
  811. Find this resource:
  812. Milton-Edwards, Beverley, and Peter Hinchcliffe. Jordan: A Hashemite Legacy. New York: Routledge, 2001.
  813. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  814. A description of the formation and early development of the state, its constitutional progress, land reform, and the role and rule of the Hashemite dynasty.
  815. Milton-Edwards, Beverley, and Peter Hinchcliffe. Jordan: A Hashemite Legacy. New York: Routledge, 2001.
  816. Find this resource:
  817. Robins, Philip. A History of Jordan. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  818. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  819. A survey of Jordan’s political history from the early 1920s through the years of the British mandate to the present.
  820. Robins, Philip. A History of Jordan. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  821. Find this resource:
  822. Satloff, Robert B. From Abdullah to Hussein: Jordan in Transition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
  823. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  824. An historical examination of governance in Jordan during the early years of King Hussein’s rule when power rested in the hands of his advisors.
  825. Satloff, Robert B. From Abdullah to Hussein: Jordan in Transition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
  826. Find this resource:
  827. Susser, Asher, and Aryeh Shmuelevitz, eds. The Hashemites in the Modern Arab World: Essays in Honour of the Late Professor Uriel Dann. London: Frank Cass, 1995.
  828. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  829. The crucial role of the Hashemites in Arab nationalism throughout the 20th century, from the 1916 Arab Revolt to the creation of Jordan and the attempts at Arab unity.
  830. Susser, Asher, and Aryeh Shmuelevitz, eds. The Hashemites in the Modern Arab World: Essays in Honour of the Late Professor Uriel Dann. London: Frank Cass, 1995.
  831. Find this resource:
  832. Wilson, Mary C. King Abdullah, Britain and the Making of Jordan. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
  833. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  834. A study of the historical and personal circumstances that made Abdullah a contender for power in the Middle East when it was dominated by Great Britain.
  835. Wilson, Mary C. King Abdullah, Britain and the Making of Jordan. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
  836. Find this resource:
  837. Lebanon
  838.  
  839. Meant to be a French-protected, Christian enclave in the Arab east, Lebanon has a unique confessional political design. The history of modern Lebanon is found in Harris 2006 and Harris 2012. The role of the Shiʿa is discussed in Ajami 1986 and Norton 1987. The region’s early history is expertly treated in Kanaan 2005 with a more contemporary treatment found in Zamir 2000. A classic treatment can be found in Salibi 1988. Volk 2010 provides a good contemporary picture of religious sensitivities as they affect the country’s politics.
  840.  
  841. Ajami, Fuad. The Vanished Imam: Musa al-Sadr and the Shi’a of Lebanon. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986.
  842. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  843. A study of the emergence of the Shiʿas in Lebanon.
  844. Ajami, Fuad. The Vanished Imam: Musa al-Sadr and the Shi’a of Lebanon. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986.
  845. Find this resource:
  846. Daily Star.
  847. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  848. The most important English-language newspaper in the country.
  849. Daily Star.
  850. Find this resource:
  851. Harris, William. Lebanon: A History, 600–2011. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
  852. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  853. A complete history of Lebanon from its antecedents to 2011, providing an informed discussion of all aspects of Lebanese society and politics.
  854. Harris, William. Lebanon: A History, 600–2011. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
  855. Find this resource:
  856. Harris, William W. New Face of Lebanon: History’s Revenge. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener, 2006.
  857. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  858. A survey of land and geopolitics, sects and identities, and families and rulers. Covers the country’s history from the beginning of the French mandate in 1920 until the civil war in 1989, with a focus on the recent period (the 1980s) of turmoil.
  859. Harris, William W. New Face of Lebanon: History’s Revenge. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener, 2006.
  860. Find this resource:
  861. Kanaan, Claude Boueiz. Lebanon, 1860–1960: A Century of Myth and Politics. London: Saqi, 2005.
  862. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  863. A discussion of the accommodation of Christian Maronites with Muslim and Druze communities. Proposed is a cohabitation or confessional consensus to build a common political culture based on historical identity.
