2017-01-10 TOEFL: word roots, reading reference

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-master-your-sense-of-smell-alexandra-horowitz
How many main steps are described for being able to smell better?
1 Stick your nose in what you’re trying to smell.
2 Sniff strongly.
3 Pay attention and think about what you’re smelling.
How does the video suggest practicing your sense of smell?
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Word Roots 5 - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain each root.
morph = form
multi = many
nat = birth/born
neo = new (“neonatal” means relating to newborn babies. A neologism is a new word.)
nom/nym = name
nov = new
*nov = nine (November was originally the 9th month of the Roman calendar.)
ob = block / in the way
*omni = all
opt = best
*opt = vision/sight
paleo = ancient (“lith” means “stone”, so the Paleolithic is the “old stone age”, contrasted with Neolithic)
pan = all
path = feeling (some words like “pathology” and “pathogen” relate specifically to feeling sick)
ped = foot
*ped/paed = child (as in “pediatrician”)
peri = around (The perinatal period is around birth, a bit before and a bit after. The pericardium is around the heart.)
phil = love
*phob = fear
phon = sound
photo = light
pod = foot
poly = many (from Greek; “multi” is from Latin)
port = carry
post = after
proto = first
pseudo = false (A pseudonym is a false name, often of a writer.)
psych = mind
pute = think (It does not include “input”.)
pyro = fire
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Grimm’s Law describes sound changes in Germanic languages (which includes English)
Voiced stops lose voicing: b -> p, d -> t, g -> k
Stops become fricatives: p -> f, t -> th, k -> /x/ or h
quod -> hwaet -> what
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Reading Section: first part of the test, 60-80 minutes, 3 or 4 passages (20 minutes each)
Multiple choice questions, of 10 different types
- fact (3-4 per reading)
- negative fact (0-1 per reading)
- vocabulary (3-4 per reading)
- purpose (1-2 per reading)
- paraphrase (1 per reading)
- inference (1-2 per reading)
- reference (0-1 per reading)
- sentence insertion (1 per reading)
- categorize/organize (0-1 per reading)
- summary (0-1 per reading, more common than organization questions)
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http://corpus.byu.edu/coca/ - Search for the frequency of words in modern American English.
	(Example: search for “nov*” to find the most common words that begin with “nov”.)
	(*ly - search for all words ending in “ly”)
(*ly_j* - search for all adjectives ending in “ly”)
https://books.google.com/ngrams - Search for the frequency of words or phrases in historical English books.
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BREAK
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Reference questions: questions about what reference words like “they” and “who” and “this” mean in a reading passage
Handout (Cambridge) p. 167 - With your partner, identify who or what each underlined word refers to in the sentences
1 themselves = arctic people
  they = arctic people
  these natural resources = environment and wild animals
2 who = individuals
  their = political prisoners’
3 when = 1863
  he = Hungarian count
  the first European variety = wine grapes
  there = California
4 the lawyer and lexicographer = Noah Webster
  who = Noah Webster
  at this time = 1828
  that = English
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Handout (Cengage) p. 118 - Identify the references in the short passages (12-18)
12 this method = satellite photography
13 them = American importers
14 where = New York City
   the time = the 1920s
   there = Paris
15 this creature = anemone
   it = nest / clown fish (It could refer to either one, but if you had both choices on a test, “nest” is the better answer.)
16 his = Garland
   his mentor = Howells
17 they = fats
   these = basic types of nutrients / fats, carbs, and proteins
   which = fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K
   some = fats
18 there = Wisconsin Dells
   (some = formations)
   others = formations
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Oxford p. 70-71 “Understanding Calories” - Take 10 minutes to read the short passage and answer the 8 questions. Then check your answers with your partner.
1 c
2 d
3 b
4 b
5 d
6 b
7 c
8 c
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http://www.zoeharcombe.com/standalone/1lb-does-not-equal-3500-calories/ - Article about how the 3500 kcal/lb (7700 kcal/kg) calculation is inaccurate.
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Homework (optional): p. 116-117 exercise 6.1 - do 1-11 on this exercise
	p. 19-25 (between 119 and 70 on the handout)