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Zulu Wars (Military History)

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. The term “Zulu Wars” is an imprecise one, because there is no single, generally accepted understanding of what it encompasses. Most often it is applied to the Anglo–Zulu War of 1879, but this approach ignores the other wars the Zulu fought in the course of the 19th century against the aggressively advancing forces of European imperialism. Consequently, in this article the term is applied to the determined resistance the highly organized armies of the Zulu kingdom mounted, first in 1838 against the migrating Dutch-speaking Voortrekkers (Boers) from the Cape Colony who were intent on settling in Zululand, and then again in 1879 against invading British imperial and colonial forces bent on eliminating what they perceived as the Zulu military threat to neighboring British possessions. The crushing British victory in 1879 and the consequent fall of the Zulu monarchy triggered civil war in the fragmented kingdom between 1883 and 1884 and led to a fresh round of British and Boer military interventions, which culminated in their dividing Zululand between them in 1886–1887. In 1888 the uSuthu (the adherents of the deposed royal Zulu house) rebelled against the new British colonial administration. British forces vigorously suppressed the revolt and extinguished the last embers of an independent Zululand. Much primary material relating to the Zulu Wars as defined here is available in printed collections and in reissued contemporary books and articles. The secondary literature on the Zulu Wars is considerable, although by far the greater part of it is devoted to the Anglo–Zulu War of 1879.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews
  6.  
  7. The first published history of the 19th-century Zulu kingdom, Gibson 1911, is by a colonial official stationed in Zululand who was well placed to interview many survivors of the Zulu Wars. The book reflects his sympathetic engagement with the Zulu people. In 1922 a general history (Fuze 1979) appeared in Zulu. It was heavily based on oral tradition and introduced a Zulu (as opposed to a colonial) centrical take on the Zulu past. However, because the work had a very small run and was not translated into English until nearly sixty years later, its effect was minimal. The book that in 1966 made Zulu history up to the end of the Anglo–Zulu War vividly accessible to a popular audience around the world was Morris 1998, written like a great adventure yarn. A truly scholarly treatment of Zululand in the 1870s and 1880s did not appear until 1979 with Guy 1998. Following this monograph, other forms of general overviews began to appear more regularly. Ballard 1988 presents soundly researched biographies of all the Zulu monarchs and was meant to appeal in the dying days of South African apartheid to a nationalistic Zulu readership. Building on the growing body of published Zulu scholarship, especially in academic journals, Taylor 1994 constructs a popular history of the Zulu up to the 1990s that was intended to supplant Morris 1998 (first published in 1966) and its outdated assumptions. This was followed by Laband 1997 (first published in 1995), a sweeping study of the 19th-century Zulu kingdom based on primary research. Subsequent general histories by non-Zulu writers have targeted what has become a popular readership and have covered much of the same ground. However, Zulu-speaking historians are beginning to emerge. Shamase 1996 is a good example of a work infused with Zulu tradition, very much in the pioneering tradition of Fuze 1979. Greaves and Mkhize 2014 is a recent collaboration between a British military historian and a Zulu battlefield guide. Currently, there is a growing academic interest in the history of warfare in Africa. Stapleton 2010 is a pioneering overview of South African military history that places the Zulu Wars in their sub-continental context.
  8.  
  9. Ballard, Charles. The House of Shaka: The Zulu Monarchy Illustrated. Durban, South Africa: Emoyeni, 1988.
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  11. Succinct but reliable biographies of all eight of the Zulu kings from Shaka to Goodwill Zwelithini by an expert in the field with access to the Zulu royal house. A useful introductory text. Map and illustrations.
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  13. Fuze, Magema M. The Black People and Whence They Came: A Zulu View. Translated by Harry C. Lugg and edited by A. Trevor Cope. Translation Series, Killie Campbell Africana Library 1. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal Press, 1979.
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  15. The first book ever written in Zulu and originally published privately in 1922, it draws on oral tradition to provide invaluable ethnographical material and a Zulu view of Zulu history from distant origins to the early 20th century.
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  17. Gibson, James Young. The Story of the Zulus. London: Longmans, Green, 1911.
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  19. Covering Zulu history from the earliest times to 1888, this is the first general history of the Zulu ever published. It maintains its value as an overview because it was written by a 19th-century Zululand official with first-hand knowledge of the country and acquaintance with many of its leaders. Rare book. Illustrations.