  864. Kanaan, Claude Boueiz. Lebanon, 1860–1960: A Century of Myth and Politics. London: Saqi, 2005.
  865. Find this resource:
  866. Norton, Augustus Richard. Amal and the Shiʿa: Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987.
  867. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  868. An excellent examination of the Lebanese Shiʿa and how they gained political awareness during the country’s civil war.
  869. Norton, Augustus Richard. Amal and the Shiʿa: Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987.
  870. Find this resource:
  871. Salibi, Kamal. A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
  872. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  873. Lebanon in an historical and geographical perspective within the Arab world. Provides an analysis of shifting alignments and allegiances.
  874. Salibi, Kamal. A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
  875. Find this resource:
  876. Volk, Lucia. Memorials and Martyrs in Modern Lebanon. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010.
  877. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  878. Discusses the coexistence of Muslims and Christians in Lebanon. Maronite, Sunni, Shiʿite, and Druze elites have a goal to create cross-community solidarity.
  879. Volk, Lucia. Memorials and Martyrs in Modern Lebanon. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010.
  880. Find this resource:
  881. Zamir, Meir. Lebanon’s Quest: The Road to Statehood, 1926–1939. London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2000.
  882. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  883. An examination of the inter- and intra-sectarian relations in Lebanon in the context of the conflicting pressures from Damascus and Paris and the interests of the Christians and Muslims toward the state. Also covered are the ideological and political trends that have emerged from each community and the development of the economic elites.
  884. Zamir, Meir. Lebanon’s Quest: The Road to Statehood, 1926–1939. London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2000.
  885. Find this resource:
  886. The Gulf States
  887.  
  888. The Gulf states (Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates) all border the Persian Gulf (also referred to as the “Arabian Gulf”) and emerged relatively recently from colonial control. They are Muslim states, ruled by monarchs, and often share similar interests despite various border and other disputes. See also the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), discussed under International Relations. Commins 2012 and Zahlan 1998 focus primarily on the area’s historical background. The domestic politics of countries in the region are covered in Teitelbaum 2009. For the regional dynamics and international political aspects, see Kamrava 2011. On specific sheikhdoms, such as Abu Dhabi, see Davidson 2009; for Qatar, Fromherz 2012; for Oman, Joyce 1995; and for Kuwait, Tétreault 2000 and Crystal 1992.
  889.  
  890. Commins, David. The Gulf States: A Modern History. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2012.
  891. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  892. Narrative of the modern history of the Gulf states, focusing on economic, cultural, religious, and social themes from the 18th century to the present. Emphasis is placed on British imperialism and American hegemony.
  893. Commins, David. The Gulf States: A Modern History. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2012.
  894. Find this resource:
  895. Crystal, Jill. Kuwait: The Transformation of an Oil State. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1992.
  896. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  897. An examination of the political and economic history of Kuwait with an analysis of the country’s social, economic, and political institutions and processes. There is a focus on the history of the country’s communal identity, social uniformity, and ethnic divisions.
  898. Crystal, Jill. Kuwait: The Transformation of an Oil State. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1992.
  899. Find this resource:
  900. Davidson, Christopher M., ed. Abu Dhabi: Oil and Beyond. London: Hurst, 2009.
  901. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  902. Charts the emirate’s evolution from an 18th-century sheikhdom to its present position of preeminence in the Gulf. The emphasis is on the state’s socioeconomic development.
  903. Davidson, Christopher M., ed. Abu Dhabi: Oil and Beyond. London: Hurst, 2009.
  904. Find this resource:
  905. Fromherz, Allen J. Qatar: A Modern History. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2012.
  906. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  907. An analysis of Qatar’s role in the Middle East and regional influence within a broader context. Traces the influence of the Ottoman and British empires and Qatar’s Gulf neighbors on the sheikhdom prior to its rise in the post-independence era.
