2018-03-14 TOEFL: word roots, reading vocabulary

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word Roots - list 5 - With your partner, try to explain the meaning of each root with one or two words.
morph (amorphous, metamorphosis) = form
multi (multicolored, multilayers) = many (This is the Latin root.)
nat (native, innate, natal) = birth
neo (neoclassic, neocolonialism, neolithic) = new
nom/nym (nominate, misnomer, pseudonym) = name
nov (innovate, novelty) = new
nov (November) = nine
ob/op (obstruct, object, oppose, obvious, obverse) = front / in front of
omni (omnipotent, omnidirectional, omnivore) = all (This is the Latin root.)
optim (optimal, optimize) = best
opt (optician, optometry) = eyes/vision
paleo (paleontology, Paleolithic) = old (often opposite to “neo” words)
pan (panacea, panorama, pandemic) = all (This is the Greek root.)
path (pathology, antipathy, empathy) = feeling (some words with “path” are related to feeling sick)
ped (pedestrian, pedicure) = foot
ped/paed (pediatrician) = child
peri (perimeter, peripheral, pericardium, perinatal, periodontal) = around
phil (philanthropy, philosophy, bibliophile) = love
phob (arachnophobia, claustrophobia) = fear
phon (phonograph, microphone, homophone) = sound
photo (photograph, photosynthesis, photogenic) = light
pod (podium, podiatry, tripod) = foot
poly (polygon, polyglot) = many (This is the Greek root.)
port (transport, portable) = take/carry (especially through something)
post (posthumous, postpone) = after (This is the opposite of “pre”.)
proto (prototype, proton, protocol) = first (The words “pre”, “prime”, “proto”, “fore”, “first”, “front”, etc. are all related and come from the same root.)
pseudo (pseudonym, pseudopod) = false/fake
psych (psychopath, psychotherapy, psychology) = mind
pute (computer, dispute) = think
pyro (pyromaniac, pyrotechnics) = fire
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pyro -> fire
pod -> foot
pater -> father
quod -> what
Grimm’s Law describes sound changes in Germanic languages (which includes English)
Voiced stops lose voicing: b -> p, d -> t, g -> k
Stops become fricatives: p -> f, t -> th, k -> /x/ or h
quod -> hwaet -> what
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TOEFL has four parts, each worth 30 points (for a total of 120 points)
1 reading: 3 or 4 passages, 60 or 80 minutes to answer about 14 questions about each passage
2 listening: 2 or 3 sets of 3 listenings each, about 60 or 90 minutes total
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking: six tasks, 5m30s of speaking time, about 20 minutes total
4 writing: two tasks, 20 and 30 minutes to write
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Reading Question Types:
- fact (find specific information in the text)
- negative fact (like fact questions, but with “NOT” or “EXCEPT” in the question)
- vocabulary (Which word is closest in meaning to the way this word is used in the text?)
- paraphrase (Which sentence is closest in meaning to the highlighted sentence in the text?)
- inference (What can you conclude from the text (which isn’t stated directly)?)
- reference/pronoun (What other thing or person does the highlighted pronoun refer to?)
- purpose (Why does the author mention or say something?)
- sentence insertion (Where in the paragraph does this new sentence fit best?)
- summarize (Which are the three most important ideas in the passage?)
- organize/categorize (Which sentences are true about each of two or three categories?)
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Vocabulary Questions
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DELTA p. 49-54 gives some context clues you can use to figure out the meaning of a new word.
- These questions are always about the word or phranse in context in the text.
	(A word like “right” has many different meanings, but you need to figure out which one is used in the text.)
You can raise tomatoes and you can raise children, but you can only grow tomatoes.
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p. 56-57 - Take 4 minutes to answer the vocabulary quesitons. You should also identify what clues help you find the right answer. Then compare your answers and explain why you think the other answers are wrong.
1 D
2 A
3 B - The people who prepare the report also compile it. You also might recognize that “com” means “together”.
4 A
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BREAK
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p. 58-59 - Take 6 minutes to answer questions 5-10 of 1.3.A. Then compare your answers.
5 A (“indulge” more specifically means to participate in or take advantage of something pleasurable)
	(“Migrate” is a “trick” answer, because its meaning is similar to “travel” but not the same.)
6 B
7 A (“as well as some comprehension” suggests that “comprehension” and “grasp” are synonyms)
8 D (“negative aspects, such as...the pitfalls of power” - The pitfalls of power are a negative aspect of human nature.)
9 C (This is in contrast to the “notion that autumn leaves are tinted by freezing”.)
	In truth, the foliage are dulled, not colored, by frost.
10 D (The yellow pigments are always there, but they’re covered/concealed/masked by green chlorophyll in the spring and summer.)
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p. 62-63 - Take 10 minutes to do all of 1.3.C. Compare your answers and try to convince your partner that your answer is correct.
1 A
2 C (In contrast to “depriving some areas of rain”.)
3 A
4 D
5 C
6 B
7 C
8 D (If the rose means life, what would Death do to a rose when someone dies?)
9 A
10 C
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p. 64-65 - Take 10 minutes to do 1.3.D. Then compare your answers and convince your partner.
1 A
2 C
3 D
4 A
5 B
6 B
7 A (Her most cherished calling was fiction writer.)
8 A
9 C
10 D
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Handout (Cambridge) exercise R2 - Take 5 minutes to answer the questions about the first reading (1-6)
1 B
2 D
3 A
4 D
5 C
6 A
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Homework: finish exercise R2 on the handout (which is also available online at the link I emailed to you)