[
  {"id":"adamsSexSingleBuilding2010","accessed":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]]},"author":[{"family":"Adams","given":"Annmarie"}],"container-title":"Buildings & Landscapes: Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum","ISSN":"1936-0886","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[[2010]]},"page":"82-97","publisher":"University of Minnesota Press","source":"JSTOR","title":"Sex and the Single Building: The Weston Havens House, 1941—2001","title-short":"Sex and the Single Building","type":"article-journal","URL":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20839336","volume":"17"},
  {"id":"burnettSocialHistoryHousing1978","author":[{"family":"Burnett","given":"John"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1978]]},"language":"en","number-of-pages":"344","publisher":"Methuen","source":"Google Books","title":"A Social History of Housing: 1815-1970","title-short":"A Social History of Housing","type":"book"},
  {"id":"cupersSocialProjectHousing2014","abstract":"Winner of the 2015 Abbott Lowell Cummings prize from the Vernacular Architecture Forum Winner of the 2015 Sprio Kostof Book Award from the Society of Architectural Historians Winner of the 2016 International Planning History Society Book Prize for European Planning History Honorable Mention: 2016 Wylie Prize in French Studies  In the three decades following World War II, the French government engaged in one of the twentieth century’s greatest social and architectural experiments: transforming a mostly rural country into a modernized urban nation. Through the state-sanctioned construction of mass housing and development of towns on the outskirts of existing cities, a new world materialized where sixty years ago little more than cabbage and cottages existed.Known as the banlieue, the suburban landscapes that make up much of contemporary France are near-opposites of the historic cities they surround. Although these postwar environments of towers, slabs, and megastructures are often seen as a single utopian blueprint gone awry, Kenny Cupers demonstrates that their construction was instead driven by the intense aspirations and anxieties of a broad range of people. Narrating the complex interactions between architects, planners, policy makers, inhabitants, and social scientists, he shows how postwar dwelling was caught between the purview of the welfare state and the rise of mass consumerism.The Social Project unearths three decades of architectural and social experiments centered on the dwelling environment as it became an object of modernization, an everyday site of citizen participation, and a domain of social scientific expertise. Beyond state intervention, it was this new regime of knowledge production that made postwar modernism mainstream. The first comprehensive history of these wide-ranging urban projects, this book reveals how housing in postwar France shaped both contemporary urbanity and modern architecture.","author":[{"family":"Cupers","given":"Kenny"}],"ISBN":"978-1-4529-4106-6","issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]]},"language":"en","number-of-pages":"607","publisher":"U of Minnesota Press","source":"Google Books","title":"The Social Project: Housing Postwar France","title-short":"The Social Project","type":"book"},
  {"id":"davisPlanetSlums2007","abstract":"A celebrated urban historian’s bestselling account of the global explosion of slums.According to the united nations, more than one billion people now live in the slums of the cities of the South. In this brilliant and ambitious book, Mike Davis explores the future of a radically unequal and explosively unstable urban world. From the sprawling barricadas of Lima to the garbage hills of Manila, urbanization has been disconnected from industrialization, and even from economic growth. Davis portrays a vast humanity warehoused in shantytowns and exiled from the formal world economy. He argues that the rise of this informal urban proletariat is a wholly unforeseen development, and asks whether the great slums, as a terrified Victorian middle class once imagined, are volcanoes waiting to erupt.","author":[{"family":"Davis","given":"Mike"}],"ISBN":"978-1-84467-160-1","issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,17]]},"language":"en","number-of-pages":"240","publisher":"Verso","source":"Google Books","title":"Planet of Slums","type":"book"},