  908. Fromherz, Allen J. Qatar: A Modern History. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2012.
  909. Find this resource:
  910. Joyce, Miriam. The Sultanate of Oman: A Twentieth Century History. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1995.
  911. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  912. A history of the Sultanate of Oman when Omani rulers were confronted by rebellious tribes and threatened by externally based movements. Major changes, it is pointed out, came in 1970 with a coup d’etat led by Sayyid Qaboos bin Said, who built a solid infrastructure.
  913. Joyce, Miriam. The Sultanate of Oman: A Twentieth Century History. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1995.
  914. Find this resource:
  915. Kamrava, Mehran, ed. International Politics of the Persian Gulf. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2011.
  916. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  917. A collection of materials that assesses the causes and consequences of security challenges to the Gulf region.
  918. Kamrava, Mehran, ed. International Politics of the Persian Gulf. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2011.
  919. Find this resource:
  920. Teitelbaum, Joshua, ed. Political Liberalization in the Persian Gulf. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
  921. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  922. A collection of studies focusing on the theme of political liberalization in the region with country studies of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Iraq, and Iran.
  923. Teitelbaum, Joshua, ed. Political Liberalization in the Persian Gulf. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
  924. Find this resource:
  925. Tétreault, Mary Ann. Stories of Democracy: Politics and Society in Contemporary Kuwait. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.
  926. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  927. An examination of the struggle over private and public spaces in communal power pursued by the government, the Parliament, and ordinary Kuwaiti people.
  928. Tétreault, Mary Ann. Stories of Democracy: Politics and Society in Contemporary Kuwait. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.
  929. Find this resource:
  930. Zahlan, Rosemarie Said. The Making of the Modern Gulf States: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and Oman. Rev. ed. Reading, UK: Ithaca, 1998.
  931. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  932. Defines and describes the geopolitical framework of the region and the state system that emerges. An historical analysis is provided on how the states evolved from colonial dependency to statehood along with a socioeconomic transformation by oil.
  933. Zahlan, Rosemarie Said. The Making of the Modern Gulf States: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and Oman. Rev. ed. Reading, UK: Ithaca, 1998.
  934. Find this resource:
  935. Saudi Arabia
  936.  
  937. Saudi Arabia has the world’s largest proven oil reserves. The modern kingdom of Saudi Arabia was created between 1902 and 1932 as Abdul-Aziz Al Saud engineered the unification of the various tribes of the Arabian Peninsula. Jones 2010 ably covers the role of oil in the kingdom’s development. Lacey 2009 provides a popularized version of the kingdom’s politics, while Long and Maisel 2010 offers a more substantive appraisal. Readers must appreciate the religious heritage of the kingdom and thus look at Algar 2002 and Ayoob and Kosebalaban 2009. For historical background, begin with Winder 1980 and Kostiner 1993. Political lineage is discussed in Kechichian 2001.
  938.  
  939. Algar, Hamid. Wahhabism: A Critical Essay. Oneonta, NY: Islamic Publications International, 2002.
  940. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  941. A discussion of the rise of Wahhabism initiated by Muhammad bin ‘Abd al-Wahhab, a native of Najd in the eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula. An elaboration of the doctrine that serves as a basis for the Wahhabi sect is given and a history of the alliance formed with the Saud family is considered.
  942. Algar, Hamid. Wahhabism: A Critical Essay. Oneonta, NY: Islamic Publications International, 2002.
  943. Find this resource:
  944. Ayoob, Mohammed, and Hasan Kosebalaban, eds. Religion and Politics in Saudi Arabia: Wahhabism and the State. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2009.
  945. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  946. The genesis and development of Saudi Arabia’s official religion is given and a clarification of Wahhabism and its relationship with al-Qaeda is examined.
  947. Ayoob, Mohammed, and Hasan Kosebalaban, eds. Religion and Politics in Saudi Arabia: Wahhabism and the State. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2009.