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  21. Greaves, Adrian, and Xolani Mkhize. The Zulus at War. The History, Rise, and Fall of the Tribe That Washed Its Spears. New York: Skyhorse, 2014.
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  23. A broad, popular account of the Zulu from the time of Shaka to the Zulu Rebellion of 1906 that incorporates the Zulu perspective.
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  25. Guy, Jeff. The Destruction of the Zulu Kingdom: The Civil War in Zululand, 1879–1884. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal Press, 1998.
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  27. Based on a doctoral dissertation and originally published in 1979. The first truly scholarly analysis of the loss of Zulu independence between 1879 and 1884. An essentially materialist approach that explains events in terms of the demands of advancing capitalism in southern Africa. Has proved an influential monograph. Maps, diagrams, and illustrations.
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  29. Laband, John. The Rise and Fall of the Zulu Nation. London: Arms and Armour, 1997.
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  31. A comprehensive account, first published in 1995, of the emergence of the Zulu kingdom in the 19th century and its dramatic collapse under the impact of Boer and British colonialism. Social and political organization, diplomacy, and military events are emphasized. Maps, diagrams, and illustrations.
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  33. Morris, Donald R. The Washing of the Spears: A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation under Shaka and its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo, 1998.
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  35. Although overtaken by subsequent research, especially with regard to the rise of the Zulu kingdom, this work, first published in 1966 and reprinted many times, has proved the most enduring popular history of the Zulu kingdom up to 1879 because of the stirring panache with which it is written. Maps, diagrams, and illustrations.
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  37. Shamase, M. Z. Zulu Potentates from the Earliest to Zwelithini KaBhekuzulu. Durban, South Africa: S. M. Publications, 1996.
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  39. A modern Zulu perspective on Zulu history up to the 1990s arranged by the reigns of the Zulu monarchs. Based on oral evidence (particularly praise poems) and secondary sources. A useful corrective to the dominant body of Zulu histories written by non-Zulus. Diagrams and illustrations.
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  41. Stapleton, Timothy J. A Military History of South Africa from the Dutch-Khoi Wars to the End of Apartheid. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2010.
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  43. A comprehensive military history of South Africa from the 1650s to the present drawn mainly from secondary sources. The Zulu Wars are placed in their wider sub-continental framework in the two chapters on the period from 1830 to 1885. Maps.
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  45. Taylor, Stephen. Shaka’s Children: A History of the Zulu People. London: HarperCollins, 1994.
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  47. A readable overview of Zulu history from earliest times to the end of apartheid in 1994. Based on authoritative published sources and a good introduction for a popular readership. Maps and illustrations.
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  49. Reference Works
  50.  
  51. The first, and still classic, guide to historic places and eminent people in Zululand and Natal is Lugg 1949, written by a Native High Commissioner who knew every inch of the ground. A similar but better organized and more up-to-date guide is Smail 1979. It takes the story up to 1906 and has a heavy emphasis on military events. Brookes and Webb 1965 is the only narrative text ever to have been published specifically on the history of Natal and Zululand and concludes its survey in 1961. Subsequent collections of scholarly essays have covered the same ground and taken the story forward to the present (see Anthologies). Laband 2009 is a recent historical dictionary on all aspects of the Zulu Wars.
  52.  
  53. Brookes, Edgar Harry, and Colin de B. Webb. A History of Natal. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal Press, 1965.
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  55. Written by two pioneering academic historians of Natal and Zululand, this thoroughly scholarly textbook on the region up to 1961 has stood the test of time extremely well. Several chapters deal specifically with Zululand and the Zulu Wars. Maps and illustrations.
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  57. Laband, John. Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars. Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest 37. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2009.
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  59. Chronology, outline of events, full bibliography, and more than 900 cross-referenced entries on military, political, social, economic, and cultural aspects of the Zulu Wars 1838–1888, as well as on key participants. Maps and illustrations.
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  61. Lugg, Harry C. Historic Natal and Zululand. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: Shuter & Shooter, 1949.
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  63. Entries on places of historic interest and personalities (both Zulu and settler) arranged by magisterial districts as they were in the 1920s. An invaluable starting point but entries should be treated critically in the light of subsequent research. Maps and illustrations.
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  65. Smail, J. L. From the Land of the Zulu Kings: An Historical Guide for those Restless Years in Natal and Zululand 1497 to 1879. Durban, South Africa: A. J. Pope, 1979.
