API tools faq
paste
Advertisement
jonstond2

Western Balkans (International Relations)

jonstond2
Mar 19th, 2017
667
0
Never
Add comment
Not a member of Pastebin yet? Sign Up, it unlocks many cool features!
text 45.65 KB | None | 0 0
raw download clone embed print report
  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. The term Western Balkan is both geographic and political. It was initially employed by US and European policymakers to describe the part of the Balkan Peninsula that remained outside of both the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU) since the early 1990s. It included all seven states that were formed during the collapse of Yugoslavia (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia) together with Albania, which was emerging from international isolation. During the 1990s, several of these emerging countries had experienced wars generated by nationalist politicians to establish “ethnically pure” territories and to restore or enlarge national statehood during the disintegration of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). Following the EU’s Thessaloniki Summit in June 2003, commitments were made to include all the Western Balkan states in the European Union, and since that time Slovenia (in 2004) and Croatia (in 2013) have become EU members. NATO also underscored its commitments to integrating the region, and Slovenia (in 2004), Croatia (in 2009), and Albania (in 2009) all entered the alliance. The remaining states have experienced persistent problems in qualifying for EU and NATO entry. In many cases, reforms remain incomplete and some states confront prolonged disputes over governmental powers, administrative borders, and even their sovereign status. Incomplete, conflicted, or contested states present serious challenges for the region’s institutional absorption into both NATO and the EU.
  4.  
  5. Reference Materials
  6.  
  7. A variety of background reference material is available on the Western Balkan region, including its history, political evolution, and interethnic relations (Hupchick and Cox 2001). The most recent focus has been on the wars of Yugoslav succession during the 1990s and on the seven states that emerged from the crumbling multinational federation. Several of the reference sources for the Yugoslav wars and postwar developments are accessible online (Central Intelligence Agency; Central and Eastern European Online Library). Several independent nongovernmental organizations have provided consistent reporting and in-depth analysis on the West Balkans since the collapse of Yugoslavia, including: International Crisis Group, Amnesty International, and Human Rights Watch. In addition, several media resources have reported on the wars of Yugoslavia (Foreign Broadcast Information Service, BBC Monitoring International Reports, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty).
  8.  
  9. Amnesty International.
  10. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  11. Amnesty International compiled reports of human rights violations during the war, including: Yugoslavia: Torture and Deliberate and Arbitrary Killings in War Zones (November 1991) and Yugoslavia: Further Reports of Torture and Deliberate and Arbitrary Killings in War Zones (March 1992).
  12. Find this resource:
  13. BBC Monitoring International Reports.
  14. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  15. The BBC provided a valuable online archive on Yugoslav developments until 1997.
  16. Find this resource:
  17. Books on Bosnia. London: Bosnian Institute.
  18. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  19. Books on Bosnia is a bibliography published by the Bosnian Institute in London and edited by Quintin Hoare and Noel Malcolm and provides one of the most comprehensive listings of books, with commentary, on all aspects of the Yugoslav crisis in the 1990s.
  20. Find this resource:
  21. Central and Eastern European Online Library.
  22. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  23. The Central and Eastern European Online Library offers individual and institutional subscriptions to local and international journals and re-digitized documents on central, eastern, and southeastern Europe.
  24. Find this resource:
  25. Central Intelligence Agency.
  26. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  27. The Central Intelligence Agency provides background map collections and the World Factbook includes factual data on each country.
  28. Find this resource:
  29. Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS).
  30. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  31. The Foreign Broadcast Information Service supplied English-language translation services from the local Yugoslav and post-Yugoslav media during the 1990s. FBIS was absorbed by the Open Source Center in 2005.
  32. Find this resource:
  33. Human Rights Watch.
  34. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  35. Human Rights Watch is an activist group that investigates and publicizes human rights violations around the world. Their material on Yugoslavia in the 1990s also includes recommendations for international responses to the abuses.
  36. Find this resource:
  37. Hupchick, Dennis P., and Harold E. Cox. The Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of the Balkans. New York: Palgrave, 2001.
  38. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  39. The atlas includes fifty maps spanning West Balkan history from the Byzantine era to the Kosova crisis in 1999. The maps demonstrate the competing territorial claims in the region.
  40. Find this resource:
  41. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
  42. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  43. Radio Free Europe supplied detailed accounts and analysis of the wars in Yugoslavia and the immediate postwar years.
  44. Find this resource:
  45. Journals
  46.  
  47. Coverage of the Yugoslav war and its aftermath, as well as the emergence of new states in the Western Balkans, in various international sources has been substantial. Publications such as Foreign Affairs and Foreign Policy often offer articles by former government officials or policy generalists, but more substantial analyses by specialists on the Yugoslav and post-Yugoslav eras can be found in Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies and East European Politics as well as in East European Politics and Societies, Ethnic and Racial Studies, International Security, and Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. Several online resources, such as Balkan Insight, Transitions Online, and Southeast European Times are also available.