  {"id":"fernandesIllegalCitiesLaw1998","abstract":"In the major cities of Asia, Africa and Latin America, the urban poor often have to step outside the law in order to gain access to housing. Much has been written about the problems they face, but few studies have asked why it matters that their housing is illegal, or what should be done about it. This book seeks to answer these questions by exploring the role of law in the process of urban change. Its broad geographical coverage combines national case studies with overview chapters by leading specialists in the field. An original and comprehensive book, it aims to bring the largely neglected discussion on law and urban change to the attention of those interested in urban studies, to demystify the subject and challenge the uncritical treatment which it has received in traditional legalistic studies.","author":[{"family":"Fernandes","given":"Edesio"},{"family":"Varley","given":"Ann"}],"ISBN":"978-1-85649-549-3","issued":{"date-parts":[[1998]]},"language":"en","number-of-pages":"298","publisher":"Zed Books","source":"Google Books","title":"Illegal Cities: Law and Urban Change in Developing Countries","title-short":"Illegal Cities","type":"book"},
  {"id":"fernandesRegularizationInformalSettlements2011","abstract":"In large Latin American cities the number of dwellings in informal settlements ranges from one-tenth to one-third of urban residences. These informal settlements are caused by low income, unrealistic urban planning, lack of serviced land, lack of social housing, and a dysfunctional legal system. The settlements develop over time and some have existed for decades, often becoming part of the regular development of the city, and therefore gaining rights, although usually lacking formal titles. Whether they are established on public or private land, they develop irregularly and often do not have critical public services such as sanitation, resulting in health and environmental hazards. In this report from the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, author Edesio Fernandes, a lawyer and urban planner from Latin America, studies the options for regularization of the informal settlements.Regularization is looked at through established programs in both Peru and Brazil, in an attempt to bring these settlements much needed balance and improvement. In Peru, based on Hernando de Soto's theory that tenure security triggers development and increases property value, from 1996 to 2006, 1.5 million freehold titles were issued at a cost of $64 per household. This did result in an increase of property values by about 25 percent, making the program cost effective. Brazil took a much broader and more costly approach to regularization by not only titling the land, but improving public services, job creation, and community support structures. This program in Brazil has had a cost of between $3,500 to $5,000 per household and has affected a much lower percent of the population.The report offers recommendations for improving regularization policy and identifies issues that must be addressed, such as collecting data with baseline figures to get a true evaluation of the benefit of programs established. Also, it shows that each individual informal settlement must have a customized plan, as a single approach will not work for each settlement. There is a need to include both genders for long-term effectiveness and to find ways to make the regularization self-sustaining financially. Any program must be closely monitored to insure the conditions are improved for the marginalized, as well as be sure it is not causing new informal settlements to be established.","author":[{"family":"Fernandes","given":"Edesio"}],"ISBN":"978-1-55844-202-3","issued":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"language":"en","number-of-pages":"48","publisher":"Lincoln Institute of Land Policy","source":"Google Books","title":"Regularization of Informal Settlements in Latin America","type":"book"},
  {"id":"fichterFreedomBuildDweller1972","author":[{"family":"Fichter","given":"Robert"}],"ISBN":"978-0-02-089690-6","issued":{"date-parts":[[1972]]},"language":"en","number-of-pages":"364","publisher":"Macmillan","source":"Google Books","title":"Freedom to Build: Dweller Control of the Housing Process","title-short":"Freedom to Build","type":"book"},
  {"id":"glendinningTowerBlockModern1994","abstract":"Once they were seen as one of the greatest triumphs of the postwar Welfare State and of the social functionalism of Modern architecture. More recently, high flats and other dense Modern housing patterns have become the target of widespread, violent condemnation. The authors of Tower Block have decisively broken from this polarised rhetoric, believing that it has itself fuelled the 'high-rise problem'. Instead, they have undertaken a cautious but comprehensive historical analysis of the buildings in the hope that this may help foster a generally more balanced attitude towards them. Two fundamental questions are addressed in these pages. Firstly: why were tower blocks held to provide good dwellings - better than any previous form of dense urban housing? Here, the authors explore the beliefs of designers and theorists in technical matters such as density, layout, construction and services, as well as in the less easily defined, yet equally urgent, search for 'community' in new housing. And they show that, alongside all