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  67. An eclectic compendium of entries on ships, individuals, battles, places, and monuments connected to the history of Zululand and Natal up to 1906 accompanied by excellent maps by the author. Entries should be checked against the latest research. Fully illustrated.
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  69. Anthologies
  70.  
  71. Two collections of scholarly essays cover the full period of the 19th-century Zulu kingdom and beyond into the 20th century. Duminy 1989 is in effect an authoritative history of Natal and Zululand up to 1910 presented in a sequence of essays by specialists that represent the cutting edge of research at that time. Carton, et al. 2009 is a series of thematically arranged essays that investigate the complex and changing cultural meanings of what it was to be Zulu in the past and what it is today, including issues such as military culture and battlefield tourism.
  72.  
  73. Carton, Benedict, John Laband, and Jabulani Sithole, eds. Zulu Identities: Being Zulu, Past and Present. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
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  75. Essays by fifty authors concerned primarily with issues of the cultural expressions of Zulu-ness. Several chapters deal with the history of the Zulu kingdom, the warrior tradition, the Anglo–Zulu War, and current political appropriation of past Zulu kings, battlefields, and awards for gallantry. Maps, diagrams, and illustrations (some in color).
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  77. Duminy, Andrew, ed. Natal and Zululand from Earliest Times to 1910: A New History. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal Press, 1989.
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  79. Sixteen chronologically sequential essays analyze the history of the region from the Stone Age to early 20th-century colonial supremacy. Chapters cover the Voortrekker incursion into the Zulu kingdom in the 1830s and the reduction of Zululand between 1878 and 1904. Maps, diagrams, and illustrations.
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  81. Recorded Zulu Oral Testimony
  82.  
  83. Recorded Zulu testimony, so essential for the writing of Zulu history, is rare because 19th-century Zulu society was preliterate. Fortunately, King Cetshwayo’s account of Zulu customs and history was taken down while he was held in captivity after the Anglo–Zulu War (Webb and Wright 1978). Even more importantly, at the beginning of the 20th century a Natal colonial official, James Stuart, made it his life’s mission to record Zulu oral testimony. The five volumes (with more to come) of Webb and Wright 1976–2001 present his invaluable records, translated into English and comprehensively annotated. They are essential for the Zulu perspective on their military culture and history.
  84.  
  85. Webb, Colin de B., and John B. Wright, eds. The James Stuart Archive of Recorded Oral Evidence Relating to the History of the Zulu and Neighbouring Peoples. 5 vols. Manuscript Series, Killie Campbell Africana Library 1. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal Press, 1976–2001.
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  87. By far the most important collection available on the traditions, customs, and history of the Zulu people taken by Stuart from the recorded interviews of hundreds of informants. Assembled, translated, and copiously annotated by the editors. It is not possible to write on Zulu history without consulting these volumes.
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  89. Webb, Colin de B., and John B. Wright, eds. A Zulu King Speaks: Statements Made by Cetshwayo kaMpande on the History and Customs of his People. Reprint Series, Killie Campbell Africana Library 3. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal Press, 1978.
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  91. King Cetshwayo’s three statements on the history and customs of the Zulu people made in captivity at the Cape after the Anglo–Zulu War, with an introduction. Essential for apprehending events through contemporary Zulu eyes. Maps and illustrations.
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  93. Journals
  94.  
  95. The only journal dedicated specifically to the Zulu Wars is the Journal of the Anglo Zulu War Historical Society, which is a lively forum for military historians and enthusiasts. Soldiers of the Queen has a similar authorship and readership and concentrates on the Victorian and Edwardian British army, including its Zululand campaigns. The Journal of Natal and Zulu History (which is aimed at an academic readership) and Natalia (whose readership is more eclectic) are both focused on KwaZulu-Natal and intermittently carry articles relating to the Zulu Wars. The Military History Journal concentrates on all aspects of South African military history, including campaigns in Zululand, and is intended for both military historians and interested amateurs. Scientia Militaria is an academic journal that covers all aspects of military history, not neglecting the Zulu Wars, as does the similarly professional Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research.
  96.  
  97. Journal of the Anglo Zulu War Historical Society.
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  99. The mouthpiece of the active Anglo Zulu War Historical Society based in the United Kingdom and an excellent source for fresh research findings, reinterpretations, and debates. The articles can be of uneven scholarly weight. Online in electronic format, including all back issues. Maps and illustrations.
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  101. Journal of Natal and Zulu History.
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  103. Very much an academic journal for professional historians, it sometimes publishes significant refereed scholarly articles with reference to the Zulu Wars. Since 2008 it has been online in electronic format.