  48.  
  49. Balkan Insight.
  50. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  51. Balkan Insight is a news and analytical resource with a website featuring news and commentary on the Western Balkans. The daily news digest is free to access; more in-depth analysis and investigative reports are available with a premium membership.
  52. Find this resource:
  53. East European Politics. 2012–.
  54. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  55. East European Politics covers country and regional political trends and relations in all post-Communist countries, including South Eastern Europe. Prior to 2012, it was known as the Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics (1994–2011) and the Journal of Communist Studies (1985–1993).
  56. Find this resource:
  57. East European Politics and Societies. 1986–.
  58. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  59. East European Politics and Societies is a quarterly publication providing an interdisciplinary approach to social, political, military, cultural, and humanitarian issues. It is published by SAGE. Full title: East European Politics and Societies and Cultures (EEPS).
  60. Find this resource:
  61. Ethnic and Racial Studies. 1978–.
  62. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  63. Ethnic and Racial Studies provides in-depth sociological analyses of interethnic relations in ex-Yugoslavia. It is published monthly by Routledge.
  64. Find this resource:
  65. International Security. 1976–.
  66. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  67. International Security is issued quarterly by Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government and has covered wider security questions pertaining to the Yugoslav wars. Published by the MIT Press and edited at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs.
  68. Find this resource:
  69. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies. 2009–.
  70. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  71. The Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies is a quarterly publication that covers the states of the former Ottoman Empire and Soviet Union, with a focus on regional politics, economics, security, European integration, and the role of the global governance system. It was previously known as the Journal of Southern Europe and Balkans Online (1999–2008), and it is published by Routledge: Taylor & Francis.
  72. Find this resource:
  73. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. 2001–.
  74. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  75. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies is a quarterly publication published by Routledge in association with the Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy (ELIAMEP). The journal focuses on comparative analysis and policy recommendations for the Balkan and Black Sea regions.
  76. Find this resource:
  77. Southeast European Times. 1999–.
  78. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  79. Southeast European Times is an online news service detailing the latest developments in southeastern Europe. With both local and international correspondents and experts, it offers analysis and news in seven languages—Albanian, Bosnian, Croatian, English, Macedonian, Serbian, and Turkish. Sponsored by the US European Command (EUCOM).
  80. Find this resource:
  81. Transitions Online. 1999–.
  82. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  83. Transitions Online analyzes developments in the Balkans and the broader region of eastern Europe. A successor to the 1994–1999 OSI-RFE print magazine Transitions, this Internet magazine was first published in 1999 and covers twenty-nine post-communist countries in Europe and the former USSR territories via an extensive network of local contributors.
  84. Find this resource:
  85. Background History
  86.  
  87. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) afforded a measure of autonomy to each republic, although a single Communist Party continued to dominate. But the degree of political decentralization proved insufficient for ambitious national elites in several republics whose political programs increasingly focused on ethno-nationalism and independence (Banac 1984, Jelavich 1989, Rusinow 1978, Ramet 1987). The ascent of Slobodan Milošević to power in the Serbian republic in the late 1980s reversed the decentralization process. After his rise to the leadership of the League of Communists of Serbia in 1986, Milošević fixed his attention on reviving Serbian nationalism and recentralizing the Yugoslav state (Ramet 1992). The ethnification of Yugoslav politics and growing Serbian nationalism fueled nationalism in other republics (Pavlowitch 1988, Glenny 2012). Slovenia and Croatia declared their independence in June 1991 and Milošević calculated that a smaller Serb-dominated Yugoslavia could be crafted from the remaining territories. The optimal goal was to keep Bosnia-Herzegovina and Macedonia in the federation in addition to partitioned areas of Croatia. When Bosniak Muslim and Croatian leaders declared Bosnia’s independence in February 1992, Milošević promoted a war of partition in Bosnia-Herzegovina, similar to the one in Croatia the previous year, with the direct assistance of the Yugoslav army. Bosnia-Herzegovina was characterized by polarization between leaders of the three component nations—Muslim Bosniak, Serb, and Croat. In April 1992, the political impasse was transformed into an armed conflict launched by Bosnia’s Serb leaders. With overwhelming firepower and material support from Belgrade, Serbian troops overran nearly two-thirds of Bosnian territory. Serbian “ethnic cleansing” operations were comprehensively applied to terrorize Muslim communities and create pure contiguous Serbian territories across western, northern, and eastern Bosnia (Ramet 1989, Ramet 1988). As the war escalated, Croatian leaders in western Herzegovina formed their own army and government structures and expelled Muslim residents from claimed territories. The NATO military intervention in the summer of 1995 enabled Zagreb to regain the Serb separatist territories in Croatia, while the Dayton Accords signed in November 1995, accompanied by a NATO ground force, ended the hostilities in Bosnia-Herzegovina and created a two-entity confederation under international supervision: a Muslim-Croat federation and a Serb Republic (Bennett 1995). The final cracks in the Yugoslav federal experiment surfaced in 1999 when the attempted expulsion of the Albanian majority from Kosovo by Serbian forces precipitated a NATO intervention and resulted in the creation of the new state of Kosovo in February 2008. In addition, the republic of Montenegro restored its independence and statehood in June 2006 following a public referendum. With the rump Yugoslavia (consisting of Serbia and Montenegro between 1992 and 2006) dissolved, Serbia also became a separate state but with a truncated territory and new international borders.