this, there ran a belief that it was possible, in at least some of these solutions, to achieve an absolute architectural quality. The second question takes a different form. Why was there such a rapid and massed building of multi-storey blocks - peaking in the mid-1960s - across all urban areas of Scotland, England and Wales? An immensely broad research programme, using both central and local sources, including countless interviews, has allowed the authors to conclude that the chief driving force was municipal pride - the idealistic daring of councillor 'housing crusaders' determined to give 'their people' new homes, as many and as fast as possible. In Northern Ireland, onthe other hand, the new housing drive was masterminded by powerful civil servants. In its comprehensive answer to these two fundamental questions - which take in, between them, the conception and the production of Modern housing - the book contributes significantly to the history of Modern architecture, as well as social policy and public administration. And the two massive gazetteers at the end, containing a statistical list of all public-authority high blocks in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland and the Channel Islands, and a bibliography of architecturally noteworthy projects, provide a vast quarry of data for local and national historians.","author":[{"family":"Glendinning","given":"Miles"},{"family":"Muthesius","given":"Stefan"}],"ISBN":"978-0-300-05444-6","issued":{"date-parts":[[1994]]},"language":"en","number-of-pages":"420","publisher":"Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art","source":"Google Books","title":"Tower Block: Modern Public Housing in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland","title-short":"Tower Block","type":"book"},
  {"id":"grenvilleMedievalHousing1999","abstract":"The archaeological study of standing buildings is experiencing a welcome renaissance. This book outlines recent developments in the field and shows how they have contributed to our understanding of medieval domestic dwellings. Evidence from the buildings themselves, from excavation and from documentary sources is combined to provide an outline of the development of building techniques in the Middle Ages, and current knowledge about the housing of the rich, the middling sort and the poor is reviewed. The specific adaptations demanded of domestic dwellings in the growing context of towns are also discussed.","author":[{"family":"Grenville","given":"Jane"}],"ISBN":"978-0-7185-0211-9","issued":{"date-parts":[[1999]]},"language":"en","number-of-pages":"230","publisher":"Leicester University Press","source":"Google Books","title":"Medieval Housing","type":"book"},
  {"id":"harloePeopleHomeSocial2011","abstract":"The People's Home is a magisterial examination of the development of social rented housing over the last hundred years in six advanced capitalist countries - Britain, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark and the USA.","author":[{"family":"Harloe","given":"Michael"}],"ISBN":"978-1-4443-9940-0","issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,15]]},"language":"en","number-of-pages":"639","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","source":"Google Books","title":"The People's Home?: Social Rented Housing in Europe and America","title-short":"The People's Home?","type":"book"},
  {"id":"harrisCommunismTomorrowStreet2013","abstract":"This fascinating and deeply researched book examines how, beginning under Khrushchev in 1953, a generation of Soviet citizens moved from the overcrowded communal dwellings of the Stalin era to modern single-family apartments, later dubbed khrushchevka. Arguing that moving to a separate apartment allowed ordinary urban dwellers to experience Khrushchev’s thaw, Steven E. Harris fundamentally shifts interpretation of the thaw, conventionally understood as an elite phenomenon. Harris focuses on the many participants eager to benefit from and influence the new way of life embodied by the khrushchevka, its furniture, and its associated consumer goods. He examines activities of national and local politicians, planners, enterprise managers, workers, furniture designers and architects, elite organizations (centrally involved in creating cooperative housing), and ordinary urban dwellers. Communism on Tomorrow Street also demonstrates the relationship of Soviet mass housing and urban planning to international efforts at resolving the “housing question” that had been studied since the nineteenth century and led to housing developments in Western Europe, the United States, and Latin America as well as the USSR.","author":[{"family":"Harris","given":"Steven E."}],"ISBN":"978-1-4214-0566-7","issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,29]]},"language":"en","number-of-pages":"416","publisher":"Woodrow Wilson Center Press / Johns Hopkins University Press","source":"Google Books","title":"Communism on Tomorrow Street: Mass Housing and Everyday Life after Stalin","title-short":"Communism on Tomorrow Street","type":"book"},
