2016-09-29 TOEFL: economics, speaking 4

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
---
http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-did-hitler-rise-to-power-alex-gendler-and-anthony-hazard
How was this lecture organized? - chronologically
Answer the questions on the ted.com website.
---
DELTA p. 447 - Listen to the economics lecture and take notes.
Then answer the questions on p. 448
6 B
7 A
8 C
9 D
10 A
11 B
---
Speaking Question 4
- 45 seconds to read about an academic topic and take notes
- listen to a lecture or discussion about the same topic and take notes
- read and hear the question (which is something about how the reading and listening relate)
- 30 seconds to prepare your response
- 60 seconds to speak
---
Handout (Cengage) p. 476 - read the text for task A and take notes, then listen to the lecture and take notes
Notes from the listening must include the professor’s 2 examples of other numbering systems
	- Yukis use base 8 (they counted spaces instead of fingers)
	- Sumerians use base 60 (we use this in time measurements, hard for calculations)

Answer the questions on p. 477
---
BREAK
---
Handout p. 478 task B - take your own notes on the reading and listening, then answer the questions
---
Cambridge handout (p. 472-473) - read about symbiotic relationships and take notes

symbiosis = relat. bet. 2 organisms
	mutualism = both benefit
	parasitism = one benefits other harmed
	commensalism = one benefits, other neither benefits nor harmed
		obligate = it can’t survive without partner
		facultative = can survive
---
How can you practice taking notes WHILE you read (instead of after)? - find articles in a newspaper or academic journal and write notes as you read the article (try to do it quickly without going back to read earlier parts)
You also need to improve skimming (looking quickly through a text for the important ideas or details)
---
Listen to the lecture and take notes.

first summarizes M, P, C
not always clear-cut:
	ex. of bee orchid - flower looks like female bee to attract males, they pollinate the flower (helps flower)
		- don’t know how it affects the bee (could be any of M, P, or C)
sometimes it changes:
	ex. of skin bacteria - normally C (helps bac., doesn’t affect us)
		- but when skin burns, bac. turn into pathogens and infect the skin (P)
	ex. of shrimp and crabs on coral - normally C (living in coral helps sh. and cr., doesn’t affect coral)
		- but when starfish harm coral to eat it, sh and cr attack the starfish and protect coral (M)
---
“The professor gives two examples of symbiotic relationships that change. Explain both examples in terms of what the original symbiotic relationship was and what symbiotic relationship it became.”
- Only asking about relationships that change, so you wouldn’t mention the bees and orchids in your response.
---
possible preparation notes:
- summarize 3 types
- 2 ex. of change
- skin bacteria (C -> P)
- sh and cr on coral (C -> M)

You could also circle the notes about the things you’ll talk about and write a number next to each circle to show the order in which you’ll talk about it.
---
“The reading and lecture are about different types of symbiotic relationships: mutualism, when both organisms benefit; parasitism, when one benefits and the other is harmed; and commensalism, when one benefits and the other is neither benefitted nor harmed. The professor gives two examples of symbiotic relationships that change. The first example is about skin bacteria. Normally this is commensal, because the bacteria benefit and we don’t have benefit or harm. However, when the skin burns, the bacteria can become parasitic, because they can cause infections that harm us. The second example is about shrimp and crabs on coral. Normally this is commensal because the animals benefit from living in the coral and the coral isn’t affected. However, when sea stars damage the coral to eat it, the shrimp and crabs attack the sea stars and protect the coral, so the relationship changes to mutualism.”