  88.  
  89. Banac, Ivo. The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984.
  90. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  91. Banac focuses on the political, economic, and social systems in Yugoslavia. He traces the development of the national ideas of various ethnic groups prior to and during the early years of the first Yugoslavia (1921–1941).
  92. Find this resource:
  93. Bennett, Christopher. Yugoslavia’s Bloody Collapse: Causes, Course and Consequences. New York: New York University Press, 1995.
  94. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  95. Bennet, a journalist based in the region, provides a firsthand account of the Yugoslav war from 1991 to 1995.
  96. Find this resource:
  97. Glenny, Misha. The Balkans, 1804–2012: Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers. London: Granta, 2012.
  98. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  99. Glenny updates his useful guide to the historical background of Yugoslavia. Glenny was a BBC correspondent covering events in Yugoslavia during the recent wars.
  100. Find this resource:
  101. Jelavich, Barbara. History of the Balkans. 2 vols. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
  102. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  103. Jelavich provides an essential history of the Balkans spanning the entire peninsula in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. In particular she focuses on the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Empire and the emergence of independent states.
  104. Find this resource:
  105. Pavlowitch, Stevan K. The Improbable Survivor: Yugoslavia and Its Problems, 1918–1988. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1988.
  106. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  107. Pavlowitch discusses key incidents in the evolution of Yugoslavia and how these played into the Yugoslav identity crisis of the 1980s. Pavlowitch analyzes the historical tensions and interests that have influenced the Yugoslav character from a perspective more favorable to Serbian political history.
  108. Find this resource:
  109. Ramet, Pedro. Cross and Commissar: The Politics of Religion in Eastern Europe and the USSR. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.
  110. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  111. Ramet offers a historical review of relations between religion and state, with a chapter on the Serbian Orthodox Church. The volume examines how communist regimes co-opted religious institutions for their political ends.
  112. Find this resource:
  113. Ramet, Pedro, ed. Christianity under Stress. Vol. 1, Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twentieth Century. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1988.
  114. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  115. Ramet reviews the history and doctrine of Christian Orthodoxy in eastern Europe and the USSR. The book contains a section on the Serbian Orthodox Church.
  116. Find this resource:
  117. Ramet, Pedro, ed. Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1989.
  118. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  119. Ramet compiles a collection of essays on the interaction of religion and nationalism in Yugoslavia and an analysis of government policies toward Islam in Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria, and Romania before the conflict in the 1990s.
  120. Find this resource:
  121. Ramet, Sabrina. Nationalism and Federalism in Yugoslavia, 1962–1991. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992.
  122. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  123. Ramet provides a helpful account of each Yugoslav republic before the federal collapse, including economic problems and reforms, the various post-Tito political debates, and the context of Milošević’s rise to power.
  124. Find this resource:
  125. Rusinow, Dennison. The Yugoslav Experiment, 1948–1974. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.
  126. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  127. Rusinow offers short essays centered on the cleavages in Socialist Yugoslavia on the eve of war, including its political structures, the constitution, ethnic conflicts and identity, political democracy, the economy, and foreign policy.
  128. Find this resource:
  129. Wars of Yugoslav Succession
  130.  
  131. Numerous books have been published on the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s and the final disintegration of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The most informative volumes are cited below.
  132.  
  133. Bugajski, Janusz. Political Parties of Eastern Europe: A Guide to Politics in the Post-Communist Era. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2002.
  134. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  135. Bugajski offers chapters on each of the post-Yugoslav states and the development of their political systems; includes a listing of all major political parties.
  136. Find this resource:
  137. Cohen, Lenard J. Broken Bonds: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1993.
  138. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  139. Cohen focuses primarily on the political conflicts preceding the dissolution of Yugoslavia, concentrating most heavily on events during and after Marshall Tito’s rule.
  140. Find this resource:
  141. Crnobrjna, Mihailo. The Yugoslav Drama. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1994.
  142. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  143. Crnobrjna gives a historical analysis focusing on Serbian nationalism and its impact on Yugoslavia’s disintegration.