  948. Find this resource:
  949. Jones, Toby Craig. Desert Kingdom: How Oil and Water Forged Modern Saudi Arabia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010.
  950. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  951. An anti-Saudi approach is taken to analyze the kingdom’s management of its water sources, with far less attention given to oil. Much focus is on two oases, Qtif and al Hasa.
  952. Jones, Toby Craig. Desert Kingdom: How Oil and Water Forged Modern Saudi Arabia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010.
  953. Find this resource:
  954. Kechichian, Joseph A. Succession in Saudi Arabia. New York: Palgrave, 2001.
  955. DOI: 10.1057/9780312299620Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  956. The leadership changes in Saudi Arabia since the kingship of Abdul Aziz ibn Saud (1880–1933) and the creation of the monarchy in 1952 are detailed. The forces and patterns of succession to follow the reigning monarch, King Fahd, are examined.
  957. Kechichian, Joseph A. Succession in Saudi Arabia. New York: Palgrave, 2001.
  958. Find this resource:
  959. Kostiner, Joseph. The Making of Saudi Arabia 1916–1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchial State. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
  960. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  961. A focus on the development of the chieftaincy into a more centralized position of authority. A discussion of how Ibn Saud emerged as the most prominent of the tribal leaders, exploiting the revolts of religious zealots in order to gain supremacy.
  962. Kostiner, Joseph. The Making of Saudi Arabia 1916–1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchial State. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
  963. Find this resource:
  964. Lacey, Robert. Inside the Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia. New York: Viking, 2009.
  965. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  966. A comprehensive portrait of Saudi Arabia and its ruling dynasty, covering events from the seizure of the Grand Mosque of Mecca in 1979 through the Persian Gulf War and its relationship with the United States in the post-9/11 era. There is an exploration of the social divisiveness created by the oil boom of the 1970s, as well as other social and economic disruptions.
  967. Lacey, Robert. Inside the Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia. New York: Viking, 2009.
  968. Find this resource:
  969. Long, David E., and Sebastian Maisel. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 2d ed. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2010.
  970. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  971. A full overview of all aspects of Saudi Arabia’s evolution, culture, society, and politics.
  972. Long, David E., and Sebastian Maisel. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 2d ed. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2010.
  973. Find this resource:
  974. Winder, R. Bayly. Saudi Arabia in the Nineteenth Century. New York: St. Martin’s, 1980.
  975. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  976. A standard work in English on the early history of what is now Saudi Arabia.
  977. Winder, R. Bayly. Saudi Arabia in the Nineteenth Century. New York: St. Martin’s, 1980.
  978. Find this resource:
  979. Syria
  980.  
  981. Syria was the center of the first Islamic dynasty following the death of the Prophet Mohammed. It was part of the Ottoman Empire and came under French mandate after World War I. With the end of the mandate it began to emerge as a major political actor in the region. To appreciate the transition from French mandatory rule to independence, it is best to consult Khoury 1987 and Beshara 2011. On the sociopolitical dynamics in modern Syria, see Batatu 1999 and Ginat 2005. For an understanding of current Syrian regime politics and the Asad dynasty, see Seale 1986, Perthes 2004, Van Dam 2011, and Lesch 2005. Ma’oz 1988 profiles former Syrian President Hafez Asad.
  982.  
  983. Batatu, Hanna. Syria’s Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables and Their Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999.
  984. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  985. A sociological and anthropological approach to Syrian politics. Information is provided on the various levels and sectors of regime opposition found in Syrian society. Charts the 20th-century political development in Syria and the emergence of the Ba’ath Party.
  986. Batatu, Hanna. Syria’s Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables and Their Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999.
  987. Find this resource:
  988. Beshara, Adel, ed. The Origins of Syrian Nationhood: Histories, Pioneers and Identity. New York: Routledge, 2011.
  989. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  990. Traces the origin and development of the notion of Syrian nationhood from the perspective of its pioneers. A comparative analysis is provided of the struggle for independence and sovereignty in post-1850 Syria.
