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Art of Medieval Iberia (Art History)

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  1. Introduction
  2. Iberia’s medieval history has traditionally been understood in relation to a series of key events: 711–714, when Muslim forces from North Africa began their conquest of most of the Iberian Peninsula; 1031, when the Cordoban caliphate finally collapsed, and 1085, when Alfonso VI captured Islamic Toledo (Tulaytula), marking a significant shift in the balance of power in the peninsula; 1128–1179, when the kingdom of Portugal was founded and officially recognized; 1282, when Peter III of Aragon was crowned king of Sicily, cementing the political and mercantile power of Aragon-Catalonia in the Mediterranean; 1492, when Columbus first landed in the Americas, when Jews were expelled from Spain (and from Portugal in 1496), and when Ferdinand and Isabella of Aragon and Castile captured Nasrid Granada, Iberia’s last Islamic polity; and 1497–1499, when Vasco da Gama made his first sea voyage to India. In terms of its arts, however, Iberia’s medieval period may be pushed back to the 6th century, to the earliest Visigothic metalwork and architecture, and moved forward well into the 16th century, when gothic traditions mingled with Italianate motifs in Lisbon, Salamanca, and Palma, while Nasrid marquetry techniques (taracea) continued to flourish in Andalucia. Political, linguistic, and cultural borders shifted significantly in this period, and they continue to condition modern art-historical scholarship, whether divisions among Jewish, Islamic, and Christian/ “Western” art histories or the intense regionalism – reinforced by modern political and institutional structures—that has atomized art-historical studies on medieval Iberia. Insofar as the scholarship allows—and partly to complement it—this article thus deliberately resists traditional classifications by geography, confession, period, and medium. More focused bibliographies can be found in the Oxford Bibliographies in Art History articles, “Jewish Art, Medieval to Early Modern” and “Islamic Art and Architecture in North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula”; and Oxford Bibliographies in Renaissance and Reformation article “Spanish Art.” This article, therefore, focuses broadly on resources rather than specific studies, with a preference for sources in English, when available.
  3.  
  4. Medieval History
  5. No comprehensive, up-to-date survey of the histories of medieval Iberia are available; however, Barton 2009 and Disney 2009 offer broad but authoritative and concise English-language histories of Spain and Portugal, respectively. Collins 2002 provides a useful survey of the period before 1000, including an important review of the chronicle evidence in relation to architecture. The construction of history is also a central theme of Linehan 1993, a complex and magisterial study of the period up to 1350, while Hillgarth 1978 focuses on the later Middle Ages, and gives more equal treatment to the Crown of Aragon. Fernández Conde 2005–2011 represents a major synthetic work on (Christian) religion in medieval Spain from the 7th century to the 15th century. Catlos 2018 provides a new history of al-Andalus that extends well after 1492. Novikoff 2005 summarizes two hugely influential and contrasting versions of Spanish identity: Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz’s vision of an essential “Spanishness” (Hispanidad) running through Iberian history, and the notion of a “melting-pot” nation generated from its pluralistic pasts, expounded in Castro 1971.
  6.  
  7. Barton, Simon. A History of Spain. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
  8.  
  9. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-137-01347-7Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  10.  
  11. Barton was a noted historian of medieval Spain, and this succinct history helps to understand Spain’s medieval history within a broader historical trajectory.
  12.  
  13. Find this resource:
  14.  
  15. Castro, Américo. The Spaniards: An Introduction to Their History. Translated by Willard Fahrenkamp King and Selma Margaretten. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971.
  16.  
  17. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  18.  
  19. First published in 1948 as España en su historia: Cristianos, moros y judíos (Buenos Aires: Editorial Losada). Written in exile (from Franquist Spain) in North America, this influential work sets out Castro’s understanding of the role of religious tolerance in shaping Spanish history and culture. This was first identified with the much-debated notion of convivencia (living together) in a heavily modified version, first published in 1954 as La realidad histórica de España (Mexico City: Porrúa).
  20.  
  21. Find this resource:
  22.  
  23. Catlos, Brian A. Kingdoms of Faith: A New History of Islamic Spain. New York: Basic Books, 2018.
  24.  
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  26.  
  27. A new history of Muslim Iberia (including Portugal) in six parts, from 700 to 1614, when systematic attempts to expel Moriscos from Spain officially ended. Catlos’s study looks closely at the history of interactions with Jewish and Christian society and traditions, complementing his extensive involvement with the Mediterranean Seminar.
  28.  
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  30.  
  31. Collins, Roger. Early Medieval Spain: Unity in Diversity, 400–1000. 2d ed. New York: St. Martin’s, 2002.
  32.  
  33. DOI: 10.1057/9781403919779Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  34.  
  35. Originally published 1983. A short and highly accessible history of early medieval Spain (and Portugal) that incorporates some of Collins’s earlier studies on chronicles and church building. This volume is especially helpful for setting Spanish history in a broader European context.
  36.  
  37. Find this resource:
  38.  
  39. Disney, Anthony R. A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire. 2 vols. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  40.  
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  42.  
  43. Volume 1 focuses on Portugal from pre-Roman times to 1807, Volume 2 on the Portuguese Empire. Volume 1 includes one chapter on al-Andalus, and five chapters on Portugal prior to its union with Habsburg Spain (1581–1640).
  44.  
  45. Find this resource:
  46.  
  47. Fernández Conde, Francisco Javier. La religiosidad medieval en España. 3 vols. Oviedo, Spain: Universidad de Oviedo, 2005–2011.
  48.  
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  50.  
  51. Ground-breaking study of religion in medieval Spain, divided chronologically into three volumes: 7th–10th centuries, 11th–13th centuries, and 14th–15th centuries.
  52.  
  53. Find this resource:
  54.  
  55. Hillgarth, Jocelyn N. The Spanish Kingdoms, 1250–1516. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1978.
  56.  
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  58.  
  59. Combines a chronological and thematic structure, including sections on culture (broadly understand). The Crown of Aragon (including Catalonia, Valencia, and the Balearic Islands) is given roughly equal treatment to Castile.
  60.  
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  62.  
  63. Linehan, Peter. History and the Historians of Medieval Spain. Oxford: Clarendon, 1993.
  64.  
  65. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198219453.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  66.  
  67. Rendered in almost seven hundred pages of Linehan’s characteristically dense, witty, skeptical prose, this work advances in approximately chronological order from the 6th century to 1350 (though originally intended to continue up to Philip II), with a particular focus on the Church and the Crown of Castile. Oviedo, León, and Toledo feature heavily, as do historiography (medieval and modern) and material culture. A masterly study, but one that is not for the faint-hearted.
  68.  
  69. Find this resource:
  70.  
  71. Mattoso, José, Maria de Lurdes Rosa, Bernardo Vasconcelos e Sousa, and Maria João Branco, eds. The Historiography of Medieval Portugal, c. 1950–2010, Estudos. Lisbon: Universidade NOVA de Lisboa. Instituto de Estudos Medievais, 2011.
  72.  
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  74.  
  75. Thematic essays by leading scholars. Includes an essay on the study of medieval art and another on Islamic and Christian archaeology.
  76.  
  77. Find this resource:
  78.  
  79. Novikoff, Alex. “Between Tolerance and Intolerance in Medieval Spain: An Historiographic Enigma.” Medieval Encounters 11.1–2 (2005): 7–36.
  80.  
  81. DOI: 10.1163/157006705775032834Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  82.  
  83. Examines notions of tolerance and pluralism in the historiography of medieval Iberia, from the 17th century to the present, with particular focus on the 20th century. Especially useful in contextualizing studies by both Spanish and non-Spanish scholars.
  84.  
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  86.  
  87. General Overviews
  88. Overviews are generally defined by medium, region, or chronology, but the atomization of scholarship on medieval Iberia means that few good, recent overviews are available except those included in Series and Exhibition Catalogues. Gerli and Armistead 2003 is useful as a first point of call; Ana Domínguez Rodríguez is one of the contributing editors, and her entries on manuscripts are some of the best overviews of this topic. Post 1930–1966 surveys a remarkably wide array of paintings from across the peninsula and is matched in breadth only by Lampérez y Romea 1908 (on religious architecture) and Lampérez y Romea 1922 (on secular architecture). A broad survey of Gothic arts is found in Yarza Luaces 1990, while three volumes of the História da arte em Portugal (Ferreira de Almeida, et al. 2001–2004) offer the most up-to-date overviews of medieval art in Portugal. Dodds, et al. 2008 provides a compelling account of the “intimacy” among the artistic traditions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—principally in al-Andalus and the Crown of Castile—and incorporates helpful excerpts from chronicles and poetry. It is complemented by the more detailed studies collected in Robinson and Rouhi 2005. Rosser-Owen 2010 focuses on the remarkable collections of London’s Victoria and Albert Museum. Still, it offers a broad vision of Andalusi arts, and it is packed with insights and clearly written. Notably absent are equivalents to Nikolaus Pevsner’s Buildings of England series, anything to match the Italian Enciclopedia dell’arte medieval, or, indeed, up-to-date works on Spain or Portugal in the Blue Guide series.
  89.  
  90. Dodds, Jerrilynn, Maria-Rosa Menocal, and Abigail Krasner. The Arts of Intimacy: Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Making of Castilian Culture. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.
  91.  
  92. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  93.  
  94. The best synthetic work on the arts of convivencia. Situated halfway between a textbook and a scholarly study, with a useful bibliographic essay but somewhat inconsistent footnotes. Focuses on the Crown of Castile, and especially on Toledo, Córdoba, and Seville, but it includes lots of other material, including poetry, and ranges across many media. Ends rather abruptly in 1492.
  95.  
  96. Find this resource:
  97.  
  98. Ferreira de Almeida, Carlos Alberto, Vítor Manuel Sarrão, José Augusto França, et al. História da arte em Portugal. 6 vols. Lisbon: Presença, 2001–2004.
  99.  
  100. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  101.  
  102. Volumes 1–3 cover Romanesque, gothic, and Renaissance and Mannerist art. The most up-to-date general texts.
  103.  
  104. Find this resource:
  105.  
  106. Gerli, E. Michael, and Samuel G. Armistead, eds. Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia. New York; London: Routledge, 2003.