  144. Find this resource:
  145. Denitch, Bogdan. Ethnic Nationalism: The Tragic Death of Yugoslavia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994.
  146. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  147. Denitch examines competing nationalisms in the former Yugoslavia.
  148. Find this resource:
  149. Ingrao, Charles, and Thomas A. Emmert, eds. Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholar’s Initiative. 2d ed. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2013.
  150. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  151. Ingrao and Emmert compile a volume including contributions from an international consortium of historians and social scientists to examine controversies stemming from the Yugoslav wars. The findings challenge the interpretations of nationalist politicians and media outlets in each successor state.
  152. Find this resource:
  153. Ramet, Sabrina P. The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2006.
  154. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  155. Ramet offers an invaluable history of Yugoslavia in the 20th century focusing on the failures of state building, the rule of law, and political legitimacy that culminated in the creation of seven new countries.
  156. Find this resource:
  157. Silber, Laura, and Allan Little. Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation. New York: Penguin, 1997.
  158. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  159. Silber and Little produced this book to accompany the BBC/Discovery Channel documentary with the same title. The information is presented in a way that is comprehensible, even to audiences with a limited knowledge of Yugoslav history.
  160. Find this resource:
  161. Udovicki, Jasminka, and James Ridgeway, eds. Burn This House: The Making and Unmaking of Yugoslavia. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000.
  162. DOI: 10.1215/9780822380917Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  163. Udovicki and Ridgeway compile a collection of essays by journalists and historians from the region focusing on the media wars, political resistance, and economic crises.
  164. Find this resource:
  165. Wolchik, Sharon, and Jane L. Curry, eds. Central and East European Politics: From Communism to Democracy. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2011.
  166. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  167. Wolchik and Curry assemble a collection of essays focusing on key issues confronting central and eastern Europe, the Baltics, and the former Yugoslav states. The work discusses NATO and EU enlargement, ethnic tensions in the region, market reform, and democratization.
  168. Find this resource:
  169. Woodward, Susan L. Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1995.
  170. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  171. Woodward concentrates on international involvement in the Yugoslav wars and the breakup of the Yugoslav federation.
  172. Find this resource:
  173. Emergence of New States
  174.  
  175. The Western Balkan states can be divided into two categories. First, are the successful states of Slovenia and Croatia, which have consolidated their statehood and democratic systems and entered both NATO and the EU. Albania entered NATO in 2009 and the country will likely join the EU in the coming decade. Montenegro and most probably Serbia are poised to follow these countries in entering both organizations during the coming decade. Second, are the contested states of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosova, and Macedonia, whose democratic reforms have been threatened by ethnic disputes and whose membership of NATO and EU remains blocked by domestic politics or external vetoes. In addition, disputed subregions in certain states seek greater autonomy if not outright independence, including the Serb Republic in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Vojvodina in Serbia, and the Albanian majority areas of western Macedonia and southern Serbia. Numerous books have been published on the seven new countries that emerged from the former Yugoslav federation as well as on the Republic of Albania after the collapse of the communist dictatorship in 1991, which ended the country’s international isolation.
  176.  
  177. Albania
  178.  
  179. Few major studies of Albania before the country’s emergence from an isolated Stalinist dictatorship in the early 1990s are available (Biberaj 1998, Jacques 2009, Prifti 1978, Tarifa 2001). Since then, several important works have appeared on 20th-century Albanian history (Biberaj 1990, Hall 1994, Zickel and Iwaskiw 1994), the post–World War II communist period (Fischer 1999, Pano 1968), and the country’s democratic development (Vickers and Pettifer 1997).
  180.  
  181. Biberaj, Elez. Albania: A Socialist Maverick. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1990.
  182. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  183. Biberaj gives an authoritative history of Albania during the period from 1944 to 1990.
  184. Find this resource:
  185. Biberaj, Elez. Albania in Transition: The Rocky Road to Democracy. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1998.
  186. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  187. Biberaj provides a comprehensive analysis of the challenges facing the transition of post–Cold War Albania from a rigid communist system until 1997, and he examines the political turmoil following the collapse of the infamous “pyramid schemes” that devastated the economy in 1997.
  188. Find this resource:
  189. Fischer, Bernd Jurgen. Albania at War, 1939–1945. London: C. Hurst, 1999.
  190. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  191. Fischer provides a valuable background analysis on Albania during World War II.
  192. Find this resource:
  193. Hall, Derek R. Albania and the Albanians. London: Pinter, 1994.
  194. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  195. Hall gives a useful overall account of the Albanians and their European identity.
  196. Find this resource:
  197. Jacques, Edwin E. The Albanians: An Ethnic History from Prehistoric Times to the Present. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2009.