  991. Beshara, Adel, ed. The Origins of Syrian Nationhood: Histories, Pioneers and Identity. New York: Routledge, 2011.
  992. Find this resource:
  993. Ginat, Rami. Syria and the Doctrine of Arab Neutralism: From Independence to Dependence. Brighton, UK: Sussex Academic Press, 2005.
  994. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  995. An explanation is provided of the evolution of Syria’s foreign policy of neutralism from its independence in the 1940s until the present. Internal politics that affected Syria’s relations with the West are a focus.
  996. Ginat, Rami. Syria and the Doctrine of Arab Neutralism: From Independence to Dependence. Brighton, UK: Sussex Academic Press, 2005.
  997. Find this resource:
  998. Khoury, Philip S. Syria and the French Mandate: The Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920–1945. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987.
  999. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1000. A standard work on Syria under the French Mandate from World War I to the end of World War II.
  1001. Khoury, Philip S. Syria and the French Mandate: The Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920–1945. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987.
  1002. Find this resource:
  1003. Lesch, David W. The New Lion of Damascus: Bashar al-Asad and Modern Syria. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005.
  1004. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1005. A biography of Syrian President Bashar al-Asad from the time he assumed the presidency in June 2000. An examination of his policies and responses to challenges he faces. Based in part on the author’s interviews of the subject.
  1006. Lesch, David W. The New Lion of Damascus: Bashar al-Asad and Modern Syria. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005.
  1007. Find this resource:
  1008. Ma’oz, Moshe. Asad, The Sphinx of Damascus: A Political Biography. New York: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988.
  1009. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1010. A biography of Hafez Assad.
  1011. Ma’oz, Moshe. Asad, The Sphinx of Damascus: A Political Biography. New York: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988.
  1012. Find this resource:
  1013. Perthes, Volker. Syria Under Bashar al-Asad: Modernization and the Limits of Change. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  1014. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1015. A discussion of the ascension of Bashir al-Asad in 2000 to power in Syria. An analysis of the factors of economic and political change with a portrait of the new leadership.
  1016. Perthes, Volker. Syria Under Bashar al-Asad: Modernization and the Limits of Change. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  1017. Find this resource:
  1018. Seale, Patrick. The Struggle for Syria: A Study of Post-War Arab Politics 1945–1958. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986.
  1019. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1020. Regional and international policy of Syria post–World War II. Seale has been a prominent observer of Syrian politics and a well-respected specialist.
  1021. Seale, Patrick. The Struggle for Syria: A Study of Post-War Arab Politics 1945–1958. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986.
  1022. Find this resource:
  1023. Van Dam, Nikolaos. The Struggle for Power in Syria: Politics and Society Under Asad and the Ba’th Party. London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2011.
  1024. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1025. An explanation for the sustained existence of the Asad dynasty in Syria. A full discussion is given to how a patchwork of minorities, factions, and opponents operate under an umbrella of state security. The roles of sectarian, regional, and tribal loyalties are laid out within a discussion of the development of the Baath Party and the military and civilian power elite.
  1026. Van Dam, Nikolaos. The Struggle for Power in Syria: Politics and Society Under Asad and the Ba’th Party. London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2011.
  1027. Find this resource:
  1028. Turkey
  1029.  
  1030. The modern remnant of the historic Ottoman Empire, the non-Arab Muslim country is strategically located, connecting Europe with the Arab east. The history of Turkey as a composite of cultures overlapping the interaction of conflicts, the creation and dissolution of empires, and geographical changes is covered extremely well in Lewis 1961, Findley 2010, and Shaw 1976–1977. For a more precise historical periodization see Üngör 2011. The reader must appreciate the role of Islam in Turkey’s development and thus look at Yavuz 2003. The process of modernization and transition to secularism is covered in Akşin 2007. For an examination of current Turkish political dynamics, begin with VanderLippe 2005. An overall guide can be found in Kibaroğlu and Kibaroğlu 2009.