  107.  
  108. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  109.  
  110. An extremely useful resource, with entries by leading scholars. Particularly good for history, music, and literature, though the art-historical entries are slightly hit and miss, and several major monuments of architecture and sculpture are overlooked.
  111.  
  112. Find this resource:
  113.  
  114. Lampérez y Romea, Vicente. Historia de la arquitectura cristiana española en la edad media, según el estudio de los elementos y los monumentos. 2 vols. Madrid: José Blass y Cía, 1908.
  115.  
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  117.  
  118. An admirer of Viollet-le-Duc, Lampérez analyzes Visigothic, Mozarabic, Asturian, Romanesque, gothic, mudéjar, and Renaissance architecture, first, according to their characteristic elements or features, and, second, by monuments. Scholars have subsequently challenged Lampérez’s conceptions of style and his fierce nationalism, but this remains a major work of reference, with many useful diagrams and drawings.
  119.  
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  121.  
  122. Lampérez y Romea, Vicente. Arquitectura civil española de los siglos I al XVIII. 2 vols. Madrid: Saturnino Calleja, 1922.
  123.  
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  125.  
  126. Wide-ranging study by the celebrated architect and restorer (e.g., of the cathedrals in Burgos and Cuenca, the Casa del Cordon in Burgos, and the Castillo de Manzanares). Complementing his publication on ecclesiastical architecture, albeit over a broader chronological span, this is divided into buildings private (Vol. 1) and public (Vol. 2).
  127.  
  128. Find this resource:
  129.  
  130. Post, Chandler Rathfon. A History of Spanish Painting. 14 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1930–1966.
  131.  
  132. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  133.  
  134. An exhaustive and pioneering study in fourteen volumes by this scholar of literature and allegory. Extensively illustrated with black-and-white photos (many taken before destruction and restoration) and organized by “schools” and “styles,” with half the volumes dedicated to early Renaissance painting. Still a major work of reference, especially for works and artists that have received little study.
  135.  
  136. Find this resource:
  137.  
  138. Robinson, Cynthia, and Leyla Rouhi, eds. Under the Influence: Questioning the Comparative in Medieval Castile. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2005.
  139.  
  140. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  141.  
  142. Eleven important essays by historians of art, literature, and society. Essays by Ecker, Prado-Vilar, and Feliciano have helped to define their respective fields (respectively, urbanism and reconquest, the Cantigas de Santa María, and the significance of Islamicate textiles in medieval Iberia) in the decades since this collection was first published.
  143.  
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  145.  
  146. Rosser-Owen, Mariam. Islamic Arts from Spain. London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 2010.
  147.  
  148. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  149.  
  150. A broad-ranging study of Islamic arts by a leading scholar in the field, who is also curator at the Victoria and Albert Museum. Lavishly illustrated and written in a very accessible manner, this work offers new ideas about a wide range of objects and buildings, and it also considers histories of taste and collecting.
  151.  
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  153.  
  154. Yarza Luaces, Joaquín. Arte y arquitectura en España, 500–1250. Madrid: Cátedra, 1990.
  155.  
  156. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  157.  
  158. A rare example of a study that ranges across Spain and across media, though it is now somewhat dated.
  159.  
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  161.  
  162. Early Surveys and Foundational Studies
  163. The priest and court chronicler, Ambrosio de Morales (b. 1513–d. 1591), can be considered the first antiquarian with interests across the peninsula. For Morales, archaeology and epigraphy were no less important than chronicles and documents in interrogating historical truth, and Morales 1575 describes antiquities that feature in Florian de Ocampo’s chronicles of Spanish history, which Morales continued. The focus is Roman and Visigothic material, but Morales also provides an important account of the Islamic history of his native Córdoba. More extensive epigraphic and documentary compilations are found in España sagrada (Flórez, et al. 1747–1956) and in the eighteen volumes of Ponz 1772–1794, published in multiple editions and critical in shaping artistic tastes and attitudes to the past in Spain in the 18th and 19th centuries. For Catalonia, Valencia, and the Balearic Islands, this is supplemented by the twenty-two volumes of Villanueva 1804–1852, which includes, for example, several important church inventories. Key documentary references to medieval (and later) artists were also collected by the scholar Eugenio Llaguno y Amirola (d. 1799) and then published after his death—with notes and comments—by Ceán Bermúdez as Llaguno y Amìrola 1829. Lozano 1804 represents the first extensive scholarly attempt to examine Andalusi material culture, and it includes transcriptions and engraving of many key inscriptions from Córdoba, Seville, and Granada. These came to the attention of an international community of scholars thanks to the carefully measured lithographs in Girault de Prangey 1836–1839. The short-lived journal Museo Español de Antigüedades was pioneering not only for the quality of scholarship and illustrations, but also for the fact that it included objects from Christian, Jewish, and Islamic contexts. Vasconcellos 1881 is representative of the new critical attitudes introduced to Portuguese art history by the prolific and wide-ranging art historian and linguist, Joaquim Vasoncellos. Street 1865 is still the only English-language survey of gothic architecture in Spain, and it has dated remarkably well. Both scholar and architect, Street was very familiar with the published documentary sources, but he was also a brilliant draftsman and observer—despite a somewhat blinkered attitude to Andalusi or Renaissance art and architecture. In its two-volume second edition, published in 1914, the American scholar Georgiana Goddard King significantly expanded Street’s already acute observations on painting and sculpture. As many of these examples suggest, foreign and native travelers have played an important role in shaping Iberian art history, and accounts by many of these are collected in the useful website, Libros de viaje y viajeros.
  164.  
  165. Flórez, Enrique, Manuel Risco, Vicente de la Fuenta, et al., eds. España sagrada: Teatro geográfico-histórico de la Iglesia de España. 56 vols, 1747–1956.
  166.  
  167. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  168.  
  169. Most are available online at different sites, though new editions were published 2000–2012 by Editorial Augustiniana. Established by the Augustinian scholar Enrique Flórez (d. 1773) on the model of Gallia christiana and Italia sacra. Largely organized by place. Continued after Flórez’s death by Manuel Risco and others. Key descriptions and transcriptions, sometimes of objects, places, and documents that no longer survive.
  170.  
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  172.  
  173. Girault de Prangey, Joseph Philibert. Monuments arabes et moresques de Cordoue, Séville et Grenade, dessinés et mesurés en 1832 et 1833. 2 vols. Paris: Hauser, 1836–1839.
  174.  
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  176.  
  177. The most important architectural study since Lozano, published serially, three parts in two volumes, with text and colored lithographs. Part 1: Córdoba mosque, eight lithographs; Part 2: Seville Giralda, and Alcazar, six lithographs; Part 3: the Alhambra and Granada, thirty lithographs. Predates Girault de Prangey’s better-known studies of the Middle East.
  178.  
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  180.  
  181. Libros de viaje y viajeros. Biblioteca Nacional de España.
  182.  
  183. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  184.  
  185. An online exhibition from the Biblioteca Nacional in Madrid, with links to descriptions of Spain by Spanish and foreign travelers from the 16th century to the 19th century.
  186.  
  187. Find this resource:
  188.  
  189. Llaguno y Amìrola, Eugenio de. Noticias de los Arquitectos y Arquitectura de España desde su Restauración. Edited by Juan Agustín Ceán Bermúdez. Madrid: Imprenta Real, 1829.
  190.  
  191. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  192.  
  193. A collection of historical sources relating to Spanish art and architecture, Latin and Arabic, some translated. All medieval sources are contained in Vol. 1. Much cited by Spanish art historians, among whom Cean Bermúdez is often described as the father of Spanish art history.
  194.  
  195. Find this resource:
  196.  
  197. Lozano, Pablo. Antigüedades árabes de España. Madrid: Real Academia de San Fernando, 1804.
  198.  
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  200.  
  201. Groundbreaking work, based on four decades of study, published by the Real Academia de San Fernando. Contains remarkably accurate plans, sections, and elevations of the Alhambra and several buildings in Córdoba, together with images of key inscriptions, and the most accurate transcriptions and translations of their time.
  202.  
  203. Find this resource:
  204.  
  205. Morales, Ambrosio de. Las antigüedades de las ciudades de España Alcala de Henares, Spain: Juan Iñiguez de Lequerica, 1575.
  206.  
  207. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  208.  
  209. Invaluable commentary, focused largely on Roman and Visigothic materials, and with some woodcuts. Includes useful tables and indexes for easy navigation.
  210.  
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  212.  
  213. Museo Español de Antigüedades. 11 vols. Madrid: T. Fortanet, 1872–1880.
  214.  
  215. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  216.  
  217. Pioneering “virtual museum” of Spanish antiquities in the finest antiquarian tradition, closely associated with the newly founded Archaeological Museum in Madrid. Superb colored lithographs and scholarly essays on art, architecture, and visual culture from al-Andalus and Christian Spain.
  218.  
  219. Find this resource:
  220.  
  221. Ponz, Antonio. Viage de España. 18 vols. Madrid: Ibarra, 1772–1794.
  222.  
  223. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  224.  
  225. A series of letters with observations on art and architecture and transcriptions from inscriptions and documents, widely reprinted and cited. Originally focused on Jesuit possessions in Andalucia, but expanded to include all of Spain. The last volume (the 18th) was published posthumously.
  226.  
  227. Find this resource:
  228.  
  229. Street, George Edmund. Some Account of Gothic Architecture in Spain. London: John Murray, 1865.
  230.  
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  232.  
  233. The first and last major study of Spanish gothic architecture in English by a leading architect of the Victorian Gothic Revival. Street was well informed about historical sources, and he also had an excellent eye. His accounts of major gothic (and Romanesque) buildings have dated little, though regrettably he never traveled south of Valencia. Covers much medieval sculpture and painting, and includes useful appendixes with translations of key sources.
  234.  
  235. Find this resource:
  236.  
  237. Vasconcellos, Joaquim de. A pintura portuguesa nos séculos XV e XVI. História da arte em Portugal. Porto, Portugal: João E. Alves, 1881.
  238.  
  239. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  240.  
  241. The first in the important series, História da arte em Portugal, founded by Joaquim Vasconcellos, considered to be the father of Portuguese art history.