  {"id":"harrisUnplannedSuburbsToronto1999","abstract":"It is widely believed that only the growth of mass suburbs after World War II brought suburban living within reach of blue-collar workers, immigrants, and racial minorities. But in this original and intensive study of Toronto, Richard Harris shows that even prewar suburbs were socially and ethnically diverse, with a significant number of lower-income North American families making their homes on the urban fringe. In the United States and Canada, lack of planning set the stage for a uniquely North American tragedy. Unplanned Suburbs serves as a reminder of the dangers of unchecked suburban growth.","author":[{"family":"Harris","given":"Richard"}],"ISBN":"978-0-8018-6282-3","issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,10,7]]},"language":"en","number-of-pages":"380","publisher":"JHU Press","source":"Google Books","title":"Unplanned Suburbs: Toronto's American Tragedy, 1900 to 1950","title-short":"Unplanned Suburbs","type":"book"},
  {"id":"kemenyPublicHousingSocial1995","abstract":"In this volume, Jim Kemeny develops a new approach to the comparative study of rental markets.The framework used takes the concept of the process of maturation of non-profit rental housing as its starting point. It shows how two broad policy strategies have been developed to channel maturation in different ways.These are the 'dualist' system of state control of non-profit renting, which residualises it and protects profit renting from competition. This strategy is used in English-speaking countries, and Great Britain, Australia and New Zealand are presented as case studies.The other strategy is to develop a 'unitary rental market' by integrating non-profit renting with profit renting to create a single rental market. This strategy derives from the German concept of the social market, and Germany, The Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland are presented as case studies.Jim Kemeny shows how each system derives from differences in the representation of vested interests, is informed by different assumptions governing how markets operate, and gives rise to different sets of policy problems.Offering a radical critique of the orthodox view, it is argued that the time is now right for English-speaking nations to abandon state control over cost renting and allow it to compete directly with profit renting, as in the 'unitary market' model. International in scope, this dynamic, innovative volume will be of great interest to researchers in housing, sociology and related fields.","author":[{"family":"Kemeny","given":"Jim"}],"ISBN":"978-0-415-08365-2","issued":{"date-parts":[[1995]]},"language":"en","number-of-pages":"211","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Books","title":"From Public Housing to the Social Market: Rental Policy Strategies in Comparative Perspective","title-short":"From Public Housing to the Social Market","type":"book"},
  {"id":"laneHousingDwellingPerspectives2006","abstract":"Housing and Dwelling collects the best in recent scholarly and philosophical writings that bear upon the history of domestic architecture in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Lane combines exemplary readings that focus on and examine the issues involved in the study of domestic architecture, taken from an innovative and informed combination of philosophy, history, social science, art, literature and architectural writings. Uniquely, the readings underline the point of view of the user of a dwelling and assess the impact of varying uses on the evolution of domestic architecture. This book is a valuable asset for students, scholars, and designers alike, exploring the extraordinary variety of methods, interpretations and source materials now available in this important field. For students, it opens windows on the many aspects of domestic architecture. For scholars, it introduces new, interdisciplinary points of view and suggests directions for further research. It acquaints practising architects in the field of housing design with history and methods and offers directions for future design possibilities.","author":[{"family":"Lane","given":"Barbara Miller"}],"ISBN":"978-1-134-27926-5","issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,1]]},"language":"en","number-of-pages":"837","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Books","title":"Housing and Dwelling: Perspectives on Modern Domestic Architecture","title-short":"Housing and Dwelling","type":"book"},