  198. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  199. Jacques offers a comprehensive and detailed history of the Albanian people.
  200. Find this resource:
  201. Pano, Nicholas. The People’s Republic of Albania. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1968.
  202. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  203. Pano gives a valuable introduction to communist politics in Albania after World War II.
  204. Find this resource:
  205. Prifti, Peter R. Socialist Albania since 1944: Domestic and Foreign Developments. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1978.
  206. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  207. Prifti supplies an analysis of Albanian communism through the late 1970s, examining how communism affected women, religion, art, culture, and foreign policy.
  208. Find this resource:
  209. Tarifa, Fatos. The Quest for Legitimacy and the Withering Away of Utopia. The Hague: Smiet, 2001.
  210. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  211. Tarifa gives a useful analysis of Albanian communism. He is a former Albanian ambassador to the United States.
  212. Find this resource:
  213. Vickers, Miranda, and James Pettifer. Albania: From Anarchy to a Balkan Identity. New York: New York University Press, 1997.
  214. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  215. Vickers and Pettifer discuss Albania’s history from the death of communist leader Enver Hoxha in 1985 to 1996, covering the transition to parliamentary democracy. The volume also provides a useful background to Albanian society and culture.
  216. Find this resource:
  217. Zickel, Raymond E., and Walter R. Iwaskiw, eds. Albania: A Country Study. Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1994.
  218. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  219. Zickel and Iwaskiw contribute this volume, part of the Country Studies/Area Handbook series written to prepare US diplomats for their country posts. This volume examines Albania’s history, politics, society, and culture.
  220. Find this resource:
  221. Bosnia-Herzegovina
  222.  
  223. An extensive literature on Bosnia-Herzegovina appeared during and after the Yugoslav wars in the 1990s (see Ali and Lifschultz 1993). In addition to numerous accounts by journalists, a number of in-depth studies cover such questions as Bosniak history and identity (Friedman 1996), the causes and consequences of the war (Burg and Shoup 2000, Malcolm 2001), relations among Bosniak Muslims, Serbs, and Croats (Bringa 1995, Sells 1996), and the emergence of a multiethnic state (Kumar 1997, Chandler 2000).
  224.  
  225. Ali, Rabia, and Lawrence Lifschultz, eds. Why Bosnia? Writings on the Balkan War. Stony Creek, CT: Pamphleteer’s Press, 1993.
  226. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  227. Ali and Lifschulz supply a compendium of essays by local and international experts, eyewitnesses and war correspondents analyzing the background to the Yugoslav wars, offering a critical view of international actors, including the US administration.
  228. Find this resource:
  229. Bringa, Tone. Being Muslim the Bosnian Way: Identity and Community in a Central Bosnian Village. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.
  230. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  231. Bringa provides a social anthropological account of a multiethnic village near Sarajevo, illuminating the experiences of Bosnian Muslims, where conflicts on the federal level inflated interethnic and religious differences.
  232. Find this resource:
  233. Burg, Steven L., and Paul S. Shoup. The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2000.
  234. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  235. Burg and Shoup supply a history of the 1992–1995 war in Bosnia-Herzegovina, with detailed maps and statistical data. Prewar historical background is also provided as well as a comprehensive examination of international intervention in Bosnia.
  236. Find this resource:
  237. Chandler, David. Bosnia: Faking Democracy after Dayton. London: Pluto, 2000.
  238. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  239. Chandler explores conditions in Bosnia after the Dayton agreement, including the progress of democratization since the 1995 cease-fire and the successes and failures in developing a pluralistic society.
  240. Find this resource:
  241. Friedman, Francine. The Bosnian Muslims: Denial of a Nation. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996.
  242. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  243. Friedman supplies an authoritative history of Bosnian Muslims from early Balkan settlements to the collapse of Yugoslavia in the 1990s.
  244. Find this resource:
  245. Kumar, Radha. Divide and Fall? Bosnia in the Annals of Partition. London: Verso, 1997.
  246. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  247. Kumar argues that the Dayton partition of Bosnia along ethnic lines was an ineffective solution and recommends international efforts to develop Bosnia’s economy.
  248. Find this resource:
  249. Malcolm, Noel. Bosnia: A Short History. London: Pan Macmillan, 2001.
  250. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  251. Malcolm supplies a comprehensive history of Bosnia that describes the origins of the conflict of the 1990s and how the strategic use of ethnic cleansing was not a response to fundamentalist Islam but a deliberate tactic used by the Serbian government.
  252. Find this resource:
  253. Sells, Michael A. The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.
  254. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  255. Sells analyzes the Bosnian Muslim genocide and how Serbian nationalism was intertwined with religion.
  256. Find this resource:
  257. Croatia
  258.  
