CHAR(n) A fixed length string of size n, where n =< 255 characters (can contain letters, numbers, and special characters).
VARCHAR(n)  A variable length string  of max size n, where n =< 255 (can contain letters, numbers, and special characters).  Note: If n > 255 it will be converted to a TEXT type
TINYTEXT    A string with a maximum length of 255 characters
TEXT        A string with a maximum length of 65,535 characters
BLOB        A large quantity, up to 65,535 bytes , of data eg a bit map photo
MEDIUMTEXT  A string with a maximum length of 16,777,215 characters
MEDIUMBLOB  A large quantity, up to 16,777,215 bytes, of data
LONGTEXT    A string with a maximum length of 4,294,967,295 characters
LONGBLOB    A large quantity, up to 4,294,967,295 bytes, of data
ENUM(x,y,z, ...)    A list of up to 65535 possible values (sorted in the order you enter them). If a value is inserted that is not in the list a blank value will be inserted.
SET         Like ENUM except that SET may contain up to 64 list items and can store more than one choice

TINYINT(n)   -128 to 127 signed integer or 0 to 255 unsigned integer with a max of n digits.
SMALLINT(n)  -32768 to 32767 signed. 0 to 65535 unsigned integer with a max of n digits.
MEDIUMINT(n) -8388608 to 8388607 signed. 0 to 16777215 unsigned integer with a max of n digits.
INT(n)       -2147483648 to 2147483647 signed. 0 to 4294967295 unsigned integer with a max of n digits.
BIGINT(n)    -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807 signed. 0 to 18446744073709551615 unsigned integer with a max of n digits.
FLOAT(n,d)   A small floating decimal point number with max digits n and max of d digits to the right of the decimal point.
DOUBLE(n,d)  A large floating decimal point number with max digits n and max of d digits to the right of the decimal point.
DECIMAL(n,d) A DOUBLE but stored as a string. This allows a fixed decimal point with a max of d digits to the right of the decimal point.

TINYINT(1)  can be used to store boolean vaues of TRUE  and FALSE . ( Zero is considered FALSE. Non-zero is considered TRUE.
 Since MySQL 5.0.3 there is also
BIT(1) - or even up to BIT(64) to store 64 boolean values
BOOL and BOOLEAN which are equivalent to TINYINT(1)