  242.  
  243. Find this resource:
  244.  
  245. Villanueva, Jaime. Viage literario a las iglesias de España. 22 vols. Madrid: Imprenta Real, 1804–1852.
  246.  
  247. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  248.  
  249. Invaluable descriptions and transcriptions of objects, buildings, archives, and documents in Valencia, Catalonia, and the Balearic Islands (many since lost). Published in installments: Vols. 1–5 (Madrid: Impr. de Fortanet, 1804–1806); Vols. 6–10 (Valencia, Spain: En la Emer. De Olivares, 1821); Vols. 11–22 (Madrid: Imprenta Real, 1850–1852).
  250.  
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  252.  
  253. Historiography of Art and Architecture
  254. Early scholarship on the art of medieval Iberia is best understood in the context of the persistence of the “Black Legend” from the 16th century onward; the emerging sense of national identities following the Peninsular wars (1807–1814); and pan-European interests in antiquarianism, revival, and restoration in the 19th century. Almagro Gorbea 2015 charts growing interest in al-Andalus in the 18th and 19th centuries, while essays in Hopkins and McSweeney 2017 consider these in relation to orientalizing attitudes in the 19th and 20th centuries. Modern approaches to al-Andalus—and notions of convivencia—are further explored in Reflexiones sobre Qurtuba en el siglo XXI, with essays by leading scholars. More recent scholarship on Iberian arts can also be seen in the context of the collapse of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires in the late-19th and mid-20th centuries, the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) and its legacies, scholarly isolation under the dictatorship of Francisco Franco in Spain (1939–1975) and nationalist governments in Portugal (1933–1976), Spain and Portugal’s entry into the European Community (1986), national celebration and self-examination prompted by the quincentennial of 1492 (1992), and challenges posed by migration and economic crisis in the early 21st century. A special issue of Medieval Encounters (Noakes, et al. 2006) explores the concept of mudéjar art—a term coined by José Amador de los Ríos in 1859 to describe art and architecture in Christian domains with Islamicizing motifs. Most scholars today challenge the assumption that this phenomenon, much admired in the late 19th century, was necessarily associated with Islamic craftsmen. Mateo Sevilla 2018 examines the phenomenon of “Moorish-Gothic,” prompted in the 18th and 19th centuries by ideas about the “Saracenic” origins of gothic architecture (originating with Christopher Wren) and confusion about the (Visi)gothic contribution to gothic or “pointed” architecture. In the 1920s, debates over Spain’s relationship to France—encapsulated in the question “Spain or Toulouse?”—were imbricated in wider questions of national identity that remain central to the historiography of medieval Iberia. The impact of French and American scholars is considered in Araguas 2009 and Mann 1997. Debates over the distinctiveness of “Catalan Gothic,” celebrated by Alexandre Cirici in the 1960s and 1970s as a unique expression of Catalan artistic invention, is considered in Domenge i Mesquida 2003. Carrero Santamaría 2008 explores changing methods in the study of architectural history in Spain and Portugal. Finally, e-art Documents is a Catalan journal dedicated to the history of collecting in the 19th and 20th centuries, and it has a number of special issues that deal with the collection and dispersal of medieval art from Spain and Portugal in the 19th and 20th centuries.
  255.  
  256. Almagro Gorbea, Antonio, ed. El legado de al-Ándalus: Las antigüedades árabes en los dibujos de la Academia. Madrid: Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, 2015.
  257.  
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  259.  
  260. Scholarly essays and catalogue entries to accompany this groundbreaking exhibition at the Royal Academy of History in 2015. Drawings from the academy chart changes to the study of Andalusi art and architecture in the 18th and 19th centuries.
  261.  
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  263.  
  264. Araguas, Philippe. “La arquitectura medieval española vista por los <<hispanistas>> franceses.” Anales de Historia del Arte, supplementary volume 9–26 (2009): 9–26.
  265.  
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  267.  
  268. Discusses the critical role of French scholars in shaping Iberian architectural history. Part of a special issue on medieval architecture in Iberia.
  269.  
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  271.  
  272. Awraq: Revista de Análisis y Pensiamiento sobre el Mundo Árabe e Islámico Contemporáneo 7 (2013).
  273.  
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  275.  
  276. Essays by leading Arabists on Córdoba and its legacies. English translations of six of these essays are freely available online.
  277.  
  278. Find this resource:
  279.  
  280. Carrero Santamaría, Eduardo. “Teoría y método en la Historia de la arquitectura medieval: Algunas reflexiones.” In Arqueologia de l’arquitectura: Seminari d’estudis històrics 2007. Edited by Guillem Rosselló Bordoy, 5–27. Palma de Mallorca, Spain: Societat Arqueològica Lulliana, 2008.
  281.  
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  283.  
  284. One of the leading scholars of medieval Iberian architecture considers intersections of architectural history, buildings archaeology and restoration in the historiography of medieval architecture in Spain. Available online.
  285.  
  286. Find this resource:
  287.  
  288. Domenge i Mesquida, Joan. “Santa Maria del Mar i la historiografia del gòtic meridional.” Barcelona Quaderns d’Història 8 (2003): 179–200.
  289.  
  290. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  291.  
  292. The leading scholar of gothic architecture in Catalonia focuses on a seminal monument in order to explore the historiographic debate around “Catalan Gothic” and its relationship to Italy, Valencia, and especially southern France.
  293.  
  294. Find this resource:
  295.  
  296. e-art Documents.
  297.  
  298. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  299.  
  300. Focuses on collecting in the 19th and 20th centuries. Hosted by the University of Barcelona, the website includes videos of themed conferences held annually or biannually since 2008. Many of these also exist as edited books.
  301.  
  302. Find this resource:
  303.  
  304. Hopkins, Claudia, and Anna McSweeney, eds. Special Issue: Spain and Orientalism. Art in Translation 9.1 (2017).
  305.  
  306. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  307.  
  308. This journal special issue on Spain and Orientalism includes seven essays by scholars in Spain, the United States, and the United Kingdom, based on conference sessions organized by the editors (who also contribute a useful introduction). Essays focus especially on issues of display, collection, and photography. Available online by purchase or subscription.
  309.  
  310. Find this resource:
  311.  
  312. Mann, Janice. “Romantic Identity, Nationalism, and the Understanding of the Advent of Romanesque Art in Christian Spain.” Gesta 36.2 (1997): 156–164.
  313.  
  314. DOI: 10.2307/767235Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  315.  
  316. Part of a special issue on medieval Iberia, this important essay exposes the prejudices and agendas that lay behind much pioneering scholarship on medieval Iberia. In particular, Mann explores Emile Mâle’s francocentric vision of the pilgrimage roads to Santiago de Compostela as conduits of (superior) French culture, and pits this against Arthur Kingsley Porter’s arguments for the innovative qualities of Spanish Romanesque sculpture.
  317.  
  318. Find this resource:
  319.  
  320. Mateo Sevilla, Matilde. “The Moorish-Gothic Cathedral: Invention, Reality, or Weapon?.” In The Idea of the Gothic Cathedral: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Meanings of the Medieval Edifice in the Modern Period. Edited by Stephanie Glaser, 47–80. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2018.
  321.  
  322. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  323.  
  324. One of several important studies by Mateo Sevilla in which she traces changing attitudes to gothic architecture in medieval Iberia.
  325.  
  326. Find this resource:
  327.  
  328. Noakes, Susan I., Kathryn L. Reyerson, and Barbara F. Weissberger, eds. Medieval Encounters 12.3 (2006).
  329.  
  330. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  331.  
  332. An interdisciplinary special issue on questions of mudéjar, convivencia, and frontiers. For art historians the introduction and essays by Juan Carlos Ruiz Souza and Cynthia Robinson are particularly useful. Available online by purchase or subscription.
  333.  
  334. Find this resource:
  335.  
  336. Series
  337. In the 19th and mid-20th centuries major series were sponsored by the Spanish and Portuguese governments, but since the 1990s funding has come largely from autonomous communities or private foundations. The destruction that followed the Peninsular wars (1807–1814) and confiscation of ecclesiastical goods in Spain (especially the desamortización of 1835–1837) provided the impetus for Amador de los Ríos 1859–1895, issued in parts in vast folio format, with colored lithographs and scholarly texts. These volumes are still a key resource thanks to the quality of the scholarship and lithographs and the inclusion of several monuments that were subsequently destroyed or damaged. More ambitious in scope is the El Catálogo monumental de España, conceived in 1900 by Juan Facundo Riaño of the Real Academia de San Fernando. The catalogue was arranged by province, and the project continued up to 1961, interrupted between 1936 and 1940 by the Spanish Civil War. Manuscripts were completed for forty out of Spain’s fifty provinces, but several were published well after 1961, and some were never produced. Ars Hispaniae: Historia Universal de Arte Hispánico, published between 1947 and 1958 by the new nationalist government, complements the El Catálogo monumental de España. Its twenty volumes cover all of Spain, and they are organized by chronology and medium. Notwithstanding the large sans serif font, and the absence of footnotes, these are major works of reference, written by leading scholars in their fields and generously illustrated with superb black-and-white photographs. The Inventário artístico de Portugal provides an equivalent resource to Spain’s El Catálogo monumental de España, while the quarterly publications of the Boletim da Direcção Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais, offer more focused studies, by monument. The Enciclopedia catalana was one of the first new projects of Spain’s autonomous governments after the death of Franco. The twenty-seven volumes of Catalunya romànica, published under the umbrella of the Enciclopedia catalana between 1984 and 1998, testify to the privileged status of Romanesque art in Catalan cultural identity; compare the ten volumes of L’Art gotic a Catalunya, begun only in 2002. The same is true in Navarra, where the autonomous government’s ARTE series published the lavishly illustrated El arte románico en Navarra in 2004, followed by El arte gótico en Navarra in 2015. But the clearest example of Spain’s love of Romanesque is the massive Enciclopedia del Románico, published by the Fundación Santa María la Real in Aguilar de Campoo (Palencia), and covering all of Spain and Portugal; there is no equivalent for gothic.
  338.  