  259. Before the breakup of Yugoslavia during the 1990s, Croatian history and politics were primarily assessed in the context of the broader Yugoslav structure (Tanner 2010, Ramet 1990). Since the country gained independence valuable works have appeared in English (Ramet and Matic 2007).
  260.  
  261. Ramet, Sabrina, ed. Catholicism and Politics in Communist Societies. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1990.
  262. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  263. Ramet contributes a chapter on Croatia in a collection of essays on religion and politics in socialist states.
  264. Find this resource:
  265. Ramet, Sabrina P., and Davorka Matic, eds. Democratic Transition in Croatia: Value Transformation, Education, and Media. Series on Eastern Europe. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2007.
  266. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  267. Ramet and Matic publish a scholarly analysis of the challenges Croatia has faced in creating a state after the fall of communism.
  268. Find this resource:
  269. Tanner, Marcus. Croatia: A Nation Forged in War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010.
  270. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  271. Tanner provides a succinct history of Croatia from medieval times through the fall of Yugoslavia in the 1990s and the development of a democratic state qualifying for NATO and EU membership.
  272. Find this resource:
  273. Kosovo
  274.  
  275. A handful of studies of Kosovo have been published since the beginning of Yugoslavia’s fragmentation in the early 1990s (Malcolm 2002, International Crisis Group 1998). They either concentrate on the war for independence from Serbia (Mertus 1999, Judah 2002) or place Kosovo in a broader context of relations between Serbs and Albanians (Vickers 1998, Pettifer 2012, Human Rights Watch 2001).
  276.  
  277. Human Rights Watch. Under Orders: War Crimes in Kosovo. New York: Human Rights Watch, 2001.
  278. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  279. Human Rights Watch gives a detailed documentation of the war crimes committed by Serbian forces and the Kosovo Liberation Army during the 1999 NATO aerial bombing campaign.
  280. Find this resource:
  281. International Crisis Group. Kosovo Spring: The International Crisis Group Guide to Kosovo. Brussels: International Crisis Group, 1998.
  282. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  283. The International Crisis Group supplies a thorough examination of Kosovo’s historical and sociological background. Useful appendixes list a chronology of events and a Who’s Who in Kosovo.
  284. Find this resource:
  285. Judah, Tim. Kosovo: War and Revenge. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002.
  286. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  287. Judah gives an eyewitness account by a British journalist regarding the context of the NATO war with Serbia over the province of Kosovo.
  288. Find this resource:
  289. Malcolm, Noel. Kosovo: A Short History. London: Pan Macmillan, 2002.
  290. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  291. Malcolm provides a valuable book for those lacking background on the region, covering much of the history of Kosovo until the Western intervention in the late 1990s.
  292. Find this resource:
  293. Mertus, Julie A. Kosovo: How Myths and Truths Started a War. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
  294. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  295. Mertus publishes a helpful book on the background of the 1999 NATO-Serbian war over Kosovo, with an emphasis on propaganda and myth-making that exacerbated inter-ethnic conflicts.
  296. Find this resource:
  297. Pettifer, James. The Kosova Liberation Army: Underground War to Balkan Insurgency, 1948–2001. London: Hurst, 2012.
  298. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  299. Pettifer offers a comprehensive account and analysis of the armed resistance movement in Kosovo against Serbian government control.
  300. Find this resource:
  301. Vickers, Miranda. Between Serb and Albanian: A History of Kosovo. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.
  302. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  303. Vickers offers one of the most useful books about Kosovo and its relations with Serbia and Albania until the eve of the NATO intervention in 1999.
  304. Find this resource:
  305. Macedonia
  306.  
  307. Several works on modern Macedonia have appeared since the collapse of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s (Brown 2003, Ackermann 2000). While some works focus on the country’s history (Pribichevich 1982), others describe its emergence from Yugoslavia and the ongoing conflict with Greece over the country’s identity (Karakasidou 1997).
  308.  
  309. Ackermann, Alice. Making Peace Prevail: Preventing Violent Conflict in Macedonia. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2000.
  310. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  311. Ackermann offers a discussion of preventative diplomacy and conflict-management in Macedonia’s multiethnic society in the 1990s, including a review of the main actors involved, such as the UN and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).
  312. Find this resource:
  313. Brown, Keith S. The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.
  314. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  315. Brown examines Macedonian nationalism throughout the 20th century in an account weaved around historical events before, during, and after the Yugoslav federal experiment.
  316. Find this resource:
  317. Karakasidou, Anastasia N. Fields of Wheat, Hills of Blood: Passages to Nationhood in Greek Macedonia, 1870–1990. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.
  318. DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226424996.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  319. Karakasidou provides an ethnographic and historical account of Greek Macedonia, examining Greek and Bulgarian nationalism and the process of national homogenization.
