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2016-08-19 Grammar: progressive and perfect

gmalivuk
Aug 19th, 2016
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  1. Greg Malivuk
  2. [email protected]
  3. http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - Notes from all my classes
  4. ---
  5. Choosing different aspects - the grammar charts on p. 14, 16, and 17 explain some of the situations where you need to use simple or progressive aspects
  6. ---
  7. p. 18 exercise 4 - Decide whether each sentence should be simple or progressive and write the correct form of the verb. (Sometimes, both aspects are correct.)
  8. 1 am studying (If I ask you to turn down the radio, it’s because I’m studying at this moment.)
  9. 2 was reading (the reading was in progress and was interrupted by the phone)
  10. 3 get (this might happen once and be finished), are marching (this is in progress right now)
  11. 4 isn’t studying = In this moment he isn’t studying enough, but it’s temporary and he might improve.
  12. doesn’t study = His habit is still to study too little.
  13. 5 speaks = she knows how to speak it / is speaking = I hear her speaking it right now.
  14. 6 was looking, discovered (He was looking for a long time and discovered the Americas just once.)
  15. 7 reached, thought (we don’t use “think” in progressive forms if it means “believe”)
  16. 8 am trying (right now) / was trying (a second ago)
  17. 9 was studying, heard
  18. 10 be sleeping (he will be in the middle of sleeping at midnight)
  19. ---
  20. I did that on my own. = I did that myself. = I did that without help.
  21. I did that by myself. = I did that alone, with no one else around me.
  22.  
  23. I want to read it by myself. = I want you to leave the room so I can be alone.
  24. I want to read it myself. = I want to be the one to read it, without any help from you.
  25. ---
  26. Things like belief, possession, and desire don’t take any time. There is no duration, so we don’t use them with progressive forms. (They are non-action or stative verbs. Progressive is possible with action or dynamic verbs.)
  27. ---
  28. Progressive vs. Simple:
  29.  
  30. I was eating dinner at 7pm yesterday. = I was in the middle of dinner at 7pm. (I started before 7.)
  31. I ate dinner at 7pm yesterday. = I started at 7.
  32.  
  33. I was eating dinner when you got home. = I was in the middle of dinner when you got home. (I started before that.)
  34. I ate dinner when you got home. = I started when you got home.
  35.  
  36. It’s 7pm, so I am eating dinner now, just like every night. = I am in the middle of dinner. (I started a few minutes ago.)
  37. I eat dinner at 7pm every night. = I start at 7 every night.
  38. ---
  39. Perfect aspect:
  40.  
  41. I had already eaten dinner at 7pm. = I finished dinner before 7pm.
  42.  
  43. I had already eaten dinner when you got home. = I finished dinner before you got home.
  44.  
  45. I have already eaten dinner. = I finished dinner recently.
  46. ---
  47. perfect: the action happened before the “focus time” or the other event, but it’s still important
  48.  
  49. I ate breakfast this morning. / I didn’t eat breakfast this morning. - This morning is finished, it’s not still relevant now, so we use simple past.
  50.  
  51. I have eaten lunch. / I haven’t eaten lunch. - Lunch time includes now, so it’s still relevant whether I’ve eaten lunch yet. (If I haven’t eaten it, I could still eat it in the future.)
  52. ---
  53. Homework: read p. 19 about the perfect aspect, then do p. 20 exercise 6
  54. (You can also look at p. 20 exercise 5 and try to figure out why the perfect aspect is used.)
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