  339. Amador de los Ríos, José, ed. Monumentos arquitectónicos de España. 8 vols. Madrid: Imprenta de Fortanet y Calcografía Nacional, 1859–1895.
  340.  
  341. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  342.  
  343. One of the great publishing enterprises of 19th-century Spain. “Monuments” is taken to include sculpture, painting, metalwork, and other arts. Coverage is not limited to Christian monuments, and there is a preponderance of medieval objects and buildings. Different libraries bind the separate parts in different ways, or not at all, making it hard to navigate. A separate volume in French and Spanish, focused on Toledo and including photographs, was published in 1905.
  344.  
  345. Find this resource:
  346.  
  347. Ars Hispaniae: Historia universal de arte hispánico, 22 vols. Madrid: Plus Ultra, 1947–1958.
  348.  
  349. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  350.  
  351. An essential resource, despite the frustrating absence of scholarly references. Volumes 2 to 13 cover art and architecture from the early Christian period to the 16th century (including al-Andalus), while manuscripts, prints, and bindings are included in Vol. 18, with Christian “decorative arts” in Vol. 20. The volumes on Islamic and gothic architecture (nos. 4 and 7) by Leopoldo Torres Balbás are among the best of these volumes and together with his many other publications, are freely available online.
  352.  
  353. Find this resource:
  354.  
  355. ARTE series. Government of Navarra.
  356.  
  357. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  358.  
  359. Includes a number of authoritative collaborative volumes on art in Navarra, many of them available at Cultura en Navarra online. Volumes include El arte románico en Navarra (2004), El arte gótico en Navarra (2015), and Del románico al gótico en la arquitectura de Navarra (2007).
  360.  
  361. Find this resource:
  362.  
  363. Boletim da Direcção Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais, 131 vols. Lisbon: DGEMN, 1935–1990.
  364.  
  365. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  366.  
  367. A quarterly publication, with studies of individual monuments. Indexes for Vols. 1–126 (1935–1966) are available online.
  368.  
  369. Find this resource:
  370.  
  371. El Catálogo monumental de España. Madrid: Ministerio de Educación, Culture y Deporte, 1900–1961.
  372.  
  373. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  374.  
  375. Organized geographically, but much more than a simple catalogue. The manuscripts for forty provinces—many of them never published—have recently been digitized by CSIC, Spain’s foremost research center, and available online.
  376.  
  377. Find this resource:
  378.  
  379. Enciclopedia catalana.
  380.  
  381. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  382.  
  383. Includes twenty-seven volumes of Catalunya romànica (1984–1998), which cover all aspects of material culture, including archaeology and numismatics, with over 4,000 monuments and 500 published documents. There is also a separate, preliminary volume, Del romà al romànic (1999), focused on Tarragona. L’Art gotic a Catalunya (10 vols., 2002–2009) is organized by architecture (3 vols.), painting (3 vols.), sculpture (2 vols.), and objects (1 vol.) as well as an index volume. All are being digitized.
  384.  
  385. Find this resource:
  386.  
  387. Enciclopedia del Románico. Aguilar de Campoo, Spain: Fundación Santa María la Real, 2002–.
  388.  
  389. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  390.  
  391. Volumes are arranged by province, but they are also offered collectively by autonomous region. Portugal is included. Thorough and well-illustrated (with many valuable plans and sections), though essays vary in quality. These entries are also freely available online.
  392.  
  393. Find this resource:
  394.  
  395. Inventário artístico de Portugal. Lisbon: Academia Nacional de Belas Artes, 1943–1995.
  396.  
  397. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  398.  
  399. Includes ten volumes, some in two parts, organized by district.
  400.  
  401. Find this resource:
  402.  
  403. Journals
  404. Most journals in Spain and Portugal are closely connected with particular departments or institutes, with a focus on particular provinces and of variable quality. Referencing in articles prior to c. 2000 is often sporadic, and some scholars continue to publish the same material in a variety of different journals, though this is not as widespread as formerly. Editorial intervention is often minimal, but one benefit of this is that there is little delay between submission of articles and their publication. Many Spanish journals are now available online, with free access. The most prestigious Spanish art-historical journal remains the Archivo Español de Arte, founded in 1925 as Archivo español de arte y arquelogía, and now published by Spain’s foremost multidisciplinary research institute, the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). CSIC also publishes Al-Qantara, focused on Islamic studies, and Anuario de Estudios medievales, dedicated to medieval history. The Institute of Medieval Studies at the New University of Lisbon also publishes an equivalent journal, Medievalista, although it is more interdisciplinary (and the remit is not limited to Portugal). The Universidad Complutense in Madrid arguably has Spain’s largest and most important art history department (with a separate, independent medieval department prior to 2018), although its journal, Anales de Historia del Arte, was founded only in 1989. Anuario del Departamento de Historia y Teoría del Arte was founded in the same year by the other major art history department in the capital at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. For Catalan material the most important publication is Lambard, while Artigrama has established itself as a major journal for art in Aragon and beyond. In recent years Codex Aquilarensis has also become an important voice, with an annual special issue and contributions by leading scholars from around the world. Articles tend to be more theoretically ambitious than the other journals cited here. A number of international journals also focus on relevant medieval or Iberian material, notably the Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies.
  405.  
  406. Anales de Historia del Arte. 1989–.
  407.  
  408. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  409.  
  410. Published annually by the Department of Art History at the Complutense University in Madrid. Several extra special issues were published between 2008 and 2014. All issues are freely available online.
  411.  
  412. Find this resource:
  413.  
  414. Anuario del Departamento de Historia y Teoría del Arte. 1989–.
  415.  
  416. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  417.  
  418. Published annually by the Autonomous University of Madrid. Focuses largely on Iberian material, including Andalusi arts. All issues are feely available online.
  419.  
  420. Find this resource:
  421.  
  422. Anuario de Estudios medievales. 1964–.
  423.  
  424. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  425.  
  426. Published by CSIC. Two issues a year: the first a special issue, the second with miscellaneous articles. Accepts articles on a wide variety of medieval topics and in several languages, though most deal with medieval Iberia (including Portugal and al-Andalus). Numerous extra special issues between 2008 and 2014 and free since 1996.
  427.  
  428. Find this resource:
  429.  
  430. Archivo Español de Arte. 1925–.
  431.  
  432. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  433.  
  434. Published by CSIC. Only a fraction of the articles focus on medieval material. Four issues a year, all issues since 1996 are freely available online.
  435.  
  436. Find this resource:
  437.  
  438. Artigrama. 1984–.
  439.  
  440. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  441.  
  442. Published annually by the Department of History of Art at the University of Zaragoza. Volumes since 1989 have been split between special issues and miscellaneous articles. There is a strong but not exclusive focus on arts in the Crown of Aragon. All volumes freely available online.
  443.  
  444. Find this resource:
  445.  
  446. Codex Aquilarensis: Cuadernos de investigación del Monasterio de Santa María la Real. 1988–.
  447.  
  448. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  449.  
  450. Published annually by the Fundación Santa María la Real. All volumes are freely available online.
  451.  
  452. Find this resource:
  453.  
  454. Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies. 2009–.
  455.  
  456. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  457.  
  458. Published annually by the American Academy of Research Historians of Medieval Spain (AARHMS). Multidisciplinary, and more theoretically ambitious than most Spanish and Portuguese journals. Available online by subscription.
  459.  
  460. Find this resource:
  461.  
  462. Lambard: Estudis d’art medieval. 1977–.
  463.  
  464. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  465.  
  466. Published irregularly by the Institut d’Estudis Catalans. Focuses on medieval art and architecture in Catalonia and Aragon.
  467.  
  468. Find this resource:
  469.  
  470. Medievalista. 2005–.
  471.  
  472. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  473.  
  474. Published by the Institute of Medieval Studies at the New University of Lisbon. Articles are in multiple languages and move between disciplines and countries. All are freely available online. Only a fraction focus on visual culture.
  475.  
  476. Find this resource:
  477.  
  478. Al-Qantara. 1980–.
  479.  
  480. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  481.  
  482. Published by CSIC, begun in 1980 as a continuation of the journal al-Andalus (1933–1978). Covers the Islamic world up to the 18th century, with a focus on the western Islamic world. Two issues a year and free since 2001.
  483.  
  484. Find this resource:
  485.  
  486. Anthologies of Medieval Texts
  487. Reliable anthologies and critical editions of medieval texts of significance to medieval art in Iberia are notable for their absence, and there exists nothing to rival, for example, the compendia by Victor Mortet, Paul Deschamps, or Otto Lehmann-Brockhaus for other parts of Europe. The unusually rich archival holdings in Mallorca, Valencia, and Barcelona (the Archive of the Crown of Aragon) have not been systematically analyzed by art historians, although a number of discrete studies reveal them to be tremendously informative, and several projects to publish them are currently under way. Rubió y Lluch 1908 collates some of these from the Crown of Aragon, while Company, et al. 2005–2013 has already proved to be an important resource for students and scholars. The two volumes of Yarza Luaces, et al. 1982 mostly include Spanish translations of non-Iberian sources that are otherwise well known to medievalists from similar anthologies (abbot Suger, Gervase of Canterbury, etc.), albeit with minimal commentary. These works are supplemented by a few important peninsular sources, however. Extra peninsular sources also offer useful evidence. Domínguez Sánchez 2015 collates and transcribes papal letters and indulgences that relate to artistic patronage in Spain in the 13th and early 14th centuries. García Mercadal 1952–1962 collates and translates descriptions of Spain by foreign travelers, writers, and geographers, including some particularly vivid but little-known accounts from the 15th century. Many anthologies inevitably have a regional focus. Vigo Trasancos 2000 collects and translates sources for medieval Galicia, while the sixteen volumes in Documentos para a historia da arte em Portugal have only a small number of medieval documents. Al-Maqqarī 1840, written in Cairo in the early 17th century and translated in London in the mid-18th century, offers a still invaluable compendium of medieval and post-medieval histories and accounts by travelers, arranged by place, together with a biography of Ibn al-Khatib. It is particularly helpful for understanding caliphal Córdoba and Madinat al-Zahra’. Multiple transcriptions and translations of Arabic inscriptions in Córdoba, Seville, and Granada are available, but those from the Alhambra, collected in Puerta Vílchez 2011, comment most directly on art and architecture. Glossy and lavishly illustrated, this is nonetheless a major work of scholarship by the leading scholar on Arabic aesthetics. Mann 2000 includes a number of Iberian sources, with helpful commentaries.