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  105. Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research.
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  107. Leading peer-reviewed British journal of British military studies, it sometimes includes articles on the Zulu Wars.
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  109. Military History Journal.
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  111. As the journal of the South African Military History Society, it is aimed at an informed military history readership. It occasionally carries refereed articles relating to the Zulu Wars. Online in electronic format. Maps and illustrations.
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  113. Natalia: Journal of the Natal Society Foundation.
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  115. Of local history interest and covering all aspects of KwaZulu-Natal from archaeology to zoology, it regularly publishes refereed articles relating to Zululand and the Zulu Wars. Online in electronic format. Maps and illustrations.
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  117. Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies.
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  119. The peer-reviewed journal of the Faculty of Military Science at Stellenbosch University, South Africa, it publishes a wide range of articles on military affairs, including some on the Zulu Wars. Online in electronic format.
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  121. Soldiers of the Queen.
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  123. Aimed at military history enthusiasts, this journal of the Victorian Military Society has a strong emphasis on the colonial campaigns of the 19th century and regularly carries articles relating to the Zulu Wars. Its quality can be uneven. Maps, diagrams, and illustrations.
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  125. Zulu Military System
  126.  
  127. On the eve of the Anglo–Zulu War, Lord Chelmsford, the British commander, commissioned a pamphlet from a Natal colonial official describing the Zulu military system in detail. Fynney 2000 (originally published in 1879) is still the starting point for any discussion on the subject, although the detailed information it provides is often hard to verify. Guy 1971 is an influential article that not only discusses firearms in the Zulu kingdom but cogently analyzes the nature of Zulu warfare. Laband 2014 investigates cultural reasons for Zulu reluctance to embrace firearms. The most comprehensive work on the subject remains Knight 1995.
  128.  
  129. Fynney, Francis. “The Zulu Army, and Zulu Headmen. Compiled from Information Obtained from the Most Reliable Sources, and Published by Direction of the Lieut.-General Commanding, for the Information of Those under His Command.” 2d rev. ed., In Archives of Zululand: The Anglo–Zulu War 1879. Edited by Ian Knight. Vol. 1. London: Archival Publications International, 2000.
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  131. Invaluable contemporary description of the structure, training, and methods of the Zulu army with lists of the names, uniforms, commanders, and barracks of individual “regiments” as well as descriptions of the kingdom’s ruling elite. A good deal of the information Fynney provides is uncorroborated by other sources, which makes it problematical for historians. Diagrams. Originally published in 1879 (Pietermaritzburg, South Africa).
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  133. Guy, Jeff. “A Note on Firearms in the Zulu Kingdom with Special Reference to the Anglo–Zulu War, 1879.” Journal of African History 12.4 (1971): 557–570.
  134. DOI: 10.1017/S0021853700011154Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  135. Path-breaking analysis of the supply of arms to the Zulu kingdom. Also a stimulating analysis of why the Zulu army performed poorly in 1879 and did not adopt the guerrilla warfare that might have been more effective than its conventional strategy and tactics. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
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  137. Knight, Ian. The Anatomy of the Zulu Army: From Shaka to Cetshwayo, 1818–1879. London: Greenhill, 1995.
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  139. Thoroughly informed and readable survey of the Zulu army in the 19th century that covers recruitment, structure, rituals, logistics, command, combat, and medical care. The best work available. Maps and illustrations.
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  141. Laband, John. “‘Fighting Stick of Thunder’: Firearms and the Zulu Kingdom: The Cultural Ambiguities of Transferring Weapons Technology.” War & Society 33.4 (October 2014): 229–243.
  142. DOI: 10.1179/0729247314Z.00000000040Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  143. Based on Zulu oral testimony, argues that the reluctance of the 19th-century Zulu fully to embrace firearms in their war-making was an expression of their heroic military culture, which held that only hand-to-hand combat was appropriate conduct for a true warrior.
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  145. The Voortrekker–Zulu War 1838–1840
  146.  
  147. This war is well covered in General Overviews and Anthologies but should be supplemented by the further readings listed in this section.
  148.  
  149. Compiled and Edited Contemporary Sources
  150.  