  320. Find this resource:
  321. Pribichevich, Stoyan. Macedonia: Its People and History. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1982.
  322. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  323. Pribichevich publishes a history of the Macedonians from the classical Antiquity to the 1980s, including research on language, folklore, customs, and demography as part of the Yugoslav federation, Bulgaria, and Greece.
  324. Find this resource:
  325. Montenegro
  326.  
  327. Only a handful of studies on Montenegro are available in English, as the country’s history has traditionally been viewed in the context of Serbian and Yugoslav developments (Roberts 2007, Treadway 1983, Morrison 2009).
  328.  
  329. Morrison, Kenneth. Montenegro: A Modern History. London: I. B. Tauris, 2009.
  330. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  331. Morrison chronicles Montenegro’s contemporary history in the modern era and focuses on its position in the three 20th-century Yugoslav federations, culminating in the restoration of independence in 2006. He also explores Montenegrin national identity.
  332. Find this resource:
  333. Roberts, Elizabeth. Realm of the Black Mountain: A History of Montenegro. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2007.
  334. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  335. Roberts provides an in-depth history of Montenegro and its national identity through the centuries, culminating in the regaining of state independence in 2006.
  336. Find this resource:
  337. Treadway, John D. The Falcon and Eagle: Montenegro and Austria-Hungary, 1908–1914. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 1983.
  338. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  339. Treadway offers a classic treatise on the geopolitics of Montenegro and its relations with the major powers in Europe at the beginning of World War I, examining the long-term consequences of the Balkan wars.
  340. Find this resource:
  341. Serbia
  342.  
  343. The literature on Serbia is fairly extensive, including its history and politics since the Middle Ages and in the context of the two incarnations of Yugoslavia—royal and communist (Judah 2009, Dawisha and Parrot 1997). Several newer studies have also appeared on Serbia under the rule of Slobodan Milošević and following the emergence of a separate Serbian state in 2006 (Popov 2000, Cohen 2001, Colovic 2002, Gordy 1999, Collin 2001, Thomas 1999).
  344.  
  345. Cohen, Lenard J. Serpent in the Bosom: The Rise and Fall of Slobodan Milosevic. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2001.
  346. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  347. Cohen provides a biographic profile of Slobodan Milošević, his rise to power, and the tools he used to orchestrate the wars in Yugoslavia during the 1990s.
  348. Find this resource:
  349. Collin, Matthew. Guerrilla Radio: Rock ‘n’ Roll Radio and Serbia’s Underground Resistance. New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2001.
  350. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  351. Collin gives an account of the oppositionist B92 radio station in Serbia. Threatened by Milosevic and closed down multiple times, B92’s story provides valuable insight into dissident politics during Yugoslavia’s disintegration.
  352. Find this resource:
  353. Colovic, Ivan. Politics of Identity in Serbia: Essays in Political Anthropology. New York: New York University Press, 2002.
  354. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  355. Colovic examines the politics of identity in Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Croatia, and how Milošević and other leaders manipulated nationalism, political mythology, and social networks.
  356. Find this resource:
  357. Dawisha, Karen, and Bruce Parrot, eds. Politics, Power and the Struggle for Democracy in South-East Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
  358. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511559228Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  359. Dawisha and Parrot publish a collection of essays on the democratic transitions in eastern Europe, including a useful chapter on Serbia.
  360. Find this resource:
  361. Gordy, Eric D. The Culture of Power in Serbia, Nationalism and the Destruction of Alternatives. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999.
  362. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  363. Gordy publishes an invaluable analysis of the Milošević years and the suppression of political dissent.
  364. Find this resource:
  365. Judah, Tim. The Serbs: History, Myth, and the Destruction of Yugoslavia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009.
  366. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  367. Judah, the Balkan correspondent for the London Times and The Economist, places the Serb nation in a historical context during the collapse of Yugoslavia in the 1990s.
  368. Find this resource:
  369. Popov, Nebojsa, ed. The Road to War in Serbia: Trauma and Catharsis. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2000.
  370. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  371. Popov focuses on the prewar years, the development of a militant nationalist ideology, and how cultural, educational, and religious institutions were co-opted to promote violence in the 1990s.
  372. Find this resource:
  373. Thomas, Robert. The Politics of Serbia in the 1990s. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.
  374. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  375. Thomas analyzes Serbian politics, factionalism, and the weak opposition that allowed Slobodan Milošević to manipulate the public and divide and rule Serbia.
  376. Find this resource:
  377. Slovenia
  378.  
  379. In-depth literature on Slovenia is sparse, but a few studies have been published on the development of an independent Slovenian state since the disintegration of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s (see Gow and Carmichael 2000, Benderly and Kraft 1994, Drnovsek 1996, Jansa 1994).
  380.  
  381. Benderly, Jill, and Evan Kraft, eds. Independent Slovenia: Origins Movements, Prospects. New York: St. Martin’s, 1994.