  488.  
  489. Company, Ximo, Joan Aliaga, and Lluïsa Tolosa. Documents de la pintura valenciana medieval i moderna. 4 vols. Fonts històriques valencianes. Valencia, Spain: Universitat de València, 2005–2013.
  490.  
  491. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  492.  
  493. Critical editions of major documents in four volumes. Vols. 1 and 3 cover documents concerning painting for the periods 1238–1400 and 1401–1425. Vol. 2 publishes documents related to King Martin the Humanist’s entry into Valencia in 1402, while Vol. 4 collates documents recording preparations for the entry of Fernando de Antequera in 1413.
  494.  
  495. Find this resource:
  496.  
  497. Documentos para a historia da arte em Portugal. 16 vols. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1969–1991.
  498.  
  499. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  500.  
  501. Different volumes correspond to different archives, with an index in Vol. 16. Very little from before the 14th century, though many 16th-century sources.
  502.  
  503. Find this resource:
  504.  
  505. Domínguez Sánchez, Santiago. Documentos pontificios relativos al mecenazgo papal del primer arte gótico hispano, 1198–1314. León, Spain: Publicaciones Universidad de León, 2015.
  506.  
  507. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  508.  
  509. A useful compilation of papal documents relating to gothic art and architecture in Spain, many of them previously published by the same author in his edited volumes of papal documents.
  510.  
  511. Find this resource:
  512.  
  513. García Mercadal, Joseé. Viajes de extranjeros por España y Portugal. 3 vols. Madrid: Aguilar, 1952–1962.
  514.  
  515. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  516.  
  517. An invaluable anthology, printed on super thin paper, with translations of descriptions of libraries, monuments, and customs. These include the so-called Codex Calixtinus (1130s–1140s), Ibn Battuta (1349–1350), Baron Leo von Rosmithal (1465–1467), Hieronymous Münzer (1494–1495) and Antonio de Lalaing (1501), among many others. Most medieval sources are in Vol. 1.
  518.  
  519. Find this resource:
  520.  
  521. Mann, Vivian. Jewish Texts on the Visual Arts. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  522.  
  523. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  524.  
  525. Excerpts from inscriptions, commentaries, and other manuscripts, all translated with useful introductions. Only a small but important fraction of these pertain to medieval Iberia.
  526.  
  527. Find this resource:
  528.  
  529. al-Maqqarī, Ahmad ibn Muhammad. “Nafḥ al-ṭib min ghuṣn al-Andalus al-raṭīb.” In The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain. 2 vols. Edited by Pascual de Gayangos. London: Allen, 1840.
  530.  
  531. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  532.  
  533. Vol. 1 is available online. Vol. 2 is available online. This is Gayangos’s title for the work whose Arabic title translates approximately as “The Breath of Perfume from the Branch of Green Andalusia and Memorials of Its Vizier Lisan ud-Din ibn ul-Khattib.’” This is an abridged English translation (a fuller French edition was published two decades later) of al-Maqqari’s compendium and biography of Ibn al-Khatib. Reassembles descriptions by the likes of al-Idrisi, al-Bakkari, and Ibn Battuta.
  534.  
  535. Find this resource:
  536.  
  537. Puerta Vílchez, José Miguel. Reading the Alhambra. Granada, Spain: Alhambra and Generalife Trust, 2011.
  538.  
  539. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  540.  
  541. Transcriptions and translations of inscriptions in the Alhambra, with photographs that clearly show their precise positions. Includes a short introductory essay; this complements Puerta Vílchez’s other important studies on the Alhambra.
  542.  
  543. Find this resource:
  544.  
  545. Rubió y Lluch, Antonio. Documents per l’historia de la cultura catalana migeval. 2 vols. Barcelona: Institut d’Estudis Catalans, 1908.
  546.  
  547. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  548.  
  549. Two volumes of mostly Latin documents from the royal chancery of the Crown of Aragon, 1275–1410. Includes extensive prologues. Available online and.
  550.  
  551. Find this resource:
  552.  
  553. Vigo Trasancos, Alfredo, ed. Fontes escritas para a historia da arquitectura e do urbanismo en Galicia: Séculos XI–XX. 2 vols. Bibliofilia de Galicia. Santiago de Compostela, Spain: Xunta de Galicia, 2000.
  554.  
  555. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  556.  
  557. A useful selection of sources in Spanish and Galician. Many come from the Codex Calixtinus and Historia Compostelana, but there are also several late medieval contracts and documents. The section on medieval sources in Vol. 1 is available online.
  558.  
  559. Find this resource:
  560.  
  561. Yarza Luaces, Joaquín, Milagros Guardia Pons, and Teresa Vicens. Arte medieval. 2 vols. Fuentes y documentos para la historia del arte. Barcelona: Gustavo Gili, 1982.
  562.  
  563. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  564.  
  565. A teaching anthology in two volumes: Vol. 1 covers the High Middle Ages and Byzantium (most of the Spanish sources here are inscriptions); Vol. 2 treats Romanesque and Gothic (with many more Spanish sources for the gothic period). Unfortunately, these lack detailed commentaries or critical apparatus, and they sorely need updating.
  566.  
  567. Find this resource:
  568.  
  569. Museum and Manuscript Catalogues
  570. Scholarly catalogues of the medieval collections of many great museums and churches are still lacking, though much information can be gleaned from online resources and exhibition catalogues (see Museum Collections Online and Exhibition Catalogues. In addition to the major museums in Madrid, Lisbon, and Barcelona, significant medieval collections are found in museums, libraries, and churches in Braga, Burgos, Coimbra, Córdoba, the Escorial, Granada, Guimarães, Jaca, Jérez, León, Lérida, Oviedo, Palma, Pamplona, Roda, Santiago de Compostela, Segovia, Seville, Tarragona, Toledo, Urgell, Valencia, Vic, and Zamora. Beyond the Iberian Peninsula the best collections are at the Victoria and Albert Museum and British Library, London; the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Hispanic Society of America, New York; the State museums in Berlin; and the Bibliothèque Nationale and Musée du Louvre in Paris. There are also significant collections in Baltimore, Buenos Aires, Chicago, Cleveland, Copenhagen, Kuwait City, and elsewhere. Franco Mata 1993 remains the best guide to medieval sculpture at the Archaeological Museum in Madrid, whose vast collections are otherwise poorly served by printed catalogues. Medieval sculpture is also included in Yarza Luaces and Español Bertrán 1991, a thorough and scholarly catalogue of the Frederic Marès Museum in Barcelona. Company i Climent, et al. 1993 is important because the collections at Lérida are little known outside of Spain, and the museum persists in forbidding photography. Castiñeiras, et al. 2008 and Favà, et al. 2011 include some but by no means all the Romanesque and gothic art in the Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya (MNAC) in Barcelona. It is to be hoped that the world-class collections of the Episcopal Museum in Vic/Vich will one day be fully catalogued. Illuminated manuscripts from across Portugal are at least inventoried in Cepeda, et al. 1994–2001, but for the Biblioteca Nacional in Madrid scholars must still depend on Domínguez Bordona 1933, except for Books of Hours, catalogued in Domínguez Rodríguez 1979. Ecclesiastical collections are, in general, very poorly catalogued. A typical case is the treasury of Toledo cathedral, one of the largest church treasuries in Europe. Revuelta Tubino 1989 is useful in being comprehensive, and it reveals the existence of many items that are not on display. Yet the quality of the scholarship and illustrations is extremely low.
  571.  
  572. Castiñeiras, Manuel, Jordi Camps i Sòria, and Joan Duran-Porta, eds. Romanesque Art in the MNAC Collections. Barcelona: Lunweg Editores, 2008.
  573.  
  574. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  575.  
  576. Despite appearances, this is a serious guide by major scholars to the world-class collections of Romanesque art in Barcelona’s National Museum (MNAC).
  577.  
  578. Find this resource:
  579.  
  580. Cepeda, Isabel Vilares, Teresa Duarte, and Maria Clara Rabanal S. Assunçao. Inventário dos códices iluminados até 1500: Inventário do património cultural móvel. 2 vols. Lisbon: Presidência do Conselho de Ministros, 1994–2001.
  581.  
  582. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  583.  
  584. Inventory of over 200 illuminated manuscripts from across Portugal, including the late-13th-century Hebrew Bible known as the Cervera Bible, and the Book of Hours of Queen Leonor of c. 1470. Entries are very brief, and they do not include bibliographic information.
  585.  
  586. Find this resource:
  587.  
  588. Company i Climent, Ximo, Isidre Puig Boada, and Jesús Tarragona, eds. Museu Diocesà de Lleida, 1893–1993: Catàleg, Cultura Patrimoni Cultural. Barcelona: Generalitat de Catalunya, Departament de Cultura, 1993.
  589.  
  590. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  591.  
  592. A major scholarly catalogue of the diocescan museum in Lleida/Lérida, which includes a large number of well-preserved late medieval objects from the cathedral and local churches. Now complemented by a small number of entries on the museum website.
  593.  
  594. Find this resource:
  595.  
  596. Domínguez Bordona, Jesús. Manuscritos con pinturas: Notas para un inventario de los conservados en colecciones públicas y particulares de España. 2 vols. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Históricos, 1933.
  597.  
  598. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  599.  
  600. Now extremely dated, this is the closest there is to a catalogue of illuminated manuscripts in Spain’s National Library in Madrid (the BNE). Fortunately the library has led the way in digitizing its collections, and high-quality scans of many of its most important manuscripts are now freely available.
  601.  
  602. Find this resource:
  603.  
  604. Domínguez Rodríguez, Ana. Libros de Horas del siglo XV en la Biblioteca Nacional. Madrid: Fundación Universitaria Española, 1979.
  605.  
  606. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  607.  
  608. Catalogue by one of Spain’s leading manuscript scholars.
  609.  
  610. Find this resource:
  611.  