  151. While the printed primary sources relating to the Voortrekker–Zulu War are overwhelmingly from the Boer or British perspective, they nevertheless provide essential, vivid, and often detailed first-hand responses to events in Zululand during this period. Chase 1968 was first published in 1843 and is a collection of printed documents relating to Natal and Zululand with the bulk covering the years 1837 and 1840. A few of them have been repeated in Bird 1965, first published in 1885, which is even more comprehensive than Chase. Cory 1926 puts together the diary of a missionary among the Zulu along with the accounts of two white interpreters who were also eyewitnesses to events. Some portions of this testimony previously appeared in Bird 1965. Between them, these somewhat overlapping collections form a significant resource. They are complemented by the diary of a minister of religion with the Voortrekkers in Smit 1972, which is a unique account of the daily life of the Voortrekkers during their invasion of Zululand.
  152.  
  153. Bird, John. The Annals of Natal 1495–1845. Vol. 1. Facsimile reprint. Cape Town, South Africa: C. Struik, 1965.
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  155. Collection compiled in 1885 by a 19th-century Natal civil servant of extracts from government papers, newspaper reports, letters, narratives, and memoirs relating to Natal and Zululand between 1495 and 1845. The most comprehensive collection available of first-hand accounts of the Voortrekker–Zulu War. Originally published in 1885 (Cape Town, South Africa: T. Maskew Miller).
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  157. Chase, John Centlivres. The Natal Papers: A Reprint of All Notices and Public Documents Connected with that Territory Including a Description of the Country and a History of Events from 1498 to 1843. Facsimile reprint. Cape Town, South Africa: C. Struik, 1968.
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  159. First published in 1843 (Cape Town, South Africa: C. Struik), it is similar in content but earlier than Bird 1965 and not as comprehensive. Nevertheless contains a fair number of sources not included in the later work.
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  161. Cory, George E., ed. The Diary of the Rev. Francis Owen, M. A., Missionary with Dingaan in 1837–38. Together with Extracts from the Writings of the Interpreters in Zulu, Messrs. Hully and Kirkman. Cape Town, South Africa: Van Riebeeck Society, 1926.
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  163. A very important collection of vivid eyewitness accounts by a white missionary and two interpreters living at the court of King Dingane of the diplomatic encounter between the Zulu king and the Voortrekkers that culminated in his ordering their execution.
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  165. Smit, Erasmus. The Diary of Erasmus Smit, Minister to the Voortrekkers. Edited by H. F. Schoon. Translated by W. G. A. Mears. Cape Town, South Africa: C. Struik, 1972.
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  167. English translation of the diary of a Calvinist minister with the Voortrekkers from November 1836 to January 1839, first published in 1897. An absorbing daily, first-hand account of the Voortrekker–Zulu War by a noncombatant.
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  169. The Great Trek
  170.  
  171. Many historians, particularly Afrikaans ones, long celebrated the Great Trek as the defining event of South Africa history since it culminated in the establishment of Boer rule over much of the interior. Walker 1948 is a judicious if traditional account that puts considerable emphasis on the climactic Voortrekker–Zulu War. In contrast, Etherington 2001 represents a new direction in historiography. It situates the Great Trek and the Voortrekker–Zulu War firmly in the context of the early 19th-century mass migrations by Africans, as well as by Boers, that between them transformed settlement patterns in southern Africa.
  172.  
  173. Etherington, Norman. The Great Treks. The Transformation of Southern Africa, 1815–1854. London: Longman, 2001.
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  175. Stimulating revisionist work. Links early 19th-century African state-building with its associated dislocation, migration, and conflict to the intensifying armed encounters between African polities and expanding settler societies. Considers the Voortrekker–Zulu War in the context of similar wars along the Cape frontier and on the highveld. Maps.
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  177. Walker, Eric A. The Great Trek. 3d ed. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1948.
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  179. Written from the perspective of the Voortrekkers. Proceeds from the causes of the Great Trek to the Voortrekker–Zulu War (which is the main focus of the book) and on to the short-lived Republiek Natalia. An accessible introduction. Maps and illustrations.
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  181. Reappraisals of King Dingane
  182.  
  183. King Dingane has earned lasting opprobrium in Afrikaner eyes for his “treacherous” attacks on the Voortrekkers in Zululand, while for a long time many Zulu dismissed him as a failure for losing the Voortrekker–Zulu War. Becker 1964 is the classic portrayal of Dingane the tyrant. Okoye 1969 began his rehabilitation by considering his actions from an African perspective, while Ndlovu 2009 and Sithole 2009 show how his image has been further manipulated to accord with current political requirements.
  184.  