  {"id":"mccannHardTimesMarvelous2014","abstract":"Beginning in the late 1970s, activists from the favelas of Rio de Janeiro challenged the conditions—such as limited access to security, sanitation, public education, and formal employment—that separated favela residents from Rio's other citizens. The activists built a movement that helped to push the nation toward redemocratization. They joined with political allies in an effort to institute an ambitious slate of municipal reforms. Those measures ultimately fell short of aspirations, and soon the reformers were struggling to hold together a fraying coalition. Rio was bankrupted by natural disasters and hyperinflation and ravaged by drug wars. Well-armed drug traffickers had become the new lords of the favelas, protecting their turf through violence and patronage. By the early 1990s, the promise of the favela residents' mobilization of the late 1970s and early 1980s seemed out of reach. Yet the aspirations that fueled that mobilization have endured, and its legacy continues to shape favela politics in Rio de Janeiro.","author":[{"family":"McCann","given":"Bryan"}],"ISBN":"978-0-8223-7734-4","issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,17]]},"language":"en","number-of-pages":"262","publisher":"Duke University Press","source":"Google Books","title":"Hard Times in the Marvelous City: From Dictatorship to Democracy in the Favelas of Rio de Janeiro","title-short":"Hard Times in the Marvelous City","type":"book"},
  {"id":"oliverBuiltMeetNeeds2007","abstract":"The study of vernacular architecture explores the characteristics of domestic buildings in particular regions or localities, and the many social and cultural factors that have contributed to their evolution. In this book, vernacular architecture specialist Paul Oliver brings together a wealth of information that spans over two decades, and the whole globe. Some previously unpublished papers, as well as those only available in hard to find conference proceedings, are brought together in one volume to form a fascinating reference for students and professional architects, as well as all those involved with planning housing schemes in their home countries and overseas.","author":[{"family":"Oliver","given":"Paul"}],"ISBN":"978-1-136-42404-5","issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,7]]},"language":"en","number-of-pages":"453","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Books","title":"Built to Meet Needs: Cultural Issues in Vernacular Architecture","title-short":"Built to Meet Needs","type":"book"},
  {"id":"perlmanFavelaFourDecades2010","abstract":"Janice Perlman wrote the first in-depth account of life in the favelas, a book hailed as one of the most important works in global urban studies in the last 30 years. Now, in Favela, Perlman carries that story forward to the present. Re-interviewing many longtime favela residents whom she had first met in 1969--as well as their children and grandchildren--Perlman offers the only long-term perspective available on the favelados as they struggle for a better life. Perlman discovers that while educational levels have risen, democracy has replaced dictatorship, and material conditions have improved, many residents feel more marginalized than ever. The greatest change is the explosion of drug and arms trade and the high incidence of fatal violence that has resulted. Yet the greatest challenge of all is job creation--decent work for decent pay. If unemployment and under-paid employment are not addressed, she argues, all other efforts will fail to resolve the fundamental issues. Foreign Affairs praises Perlman for writing \"with compassion, artistry, and intelligence, using stirring personal stories to illustrate larger points substantiated with statistical analysis.\"","author":[{"family":"Perlman","given":"Janice"}],"ISBN":"978-0-19-979897-1","issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,10]]},"language":"en","number-of-pages":"446","publisher":"Oxford University Press","source":"Google Books","title":"Favela: Four Decades of Living on the Edge in Rio de Janeiro","title-short":"Favela","type":"book"},
  {"id":"pryorHousingHongKong1996","author":[{"family":"Pryor","given":"E. G"}],"event-place":"Hong Kong","ISBN":"978-0-19-581505-4","issued":{"date-parts":[[1996]]},"language":"English","note":"OCLC: 966017916","publisher":"Oxford University Press","publisher-place":"Hong Kong","source":"Open WorldCat","title":"Housing In Hong Kong","type":"book"},
  {"id":"turnerHousingPeopleAutonomy1977","author":[{"family":"Turner","given":"John F. C."}],"ISBN":"978-0-394-40902-3","issued":{"date-parts":[[1977]]},"language":"en","number-of-pages":"214","publisher":"Pantheon Books","source":"Google Books","title":"Housing by People: Towards Autonomy in Building Environments","title-short":"Housing by People","type":"book"},