  612. Favà, Cèsar, Guadaira Macías, Joan Duran-Porta, and Rafael Cornudella, eds. Gothic Art in the MNAC Collections. Barcelona: Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya, 2011.
  613.  
  614. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  615.  
  616. Part of the series of guides produced by MNAC. Authoritative, but by no means comprehensive.
  617.  
  618. Find this resource:
  619.  
  620. Franco Mata, María Ángela. Catálogo de la escultura gótica. Madrid: Dirección General de Bellas Artes y Archivos, 1993.
  621.  
  622. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  623.  
  624. This is the second edition of the catalogue of gothic sculpture by the long-serving curator at the Archaeological Museum in Madrid, herself a specialist in gothic sculpture. Predates the redisplay of the collections, which opened in 2014, and is now slightly dated.
  625.  
  626. Find this resource:
  627.  
  628. Revuelta Tubino, Matilde. Inventario artístico de Toledo: La catedral. Madrid: Centro Nacional de Información Artística, Arqueológica y Etnológica, 1989.
  629.  
  630. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  631.  
  632. Little more than an inventory, this nonetheless offers a glimpse into the riches of Toledo’s treasury.
  633.  
  634. Find this resource:
  635.  
  636. Yarza Luaces, Joaquín, and Francesca Español Bertrán. Catáleg d’escultura i pintura medievals. Barcelona: Ajuntament de Barcelona, 1991.
  637.  
  638. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  639.  
  640. Catalogue of the Frederic Marès Museum in Barcelona by two leading scholars of medieval art. Catalonian art predominates, but there is also much material from Castile, al-Andalus, and elsewhere.
  641.  
  642. Find this resource:
  643.  
  644. Exhibition Catalogues
  645. Catalogues of a series of major exhibitions since the 1990s have been instrumental in shaping the field, and, in many cases, they serve as helpful substitutes for the survey texts that are otherwise absent. As part of the Europalia Festival in 1991, Belgium hosted a number of major exhibitions of Portuguese art, including Fonseca, et al. 1991, which played a significant role in awakening an international interest in medieval Portugal. Dodds 1992, staged in New York and Granada and timed to coincide with the quincentennial of the capture of Granada and Columbus’s landing in America, played a similar role for the arts of al-Andalus. It was one of several major exhibitions of Spanish art in that year. Little 1993 might have brought wider attention to Christian Spain, except that the exhibition was cancelled scarcely two weeks before it was scheduled to open at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Fortunately the catalogues had already been printed, and they provide an authoritative overview of an extremely complex period, both politically and artistically. Isidro Bango Torvio has made something of a career of organizing major exhibitions of Spanish art, often with loans that no one else has managed to get. Unfortunately the catalogues for these exhibitions are out-of-print and often difficult to obtain. Bango Torvio is a specialist in Romanesque and early gothic architecture and his first major exhibition (Bango Torviso 1998) focused on Cistercian art and architecture in Castile and León. This was followed by Bango Torviso 2001, which brings together manuscripts, textiles, reliquaries, and other precious items from church treasuries across Spain for the first time since the great exhibitions of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Bango Torviso 2003 represents the most comprehensive assessment of Jewish artistic culture in the Iberian Peninsula, while Bango Torviso 2009 assembles objects related to the reign of one of medieval Iberia’s most important artistic patrons, Alfonso X of Castile (r. 1252–1284). Numerous other exhibitions with a more regional focus are worthy of inclusion here—some of them are included in the separate Oxford Bibliographies in Art History article “Spanish Art.” Three particularly significant examples are Bango Torviso 2006, an enormous catalogue in two volumes with a wide range of objects from Navarre; Llompart 1998, which brings together the extraordinary riches of the medieval kingdom of Mallorca; and López de Ullíbarri 2007, which is unusual in focusing attention on the 14th century, a century all too often dismissed as one of “crisis” and artistic stagnation.
  646.  
  647. Bango Torviso, Isidro Gonzalo, ed. Monjes y monasterios: El Cister en el medievo de Castilla y León. Valladolid, Spain: Junta de Castilla y León, 1998.
  648.  
  649. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  650.  
  651. A lavish catalogue, long out of print. Includes unusually extensive architectural content.
  652.  
  653. Find this resource:
  654.  
  655. Bango Torviso, Isidro Gonzalo, ed. Maravillas de la España medieval: Tesoro Sagrada y Monarquía. 2 vols. Madrid: Junta de Castilla y León, 2001.
  656.  
  657. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  658.  
  659. Unparalleled exhibition of objects from medieval church treasuries, including several that were originally made for Islamic or Arabic contexts, and many items that had never previously been loaned. A thin, glossy volume with images accompanies another thicker volume with essays, catalogue entries, and thumbnail illustrations.
  660.  
  661. Find this resource:
  662.  
  663. Bango Torviso, Isidro Gonzalo. Memoria de Sefarad. Toledo, Spain: Sociedad Estatal para la Acción Exterior, 2003.
  664.  
  665. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  666.  
  667. A comprehensive catalogue of Jewish material culture from Iberia. The essays are particularly useful.
  668.  
  669. Find this resource:
  670.  
  671. Bango Torviso, Isidro Gonzalo, ed. Sancho el Mayor y sus herederos: El linaje que europeizó los reinos hispanos. 2 vols. Madrid: Tf. Artes Gráficas, 2006.
  672.  
  673. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  674.  
  675. Two thick volumes with high-quality images. Essays by leading scholars and useful catalogue entries.
  676.  
  677. Find this resource:
  678.  
  679. Bango Torviso, Isidro Gonzalo, ed. Alfonso X el Sabio. Murcia, Spain: Ayuntamiento de Murcia, 2009.
  680.  
  681. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  682.  
  683. A thick and lavishly illustrated catalogue of an exhibition held in Murcia. Out of print and sometimes difficult to locate.
  684.  
  685. Find this resource:
  686.  
  687. Dodds, Jerrilynn D. Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1992.
  688.  
  689. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  690.  
  691. A pioneering exhibition, with a wide range of media from Umayyad Córdoba to Nasrid Granada (with 1492 very much understood as an endpoint). Includes useful introductory essays and authoritative catalogue entries, and some material from Portugal.
  692.  
  693. Find this resource:
  694.  
  695. Fonseca, Luís Adão da, Mário Jorge Barroca, and Lúcia Maria Cardoso Rosas, eds. Aux confins du Moyen-Âge: Art portugais XII–Ve siècle. Ghent, Belgium: Foundation Europalia, 1991.
  696.  
  697. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  698.  
  699. Groundbreaking exhibition of medieval Portuguese art, still unmatched for its breadth.
  700.  
  701. Find this resource:
  702.  
  703. Little, Charles, ed. The Art of Medieval Spain, A.D. 500–1200. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1993.
  704.  
  705. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  706.  
  707. The exhibition that never was. The catalogue is nonetheless extremely useful, even if the introductory essays have now dated a little. Includes some Portuguese material.
  708.  
  709. Find this resource:
  710.  
  711. Llompart, Gabriel, ed. Mallorca gòtica. Barcelona: Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya, 1998.
  712.  
  713. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  714.  
  715. Curated by the leading scholar of art and architecture in Mallorca, this catalogue exposes the brilliance of metalworking and painting in gothic Mallorca, and their connections with Catalonia and Italy.
  716.  
  717. Find this resource:
  718.  
  719. López de Ullíbarri, Félix, ed. Exposición Canciller Ayala. Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain: Diputación Foral de Álava, 2007.
  720.  
  721. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  722.  
  723. One of several publications released to mark the 600th anniversary of Pedro López de Ayala, chancellor, chronicler, poet, and patron. The catalogue gathers together many materials from La Rioja that are not otherwise widely published, though the essays are of mixed quality.
  724.  
  725. Find this resource:
  726.  
  727. Iberian Art in General Surveys
  728. Although Iberia is often excluded from survey texts and edited volumes that purport to include or describe the art and history of medieval Europe, a number of general surveys help to contextualize medieval Iberian art and architecture, and occasionally offer new insights too. Some of the best of these have been produced for the Pelican History of Art series. These include Williamson 1995, a very sensible discussion of gothic sculpture in Spain, and Fernie 2014, which examines Romanesque architecture in Iberia in relation to broader European trends. Also part of the Pelican series are Ettinghausen, et al. 2001 and Blair and Bloom 1994: the former covers the period from the Umayyads to the Almohads, while the latter provides a useful overview of Nasrid art. Wilson 1996 offers a number of new insights into gothic architecture in Spain, while Stalley 1999 situates so-called Mozarabic architecture in a broader European context and also includes detailed discussion of architecture and pilgrimage. Numerous studies of discrete aspects of medieval art also touch on Iberian material, but they are often overlooked by scholars in Spain and Portugal. They include Hahnloser and Brugger-Koch 1986, which discusses over forty rock crystal reliquaries and crosses from the Iberian Peninsula—many of them otherwise unpublished. Vroom 2010 draws extensively on late medieval building accounts and indulgences from Spain in discussing the financing of church construction, while the Gothic Ivories Project, hosted by the Courtauld Institute of Art in London, has played an important role in determining Iberian provenance for ivories for which French origins were previously assumed. Finally, Hourihane 2012 includes numerous entries on Iberian material. The quality of these is mixed, but they are a useful starting point for research.
  729.  
  730. Blair, Sheila, and Jonathan Bloom. The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250–1800. Pelican History of Art. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994.
  731.  
  732. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  733.  
  734. A reliable survey text by these energetic and knowledgeable scholars. Nasrid art and architecture, notably the Alhambra, are discussed in a chapter dedicated to the Maghrib.
  735.  
  736. Find this resource:
  737.  
  738. Ettinghausen, Richard, Oleg Grabar, and Marilyn Jenkins. Islamic Art and Architecture, 650–1250. Pelican History of Art. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.
  739.  
  740. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  741.  
  742. The second edition of this authoritative survey text by three leading scholars of Islamic art. Chapters 3 and 7 focus on “Western Islamic Lands,” while chapter 8 considers “Islamic Art and non-Muslims.”
  743.  
  744. Find this resource:
  745.  
  746. Fernie, Eric. Romanesque Architecture: The First Style of the European Age. Pelican History of Art. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014.