  185. Becker, Peter. Rule of Fear: The Life and Times of Dingane, King of the Zulu. London: Longmans, 1964.
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  187. Sensationalist but influential popular account that emphasizes the traditionally held settler image of Dingane as a tyrannical and treacherous monster. Maps and illustrations.
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  189. Ndlovu, Sifiso. “Zulu Nationalist Representations of King Dingane.” In Zulu Identities: Being Zulu, Past and Present. Edited by Benedict Carton, John Laband, and Jabulani Sithole, 97–110. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
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  191. Examination of how since 1960 Zulu academics have used oral sources to reevaluate Dingane’s traduced reputation and have come to laud him as an African hero fighting against colonial invasion.
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  193. Okoye, Felix. “Dingane: A Reappraisal.” Journal of African History 10.2 (1969): 221–235.
  194. DOI: 10.1017/S002185370000949XSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  195. First scholarly attempt to understand Dingane in terms of African kingship and diplomacy and to explain his previously notorious political choices and military actions in those terms. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
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  197. Sithole, Jabulani. “Changing Meanings of the Battle of Ncome and Images of King Dingane in Twentieth-Century South Africa.” In Zulu Identities: Being Zulu, Past and Present. Edited by Benedict Carton, John Laband, and Jabulani Sithole, 322–330. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
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  199. Shows how Dingane and the disastrous battle of Ncome were long appropriated by antagonistic factions in the African liberation movement for different purposes; how currently he is being celebrated as a great patriotic hero, rather than as a failure; and how the battle has come to be celebrated as a noble symbol of Zulu resistance.
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  201. Battle of Blood River (Ncome)
  202.  
  203. This battle was the decisive military engagement of the Voortrekker–Zulu War. Detailed first-hand accounts by participants can be found in Compiled and Edited Contemporary Sources and analysis in Reappraisals of King Dingane. D’Assonville 2000 provides a clear and balanced description of how the battle was fought.
  204.  
  205. D’Assonville, V. E. Blood River. Weltevredenpark, South Africa: Marnix, 2000.
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  207. Useful, short introductory account of the battle and its context securely based on the printed primary and secondary sources. Map and illustrations (many in color).
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  209. The Anglo–Zulu War 1879
  210.  
  211. The Anglo–Zulu War was by far the greatest conflict of the Zulu Wars, and this is likewise the largest section in this bibliography. It is arranged to reflect, first, the various categories of published written sources relating to the campaign; second, collections of visual images; and third, films and documentaries. Subsequent subsections are devoted to the controversial issue of the origins of the war and the British and colonial conduct of the campaign, including the large part played by African troops. How the Zulu fought can be found in Zulu Military System. A subsection is devoted to the considerable debate over Lord Chelmsford’s generalship and another to the notorious death of the Prince Imperial of France. The remaining subsections cover the progress of the campaign, sector by sector, concluding with the capture of Cetshwayo and Wolseley’s very problematic political settlement at the end of the war.
  212.  
  213. General Overviews
  214.  
  215. Histories of the Anglo–Zulu War appeared almost immediately after its conclusion. An informed account of the origins of the war and the Isandlwana campaign by the High Commissioner’s military secretary can be found in Parr 2000 (originally published in 1880). Norris-Newman 1988 is a reprint of the sprightly and opinionated eyewitness account published by a war correspondent in 1880. The first campaign history written by serving officers was Ashe and Wyatt-Edgell 1989, which first appeared in 1880. Other straightforward military histories and reminiscences quickly followed, but a few contemporary publications broke ranks, most notably Colenso and Durnford 1970, which is a polemical critique of the British motivation for, and conduct of, the war. After the first flush of publications in the immediate wake of the war, interest dwindled away, and the small scattering of publications on the campaign that appeared during the first two-thirds of the 20th century tended to concentrate on the purely military aspects of the campaign. An exception was Edgerton 1988, which was the first book to deliberately approach the war from the Zulu as well as the usual British perspective and to do so from the standpoint of an anthropologist, rather than a military historian. The 1990s and 2000s saw a proliferation of books on the war, most of which are accessible trade books aimed at a popular military enthusiast market; these include Knight 2006 (a re-issue of the work of 1990), David 2005, Greaves 2005, and, more recently, Knight 2013. Laband and Thompson 2000 represents yet another genre, for it is designed as a field guide to the battlefields and fortifications of the war. Laband 2014 places the Anglo-Zulu War in the context of the cluster of wars the British waged between 1877 and 1879 to crush the remaining independent black states of South Africa.