  1031.  
  1032. Akşin, Sina. Turkey, From Empire to Revolutionary Republic: The Emergence of the Turkish Nation From 1789 to the Present. Translated by Dexter H. Mursaloğlu. New York: New York University Press, 2007.
  1033. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1034. A general history of Turkey from 1789 to the modern period, focusing on the country’s break with its Islamic past in an attempt to modernize.
  1035. Akşin, Sina. Turkey, From Empire to Revolutionary Republic: The Emergence of the Turkish Nation From 1789 to the Present. Translated by Dexter H. Mursaloğlu. New York: New York University Press, 2007.
  1036. Find this resource:
  1037. Findley, Carter Vaughn. Turkey, Islam, Nationalism, and Modernity: A History, 1789–2007. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010.
  1038. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1039. A description of the Ottoman state and the transition to the Republican period is given, along with an examination of the three major religious movements in the past century and their relationship to Republican secularism.
  1040. Findley, Carter Vaughn. Turkey, Islam, Nationalism, and Modernity: A History, 1789–2007. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010.
  1041. Find this resource:
  1042. Hurriyet Daily News.
  1043. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1044. A standard journalistic source for everyday events and perspective in Turkey.
  1045. Hurriyet Daily News.
  1046. Find this resource:
  1047. Kibaroğlu, Mustafa, and Ayşeğül Kibaroğlu. Global Security Watch—Turkey: A Reference Handbook. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2009.
  1048. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1049. Attention is paid to Turkey’s foreign and security policies, especially in the post-9/11 period. An appendix includes key political figures and an annotated bibliography.
  1050. Kibaroğlu, Mustafa, and Ayşeğül Kibaroğlu. Global Security Watch—Turkey: A Reference Handbook. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2009.
  1051. Find this resource:
  1052. Lewis, Bernard. The Emergence of Modern Turkey. New York: Oxford University Press, 1961.
  1053. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1054. The classic history of the modern state.
  1055. Lewis, Bernard. The Emergence of Modern Turkey. New York: Oxford University Press, 1961.
  1056. Find this resource:
  1057. Shaw, Stanford J. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. 2 vols. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976–1977.
  1058. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511614965Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1059. A classic Ottoman and Turkish history explaining the durability of the Ottoman Empire, its dissipation, and the emergence of the modern Turkish republic up to 1975.
  1060. Shaw, Stanford J. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. 2 vols. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976–1977.
  1061. Find this resource:
  1062. Üngör, Uğur Ümit. The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  1063. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1064. An historical account of modern Turkey, focusing on the history of Anatolia and the development of Turkish nationalism.
  1065. Üngör, Uğur Ümit. The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  1066. Find this resource:
  1067. VanderLippe, John M. The Politics of Turkish Democracy: Ismet Inönü and the Formation of the Multi-party System. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2005.
  1068. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1069. The circumstances under which Turkey achieved multipartyism are examined. Ismet Inönü, prime minister from 1938 to 1950, was forced to accept a multiparty political system as a part of Turkey’s development to become a modern democracy.
  1070. VanderLippe, John M. The Politics of Turkish Democracy: Ismet Inönü and the Formation of the Multi-party System. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2005.
  1071. Find this resource:
  1072. Yavuz, M. Hakan. Islamic Political Identity in Turkey. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  1073. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1074. An introduction to the complexity of Islamic political identity in Turkey viewed through four different movements: the Naksibendi, the Nur, the Neo-Nur, and the National Outlook. Richly detailed observations of these Islamic organizations are provided.
  1075. Yavuz, M. Hakan. Islamic Political Identity in Turkey. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  1076. Find this resource:
  1077. Yemen
  1078.  