  382. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  383. Benderly and Kraft cover Slovenian history from the 7th century until independence in the early 1990s. The volume focuses on social movements that played a part in gaining sovereignty, including intellectuals, trade unions, punk rockers, feminists, ecologists, human rights activists, and pacifists.
  384. Find this resource:
  385. Drnovsek, Janez. Escape from Hell: The Truth of a President. Martigny, Switzerland: Éditions Latour, 1996.
  386. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  387. Drnovsek, the former Slovenian prime minister, writes a useful biography and account of the separation of Slovenia from Yugoslavia.
  388. Find this resource:
  389. Gow, James, and Cathie Carmichael. Slovenia and the Slovenes: A Small State and the New Europe. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000.
  390. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  391. Gow and Carmichael provide a good overview of Slovenian history, culture, economy, political system, and its security questions.
  392. Find this resource:
  393. Jansa, Janez. The Making of the Slovenian State, 1988–1992: The Collapse of Yugoslavia. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Mladinska Knjiga, 1994.
  394. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  395. Jansa, the former Slovenian prime minister and defense minister, provides a valuable chronicle of Slovenia’s emergence from a collapsing Yugoslavia.
  396. Find this resource:
  397. International Relations and Institutional Integration
  398.  
  399. The early years of the Yugoslav wars during the 1990s were marked by international indecision regarding intervention. Diplomatic engagement by the United States and the European Union proved insufficient to stem the expanding violence, even after the expiration of the Yugoslav federation was acknowledged and the independence of several new states recognized by many states. NATO became engaged in an effective way in the war zones only when Washington decided to intervene militarily (Martin and Brawley 2001). The US administration feared that the credibility of the alliance was under increasing question given the mass slaughter of civilians in Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1992–1995 and in Kosovo in 1999 (Gow 1997). NATO was eventually successful in terminating the wars, establishing peace agreements, and enabling state formation (Daalder and O’Hanlon 2000, Norris 2005). Several books cover the various forms of international intervention in the Western Balkans since the start of the Yugoslav wars in the 1990s, including Bugajski 2013, while others focus on the problems the region still faces in the process of international institutional integration (MacShane 2011, European Union, External Action Service, North Atlantic Treaty Organization).
  400.  
  401. Bugajski, Janusz. Return of the Balkans: Challenges to European Integration and US Disengagement. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, 2013.
  402. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  403. Bugajski provides a detailed assessment of prospects for further conflict in the Western Balkans and the implications for European Union and US policy toward the region.
  404. Find this resource:
  405. Daalder, Ivo H., and Michael O’Hanlon. Winning Ugly: NATO’s War to Save Kosovo. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000.
  406. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  407. Daalder and O’Hanlon review NATO’s aerial bombing in 1999 to expel Serb forces from Kosovo. They also examine US and NATO decision making and the effectiveness of military intervention and diplomatic initiatives.
  408. Find this resource:
  409. European Union, External Action Service. Brussels: External Action Service.
  410. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  411. European Union documents detail the progress of each West Balkan state toward European Union accession.
  412. Find this resource:
  413. Gow, James. Triumph of the Lack of Will: International Diplomacy and the Yugoslav War. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
  414. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  415. Gow provides a critical examination of the Dayton process and Western involvement in the Yugoslav wars, focusing on policy decisions by Washington and the major European capitals.
  416. Find this resource:
  417. MacShane, Denis. Why Kosovo Still Matters. London: Haus, 2011.
  418. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  419. MacShane, a member of the British Parliament, describes the war over Kosovo and argues for international efforts to incorporate the Western Balkans in European institutions.
  420. Find this resource:
  421. Martin, Pierre, and Mark R. Brawley, eds. Alliance Politics, Kosovo, and NATO’s War: Allied Force or Forced Allies? New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001.
  422. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  423. Martin and Brawley use the case of Kosovo to take a critical look at the NATO alliance and how it was tested by its first military intervention.
  424. Find this resource:
  425. Norris, John. Collision Course: NATO, Russia, and Kosovo. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005.
  426. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  427. Norris, a former State Department official, gives details of the negotiations that won Kosovo’s independence. He recounts the events of the 1998–1999 Kosovoa war, the aerial bombing of Serbia, and the role of international players in resolving the Kosovo conflict.
  428. Find this resource:
  429. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Brussels: North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
  430. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  431. NATO documents detail the progress of each West Balkan state toward NATO accession.
Advertisement
Add Comment
Please, Sign In to add comment
Advertisement
Public Pastes
Advertisement
We use cookies for various purposes including analytics. By continuing to use Pastebin, you agree to our use of cookies as described in the Cookies Policy.  OK, I Understand
Not a member of Pastebin yet?
Sign Up, it unlocks many cool features!