  216.  
  217. Ashe, Waller, and Edmund Verney Wyatt-Edgell. The Story of the Zulu Campaign. Introduction by John Laband. Cape Town, South Africa: N & S Press, 1989.
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  219. First published in 1880, this is a detailed military account of the campaign based largely on the journals and letters of cavalry officers serving in Zululand. Predictably, considering its authorship and sources, it emphasizes the essential part played by irregular horse and cavalry. Specialist readership. Map.
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  221. Colenso, Frances E., and Edward Durnford. History of the Zulu War and Its Origin. Westport, CT: Negro Universities Press, 1970.
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  223. Written by the emotionally close associate of Colonel Anthony Durnford (killed at Isandlwana) partially to rehabilitate his tarnished reputation, it also offers a stern critique of the war from the perspective of the philo-Zulu circle around Bishop Colenso. Based heavily on published British Parliamentary papers. Originally published in 1880 (London: Chapman and Hall).
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  225. David, Saul. Zulu: The Heroism and Tragedy of the Zulu War of 1879. New York: Penguin, 2005.
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  227. A highly successful popular account of the war written with great verve. Based on secondary sources and offers little in the way of fresh insights into the campaign. Maps and illustrations.
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  229. Edgerton, Robert B. Like Lions They Fought: The Zulu War and the Last Black Empire in South Africa. London: Collier Macmillan, 1988.
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  231. Path-breaking and readable examination of the Zulu response to the British invasion that probes the probable psychology and cultural assumptions of the Zulu as well as the British. Controversial at the time of writing, this “cultural” approach is now far more generally appreciated by military historians. Illustrations.
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  233. Greaves, Adrian. Crossing the Buffalo: The Zulu War of 1879. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005.
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  235. Securely based on published sources, both contemporary and secondary, this is a reliable and thoughtful synthesis that is an excellent starting point for the general reader. Maps and illustrations.
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  237. Knight, Ian. Brave Men’s Blood. The Epic of the Zulu War, 1879. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Military Classics, 2006.
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  239. An authoritative account of the Anglo-Zulu War with more than 260 contemporary images that has stood the test of time very well. Illustrations and maps.
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  241. Knight, Ian. British Infantrymen versus Zulu Warriors. Oxford: Osprey, 2013.
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  243. A short but well-based account of the opposing British and Zulu sides at Isandlwana and at the less familiar battles of Nyezane and Khambula. Illustrations and maps.
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  245. Laband, John. Zulu Warriors. The Battle for the South African Frontier. New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2014.
  246. DOI: 10.12987/yale/9780300180312.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  247. The Anglo-Zulu War is situated in the context of the overlapping and interconnected First and Second Anglo-Pedi Wars, the Ninth Cape Frontier War, and the Northern Border War. The British waged these wars between 1877 and 1879 to overcome and disarm the remaining independent African states of South Africa in order to consummate the confederation of the subcontinent. The nature of resistance and collaboration in these conflicts is viewed through the lens of prevailing African military cultures. Illustrations and maps (see General Overviews).
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  249. Laband, John, and Paul Thompson. The Illustrated Guide to the Anglo–Zulu War. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal Press, 2000.
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  251. Based on archival and field research. Colored maps and diagrams of operations, battles, and fortifications arranged by sector. Essays on origins of the war, opposing military systems, tactics and strategy, war correspondents, and field operations.
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  253. Norris-Newman, Charles L. In Zululand with the British, throughout the War of 1879. Facsimile reprint. London: Greenhill, 1988.
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  255. Essential eyewitness account published in 1880 (London: Allen) by the highly experienced special correspondent for the London Standard. It has remained foundational for many subsequent histories.
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  257. Parr, Henry Hallam. “A Sketch of the Kafir and Zulu Wars. Guadana to Isandhlwana.” In Archives of Zululand: The Anglo–Zulu War 1879. Vol. 6. Edited by Ian Knight. London: Archival Publications International, 2000.
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  259. Written by Sir Bartle Frere’s military secretary, the first part of the book deals with the 9th Cape-Xhosa War. Pages 117 to 297 reflect the High Commissioner’s views on the origins of the war and give one of the earliest and best-informed accounts of the battles of Isandlwana and Rorke’s Drift. Maps. Originally published in 1880 (London: Kegan Paul).
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  261. Reference
  262.  