  747.  
  748. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  749.  
  750. A wide-ranging survey with almost 400 images and many new maps and plans. One chapter is dedicated to Iberia, and numerous other sections deal with discrete issues, including early Romanesque architecture in Catalonia, Asturias, and León as well as the transition to gothic architecture at Salamanca, Évora, and elsewhere.
  751.  
  752. Find this resource:
  753.  
  754. The Gothic Ivories Project.
  755.  
  756. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  757.  
  758. Launched in October 2008 at the Courtauld Institute of Art. It consists of an online database of ivory sculptures made in western Europe c. 1200 to c. 1530, as well as neo-gothic pieces. It now has over 5,000 pieces online, from all over the world. It has excellent search and comparison functions and numerous objects of possible Spanish or Portuguese provenance.
  759.  
  760. Find this resource:
  761.  
  762. Hahnloser, Hans R., and Susanna Brugger-Koch. Corpus der Hartsteinschliffe des 12–15 Jahrhunderts. Berlin: Deutscher Verlag für Kunstwissenschaft, 1986.
  763.  
  764. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  765.  
  766. Lavishly illustrated, this volume treats material that until recently was almost entirely overlooked by Spanish and Portuguese scholars. Particularly good on a group of rock crystal crosses from the 13th and 14th centuries, of which considerable numbers survive in Catalonia and Portugal.
  767.  
  768. Find this resource:
  769.  
  770. Hourihane, Colum, ed. The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture. 6 vols. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
  771.  
  772. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  773.  
  774. Wide-ranging encyclopedia, with numerous entries on Iberian material. Available online by subscription and in print.
  775.  
  776. Find this resource:
  777.  
  778. Stalley, Roger. Early Medieval Architecture. Oxford History of Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  779.  
  780. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  781.  
  782. Part of Oxford’s excellent History of Art series. A judicious discussion of early medieval architecture across Europe that helps to contextualize so-called Mozarabic architecture as well as Romanesque architecture across the peninsula.
  783.  
  784. Find this resource:
  785.  
  786. Vroom, Wim H. Financing Cathedral Building in the Middle Ages: The Generosity of the Faithful. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2010.
  787.  
  788. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  789.  
  790. This brilliant study draws on an impressively wide range of archival sources and secondary literature to explore the mechanisms by which church building was financed in medieval Europe. Among other issues, Vroom considers fabric confraternities (the earliest examples of which are documented in Spain), indulgences, and the collection of tithes. Includes a close study of financing at Toledo cathedral (1418–1438) and Segovia cathedral (1525–1650).
  791.  
  792. Find this resource:
  793.  
  794. Williamson, Paul. Gothic Sculpture, 1140–1300. Pelican history of art. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995.
  795.  
  796. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  797.  
  798. Sensible and reliable, this volume includes chapters on sculpture in Spain 1170–1230, and from 1230 to 1300.
  799.  
  800. Find this resource:
  801.  
  802. Wilson, Christopher. The Gothic Cathedral: The Architecture of the Great Church, 1130–1530. London: Thames and Hudson, 1996.
  803.  
  804. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  805.  
  806. Perhaps the most brilliant survey of gothic architecture, this work has sections on early gothic architecture in Spain and Portugal and a particularly insightful chapter on late gothic architecture. Includes a number of keen, new observations.
  807.  
  808. Find this resource:
  809.  
  810. Digital Resources
  811. New digital resources have transformed the field in recent years, breaking down the barriers that meant that only local scholars could access the relevant archives and publications required for serious study. Nonetheless, tremendous potential exists for significant changes and improvements in the future. Access to high-quality images (and, increasingly, 3D representations—photographic or virtual) will always be essential to art-historical study, and sources of specialist photos are listed in the Images section. Spain and Portugal are also unusually well served by online Data and Bibliographic Resources, particularly with resources that not only provide bibliographic data, but also give direct access to online articles, most of them freely available. In contrast, Iberian museum collections have not yet developed the extensive, reliable and easily searched online databases that have been pioneered by some major international collections in recent years. Still, some useful online resources are cited under the Museum Collections Online section. Digitized Manuscripts and Archives lists the fantastic resources developed in recent years thanks to comprehensive programs of scanning and photography in many libraries in Spain, Portugal, and beyond, while the section on Groups, Blogs, and Listservs offers insight into the communities of students and scholars who are now working on medieval Iberian art.
  812.  
  813. Images
  814. A number of photographic libraries are found across the Iberian Peninsula, typically with collections relevant to a particular region. The most useful of these is hosted by the Institut Amatller in Barcelona, which has its own photographic library together with the Arxiu Mas, a vast archive of superb photographs, mostly taken in the early 20th century (and so before many objects were lost or damaged in the Spanish Civil War). Regrettably these are not yet available online. A Google Image Search will often reveal results from two semi-academic sites with very good coverage of medieval Iberia, ArteHistoria.com and ArteGuias.com. The texts accompanying these images are often somewhat dated or unreliable, and coverage is patchy. It is to be hoped that the churches, museums, and heritage sites that still forbid photography will follow the lead of other institutions around the globe and permit this. Finally, Imago, hosted by the New University in Lisbon, offers a searchable iconographic database of art from medieval Portugal.
  815.  
  816. ArteGuias.com.
  817.  
  818. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  819.  
  820. Originally focused on Romanesque art and architecture in Castile and León, this now covers all of Spain, with lighter coverage of Portugal. Further testimony to Spain’s love affair with Romanesque, though the texts are not always reliable.
  821.  
  822. Find this resource:
  823.  
  824. ArteHistoria.com.
  825.  
  826. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  827.  
  828. Very comprehensive coverage of Spanish art history from all periods. The quality of photos and texts is not always high, but this is often the only site that has images of particular objects or buildings. Often comes up in Google image searches.
  829.  
  830. Find this resource:
  831.  
  832. Imago.
  833.  
  834. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  835.  
  836. Searchable iconographic database run by the New University in Lisbon (Universidade NOVA de Lisboa), with sections on Portuguese medieval sculpture and manuscripts.
  837.  
  838. Find this resource:
  839.  
  840. Institut Amatller.
  841.  
  842. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  843.  
  844. Includes the Amatller’s collection of over 360,000 photographs, organized by medium, author, location, and chronology. This is supplemented by the Arxiu Mas, developed in the early 20th century by Adolf Mas Ginesta and Josep Puig i Cadafalch. These are of extremely high quality, and sometimes they represent the only record of lost, destroyed, or hidden objects.
  845.  
  846. Find this resource:
  847.  
  848. Data and Bibliographic Resources
  849. Iberian studies are well served by digital resources thanks to the digitalization of so much of the Spanish National Library in Madrid and the large number of online journals. Many Spanish and Portuguese scholars upload recent publications to Academia, and most journals and collected volumes are indexed on Dialnet, hosted by the University of La Rioja. BNP (Bibliografia Nacional Portuguesa) and RACO (Revistas Catalanes amb Accés Obert) offer similar resources— and sometimes online articles—for Portugal and Catalonia. Beyond Lisbon, Madrid, and Barcelona, it is rare to find libraries with extensive holdings of Iberian or extra-peninsular books and journals, so Porbase and Rebiun, collective catalogues of Portuguese and Spanish libraries, are particularly important. Hispana shares some of the functions of Dialnet, but also offers a way of searching for scanned archival material and manuscripts from over 200 Spanish libraries and archives, including the Spanish National Library in Madrid. In addition to the resources in Spain and Portugal, Libro (Library of Iberian Resources Online) provides free access to over seventy major works of Iberian history, while Charles Crawley’s Medieval Lands provides remarkably extensive genealogical information for royal and aristocratic families in Iberia and across Europe.
  850.  
  851. Academia.
  852.  
  853. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  854.  
  855. Spanish and Portuguese universities rarely provide academics with detailed profile pages, so many now use Academia, and often upload newly published materials there.
  856.  
  857. Find this resource:
  858.  
  859. BNP.
  860.  
  861. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  862.  
  863. Searchable database of Portuguese titles published since 2002. Unfortunately this does not include article or essay titles in multi-authored books and journals.
  864.  
  865. Find this resource:
  866.  
  867. Dialnet.
  868.  
  869. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  870.  
  871. A searchable database, with indexes of many journals and edited volumes in Spain and beyond. Where available, it also provides links to online articles and theses. Invaluable for searching for works by individual authors, or for book and journal contents.
  872.  
  873. Find this resource:
  874.  
  875. Hispana.
  876.  
  877. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  878.  
  879. Searchable database of Spanish libraries and archives. The search function is poor (it is best to do a simple keyword search and then trawl through the results), but gives secondary literature (though not as reliably as Dialnet), 19th-century and early-20th-century photographs of Spanish art and monuments, and high-quality scans of 19th-century books and unpublished materials from across Spain, including the Spanish National Library in Madrid. Invaluable.
  880.  
  881. Find this resource:
  882.  
  883. Libro.
  884.  
  885. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  886.  
  887. A joint project of the American Academy of Research Historians of Medieval Spain and the University of Central Arkansas. Online versions of over seventy publications, most of them recent but out-of-print university press monographs as well as a number of basic texts and sources in translation.
  888.  
  889. Find this resource:
  890.  
  891. Medieval Lands.
  892.  
  893. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  894.  
  895. A vast genealogical database, supported by an impressively wide range of medieval and secondary sources. Includes tables for noble and royal families for different Iberian regions. These are generally but not wholly reliable.
  896.  
  897. Find this resource:
  898.  
  899. Porbase.
  900.  
  901. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  902.  
  903. Collective catalogue of over 170 Portuguese libraries.
  904.  
  905. Find this resource:
  906.  
  907. RACO.
  908.  
  909. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  910.  
  911. Searchable database of online Catalan journals, some of them not visible on Dialnet.
  912.  
  913. Find this resource:
  914.  
  915. Rebiun.
  916.  
  917. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  918.  
  919. A collective catalogue of almost 100 libraries in Spain.
  920.  
  921. Find this resource:
  922.  