  {"id":"urbanTowerSlabHistories2013","abstract":"Tower and Slab looks at the contradictory history of the modernist mass housing block - home to millions of city dwellers around the world. Few urban forms have roused as much controversy. While in the United States decades-long criticism caused the demolition of most mass housing projects for the poor, in the booming metropolises of Shanghai and Mumbai remarkably similar developments are being built for the wealthy middle class. While on the surface the modernist apartment block appears universal, it is in fact diverse in its significance and connotations as its many different cultural contexts.  Florian Urban studies the history of mass housing in seven narratives: Chicago, Paris, Berlin, Brasilia, Mumbai, Moscow, and Shanghai. Investigating the complex interactions between city planning and social history, Tower and Slab shows how the modernist vision to house the masses in serial blocks succeeded in certain contexts and failed in others. Success and failure, in this respect, refers not only to the original goals – to solve the housing crisis and provide modern standards for the entire society – but equally to changing significance of the housing blocks within the respective societies and their perception by architects, politicians, and inhabitants.   These differences show that design is not to blame for mass housing’s mixed record of success. The comparison of the apparently similar projects suggests that triumph or disaster does not depend on a single variable but rather on a complex formula that includes not only form, but also social composition, location within the city, effective maintenance, and a variety of cultural, social, and political factors.","author":[{"family":"Urban","given":"Florian"}],"ISBN":"978-1-136-63850-3","issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,3]]},"language":"en","number-of-pages":"213","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Books","title":"Tower and Slab: Histories of Global Mass Housing","title-short":"Tower and Slab","type":"book"},
  {"id":"wrightBuildingDreamSocial2012","abstract":"For Gwendolyn Wright, the houses of America are the diaries of the American people. They create a fascinating chronicle of the way we have lived, and a reflection of every political, economic, or social issue we have been concerned with. Why did plantation owners build uniform cabins for their slaves? Why were all the walls in nineteenth-century tenements painted white? Why did the parlor suddenly disappear from middle-class houses at the turn of the century? How did the federal highway system change the way millions of Americans raised their families?Building the Dream introduces the parade of people, policies, and ideologies that have shaped the course of our daily lives by shaping the rooms we have grown up in.  In the row houses of colonial Philadelphia, the luxury apartments of New York City, the prefab houses of Levittown, and the public-housing towers of Chicago, Wright discovers revealing clues to our past and a new way of looking at such contemporary issues as integration, sustainable energy, the needs of the elderly, and how we define \"family.\"","author":[{"family":"Wright","given":"Gwendolyn"}],"ISBN":"978-0-307-81711-2","issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,9]]},"language":"en","number-of-pages":"544","publisher":"Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group","source":"Google Books","title":"Building The Dream: A Social History of Housing in America","type":"book"},
  {"id":"zhangChineseHousingPolicy1997","abstract":"To a large extent, recent housing reform in China is a reversal of housing policy in the Mao era. However, little has been written on this historical period. This paper contributes to this important but neglected history of housing policy. It analyses the development of national housing policy between 1949 and 1978. It examines the process of, principles of, and instruments for policy formulation, the nature of Maoist housing policy and its impacts. This paper argues that Maoist housing policy was mainly determined by ideological and political considerations. Housing policy appeared to be insensitive to housing needs but responded well to political and ideological principles. It was part of an integrated national economic and political policy and served the whole national development strategy but not the housing sector alone. Any isolated analysis from a purely housing perspective could lead to misunderstanding.","accessed":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]]},"author":[{"family":"Zhang","given":"Xing Quan"}],"container-title":"Planning Perspectives","DOI":"10.1080/026654397364618","ISSN":"0266-5433","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,1,1]]},"note":"_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/026654397364618","page":"433-455","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Taylor and Francis+NEJM","title":"Chinese Housing Policy 1949-1978: The Development of a Welfare System","title-short":"Chinese Housing Policy 1949-1978","type":"article-journal","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1080/026654397364618","volume":"12"}
]