  1079. A hermitlike kingdom at the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula, Yemen is located on the northern side of the strategic Bab-el-Mandab strait. An overall appreciation of the country can be gleaned from Stookey 1978 and Stookey 1982. The author of Wenner 1991 has been a longtime student of the country and his book a basic source. Burrowes 1987 looks at a former political configuration. For a review of current Yemeni politics see Brehony 2011 and Mahdi, et al. 2007. An analysis of the country’s development can be found in Peterson 1982 and Wedeen 2008. Bidwell 1983 provides a history.
  1080.  
  1081. Bidwell, Robin L. The Two Yemens. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1983.
  1082. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1083. A brief survey of pre-19th-century Yemeni history with an account of the intervention of the British and Ottomans. Additionally, a history of the 20th century is provided with a focus on the post–World War II period.
  1084. Bidwell, Robin L. The Two Yemens. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1983.
  1085. Find this resource:
  1086. Brehony, Noel. Yemen Divided: The Story of a Failed State in South Arabia. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2011.
  1087. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1088. A comprehensive history of the People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY). An explanation is given for the formation of a Communist republic on the Arabian Peninsula and the process of unification in 1990.
  1089. Brehony, Noel. Yemen Divided: The Story of a Failed State in South Arabia. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2011.
  1090. Find this resource:
  1091. Burrowes, Robert D. The Yemen Arab Republic: The Politics of Development, 1962–1986. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1987.
  1092. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1093. An analysis of the process of politics and socioeconomic modernization in contemporary Yemen from the overthrow of the imamate in 1962.
  1094. Burrowes, Robert D. The Yemen Arab Republic: The Politics of Development, 1962–1986. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1987.
  1095. Find this resource:
  1096. Mahdi, Kamil A., Anna Würth, and Helen Lackner, eds. Yemen in the Twenty-first Century: Continuity and Change. Reading, UK: Ithaca, 2007.
  1097. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1098. Covers the history of Yemen in the 1990s, including the unification of two former states, the Yemen Arab Republic and the People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen, following a three-month-long civil war.
  1099. Mahdi, Kamil A., Anna Würth, and Helen Lackner, eds. Yemen in the Twenty-first Century: Continuity and Change. Reading, UK: Ithaca, 2007.
  1100. Find this resource:
  1101. Peterson, John. Yemen, the Search for a Modern State. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982.
  1102. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1103. An examination of the transition of the kingdom in limbo to one facing the complexities of modernity in the Arabian Peninsula. Tribal tensions, Islam, and social and economic development are brought together in a basic survey.
  1104. Peterson, John. Yemen, the Search for a Modern State. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982.
  1105. Find this resource:
  1106. Stookey, Robert W. Yemen: The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1978.
  1107. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1108. The standard study on North Yemen by an expert on the country.
  1109. Stookey, Robert W. Yemen: The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1978.
  1110. Find this resource:
  1111. Stookey, Robert W. South Yemen: A Marxist Republic in Arabia. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1982.
  1112. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1113. A general discussion of the internal fighting among nationalist groups and the collapse of traditional governing institutions prior to South Yemen’s independence which paved the way for a Marxist takeover.
  1114. Stookey, Robert W. South Yemen: A Marxist Republic in Arabia. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1982.
  1115. Find this resource:
  1116. Wedeen, Lisa. Peripheral Visions: Publics, Power, and Performance in Yemen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
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  1118. A study of identity politics in Yemen focusing on daily life performances and ongoing practices of selected population groups.
  1119. Wedeen, Lisa. Peripheral Visions: Publics, Power, and Performance in Yemen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
  1120. Find this resource:
  1121. Wenner, Manfred W. The Yemen Arab Republic: Development and Change in an Ancient Land. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1991.
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  1123. A comprehensive treatment of the Yemen Arab Republic focusing on land, the people, culture, and economic problems of pre-Republican Yemen and Yemen under the republic.
  1124. Wenner, Manfred W. The Yemen Arab Republic: Development and Change in an Ancient Land. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1991.
  1125. Find this resource:
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