  923. Museum Collections Online
  924. The digital collections of Portuguese and Spanish museums are not yet populated with the high-quality images and detailed entries found on the websites of some international museums with significant holdings of medieval Iberian material, such as the Victoria and Albert Museum in London or the Metropolitan Museum in New York. Nonetheless, the situation is fast improving, and CERES and MatrizNet now offer extremely useful, searchable catalogues of major museum collections in Spain and Portugal, drawn from the collections management systems of individual institutions. For some of the smaller collections this is now supplemented by GoogleArts. A few big museums provide more information on their own websites than is available through CERES or MatrizNet. These include the Frederic Marès Museum in Barcelona, the Museu Belles Arts València, and the Prado Museum: Spanish Painting until the XVII Century in Madrid.
  925.  
  926. CERES: Red digital de Colecciones de Museos de España).
  927.  
  928. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  929.  
  930. Searchable catalogue of numerous Spanish museums, including the Archaeological Museum in Madrid, the Episcopal Museum in Vic, and the Archaeological Museum in Córdoba, among others.
  931.  
  932. Find this resource:
  933.  
  934. The Frederic Marès Museum: Koha Online Catalog — Barcelona.
  935.  
  936. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  937.  
  938. An extraordinarily varied collection, currently searchable only in Catalan.
  939.  
  940. Find this resource:
  941.  
  942. GoogleArts.
  943.  
  944. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  945.  
  946. Although the coverage is patchy, this offers an easy way to explore lesser known museum collections across Iberia. The presentation is very clear and image-led.
  947.  
  948. Find this resource:
  949.  
  950. MatrizNet.
  951.  
  952. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  953.  
  954. High-quality images and brief entries for objects from across Portugal, including the Museu Nacional de Arte Antigua in Lisbon.
  955.  
  956. Find this resource:
  957.  
  958. Museu Belles Arts València.
  959.  
  960. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  961.  
  962. One of Iberia’s greatest collections of late medieval painting, though only a small selection is available online.
  963.  
  964. Find this resource:
  965.  
  966. Prado Museum: Spanish Painting until the XVII Century.
  967.  
  968. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  969.  
  970. Offers extremely high-resolution images of the Prado’s small but important collection of Spanish medieval paintings.
  971.  
  972. Find this resource:
  973.  
  974. Digitized Manuscripts and Archives
  975. The National Libraries of Spain (Biblioteca Nacional de España: Biblioteca Digital Hispánica and Portugal (Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal) have led the way in digitizing their medieval manuscripts and making them freely available. It is to be hoped that the works in the great library at San Lorenzo de Escorial will one day be made available, together with the repositories of numerous other libraries and churches in Spain and Portugal. Digitization has also begun of the major national archives in Portugal (the Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo in Lisbon), while PARES offers a searchable database of archives across Spain, including the Archivo Histórico Nacional in Madrid and the Archivo de la Corona de Aragón in Barcelona. Aragón (via DARA) and Archivo Municipal: Murcia have worked especially hard to digitize archives in their region, and a number of smaller institutions and libraries have also digitized their collections, including the Biblioteca Lázaro Galdiano in Madrid and Real Academia de la Historia in Madrid in Madrid. These holdings in Spain and Portugal are complemented by important collections of medieval Iberian manuscripts at the British Library in London, the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, the Getty Museum in Los Angeles, and the Hispanic Society of America and the Morgan Library & Museum (formerly the Pierpont Morgan Library) in New York. These institutions provide freely available digitalized versions of their manuscripts. Finally, thanks to the Polonsky Foundation, vast numbers of Hebrew manuscripts at the Vatican, British Library, and Bodleian Library in Oxford have now been digitized, including many important Hebrew Bibles and Haggadot.
  976.  
  977. Archivo Municipal: Murcia.
  978.  
  979. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  980.  
  981. Superb photos of a vast range of medieval documents from across the region, thanks to the Proyecto Carmesí. This website also has a relatively easy search function.
  982.  
  983. Find this resource:
  984.  
  985. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo.
  986.  
  987. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  988.  
  989. A searchable database of Portugal’s National Archive, with high resolution photos of innumerable medieval documents. The search function is not intuitive.
  990.  
  991. Find this resource:
  992.  
  993. Biblioteca Lázaro Galdiano in Madrid.
  994.  
  995. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  996.  
  997. High-resolution photos of over fifty manuscripts from before 1500, not available for download.
  998.  
  999. Find this resource:
  1000.  
  1001. Biblioteca Nacional de España: Biblioteca Digital Hispánica.
  1002.  
  1003. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1004.  
  1005. A tremendous new resource, with high-quality, downloadable PDFs of important manuscripts and archives. Among many others, these include the 10th-century “Biblia Hispalense,” the richly illuminated seven-volume “Misal rico” (1509–1517) of Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, and numerous transcriptions of medieval documents by Andrés Burriel (d. 1762).
  1006.  
  1007. Find this resource:
  1008.  
  1009. Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal.
  1010.  
  1011. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1012.  
  1013. High-quality, downloadable PDFs of medieval manuscripts, over 400 of them from before 1500, including the late-13th-century Hebrew Bible known as the Cervera Bible, and the Book of Hours of Queen Leonor of c. 1470.
  1014.  
  1015. Find this resource:
  1016.  
  1017. DARA.
  1018.  
  1019. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1020.  
  1021. Searchable database of Aragonese archives and libraries. The search function is poor, but in some cases this provides access to high quality photos of original medieval documents.
  1022.  
  1023. Find this resource:
  1024.  
  1025. PARES (Portal de archivos españoles).
  1026.  
  1027. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1028.  
  1029. A searchable database of archives from across Spain, including major archives in Madrid, Simancas, Barcelona, and Valencia. Unfortunately, the search function does not operate intuitively, and digital copies of medieval materials can be located only rarely.
  1030.  
  1031. Find this resource:
  1032.  
  1033. Real Academia de la Historia in Madrid.
  1034.  
  1035. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1036.  
  1037. An important collection of medieval manuscripts and early printed books, not available for download.
  1038.  
  1039. Find this resource:
  1040.  
  1041. Groups, Blogs, and Listservs
  1042. Numerous groups, societies, listservs, and bloggers provide useful resources for historians of medieval Iberian art. There are well-established institutes of medieval studies at the universities of Salamanca, León, La Laguna, Barcelona (Universitat Autònoma), and Lisbon (Universidade NOVA de Lisboa), with specialized Masters programs and medieval events. For art history, many of the most active websites have been set up by students: Rede de Estudos Medievais Interdisciplinares is run by medievalists from the University of Santiago de Compostela, while Medievalitis is updated by medieval art historians at the Complutense University in Madrid. Both provide regular updates about events and publications. Joan Valero Molina writes the Libros de arte medieval blog, which gives notice of new publications on medieval art, in Spain and beyond. Two Spanish blogs also represent an important resource on Andalusi art: Legado Nazari is particularly useful in including images of Nasrid art that are not otherwise available, while the Alhambra Museum also hosts a very handy blog with high-quality images—particularly useful as visitors to the museum are not permitted to take photographs. Scholars in Spain, Portugal, and the United States are also particularly active on the Andalusi Studies Listserv. Outside of the Iberian Peninsula, the website of ARTES (the Iberian and Latin American Visual Culture Group) provides information about forthcoming publications, conferences, and exhibitions on Iberian and Hispanic art, and also provides a number of scholarships. Medieval Art Research is a blog run by postgraduate students at The Courtauld Institute of Art, with publications, vacancies, calls for papers, and other information of relevance to those interested in medieval art. In the United States, the American Academy of Research Historians of Medieval Spain (AARHMS) organizes regular conference sessions and frequently posts book reviews on its website, while a number of Iberian events are organized under the umbrella of the Mediterranean Seminar, which sends out regular mailings to those who sign up.
  1043.  
  1044. Alhambra Museum.
  1045.  
  1046. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1047.  
  1048. A valuable archive of images of commentaries from the Alhambra Museum and beyond.
  1049.  
  1050. Find this resource:
  1051.  
  1052. American Academy of Research Historians of Medieval Spain (AARHMS).
  1053.  
  1054. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1055.  
  1056. Particularly useful for its book reviews.
  1057.  
  1058. Find this resource:
  1059.  
  1060. Andalusi Studies Listserv.
  1061.  
  1062. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1063.  
  1064. A very active Listserv, with regular postings from leading scholars of Andalusi history and culture. A good way to find out about new publications or funding opportunities.
  1065.  
  1066. Find this resource:
  1067.  
  1068. ARTES.
  1069.  
  1070. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1071.  
  1072. Regular updates on events and exhibitions, with a UK focus. ARTES also offers travel scholarships and an annual essay prize.
  1073.  
  1074. Find this resource:
  1075.  
  1076. Legado Nazari.
  1077.  
  1078. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1079.  
  1080. Regularly updated by Miguel Casel, with regular and well-informed posts.
  1081.  
  1082. Find this resource:
  1083.  
  1084. Libros de arte medieval.
  1085.  
  1086. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1087.  
  1088. Provides regular updates and summaries of new books on medieval art, and these are helpfully categorized on the website.
  1089.  
  1090. Find this resource:
  1091.  
  1092. Medieval Art Research.
  1093.  
  1094. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1095.  
  1096. Regularly updated with calls for papers and news about exhibitions, vacancies, lectures, conferences, and publications. Includes a useful calendar and links to sources of funding for medieval studies.
  1097.  
  1098. Find this resource:
  1099.  
  1100. Medievalitis.
  1101.  
  1102. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1103.  
  1104. Run by the Complutense University in Madrid, and regularly updated with news and events relating to medieval art across Spain and beyond. Includes calls for papers and useful links to research groups and funding sources.
  1105.  
  1106. Find this resource:
  1107.  
  1108. The Mediterranean Seminar.
  1109.  
  1110. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1111.  
  1112. Run out of the University of Colorado at Boulder, and devoted to the study of Mediterranean societies and cultures and their role in global histories and those of the “West.” The mailing list is particularly useful.
  1113.  
  1114. Find this resource:
  1115.  
  1116. Rede de Estudos Medievais Interdisciplinares.
  1117.  
  1118. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1119.  
  1120. Bilingual Spanish/Galician research group and blog, run from the University of Santiago de Compostela.
  1121.  
  1122. Find this resource:
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