  263. In 1880 Mackinnon and Shadbolt 1995 was a book of invaluable obituaries of officers killed in the war along with records of service of all the units involved. Greaves and Knight 2006–2007 supplemented this with biographies of leading British, colonial, and Zulu participants. Knight 2008 is a complementary reference guide to less familiar aspects of the war. Laband 2009 is an historical dictionary that includes entries on all aspects of the Anglo–Zulu War.
  264.  
  265. Greaves, Adrian, and Ian Knight. Who’s Who in the Anglo–Zulu War 1879. 2 vols. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Military, 2006–2007.
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  267. Full biographical entries on all the major political and military figures in the war, British, colonial, and Zulu, along with entries on many lesser-known but fascinating individuals. Based on sound scholarship, this is a very useful resource. Volume 1 covers the British, and Volume 2 colonials and Zulus.
  268. Find this resource:
  269. Knight, Ian. Companion to the Anglo–Zulu War. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Military, 2008.
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  271. Ninety or so quirky entries by an expert in the field that provide what are effectively discursive footnotes to the standard military accounts. Entries range from beards to buried treasure, dogs and suicides to war cries and wives. An essential companion along the byways of the Anglo–Zulu War.
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  273. Laband, John. Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars. Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest 37. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2009.
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  275. The bulk of the 900 cross-referenced entries on military, political, social, economic, and cultural aspects of the 1838–1888 Zulu Wars are directly concerned with the Anglo–Zulu War. Maps and illustrations.
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  277. Mackinnon, John Price, and S. Shadbolt. The South African Campaign of 1879. London: Greenhill, 1995.
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  279. Invaluable for researchers. Detailed obituaries brought out in 1880 with accompanying photographs of all British officers who died during the campaign, along with records of service of special-service officers as well as individual units and officers serving in them.
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  281. Anthologies
  282.  
  283. As interest in the Anglo–Zulu War burgeoned with its centenary celebrations, a number of anthologies appeared that reflected growing scholarly and public interest in the conflict. The first was Chadwick and Hobson 1979 which focused on the hitherto unexplored field of the Anglo–Zulu War as it affected the neighboring colony of Natal. It was followed by Duminy and Ballard 1981, a selection of significant academic articles from a centennial conference on the war held at the University of Natal. Articles on many aspects of the war began to appear regularly in scholarly journals (Journals). Laband and Thompson 1990 is a collection compiled from the authors’ previously published articles. Greaves 2004 is a useful compilation of essays from The Journal of the Anglo Zulu War Historical Society dealing with a wide range of topics from disease and illness in the campaign to the specific battles.
  284.  
  285. Chadwick, G. A., and E. G. Hobson, eds. The Zulu War and the Colony of Natal. Mandini, South Africa: Qualitas 1979.
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  287. A collection of essays mainly by local historians and enthusiasts and thus of uneven quality. However, it has the real merit of opening up the colonial dimension of the Anglo–Zulu War to serious examination for the very first time.
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  289. Duminy, Andrew, and Charles Ballard, eds. The Anglo–Zulu War: New Perspectives. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal Press, 1981.
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  291. Seven well-researched essays by leading historians of Natal and Zululand cover the debate over the origins of the war, Anglo–Zulu relations leading up to the war, the war and Natal, the Zulu political economy, the war as it affected the Zulu people of Nquthu, the settlement that ended the war, and the role of colonial officials in upholding it. Maps.
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  293. Greaves, Adrian, ed. Redcoats and Zulus: Selected Essays from The Journal of the Anglo Zulu War Historical Society. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Military, 2004.
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  295. A selection of twenty-five essays from this journal that gives a good sense of the wide range of topics it carries: causes of the war, campaign life, disease, medals, the Zulu army, the Martini-Henry rifle, phases of the campaign, battles and skirmishes (especially Isandlwana), and biographies. Illustrations and maps.
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  297. Laband, John, and Paul Thompson. Kingdom and Colony at War: Sixteen Studies on the Anglo–Zulu War of 1879. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal Press, 1990.
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  299. A compilation of published scholarly articles that covers what was then fresh political, diplomatic, and military aspects of the war in Zululand, as well as pioneering the study of the organization of the defensive measures taken to secure the borders, towns, and surrounding countryside of the British colonies abutting Zululand. Illustrations, maps, and diagrams.
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  301. Official British Publications
  302.  
  303. War Office publications are a major contemporary source for historians. Intelligence Branch 1879 provides all British military intelligence on the Zulu kingdom available for the British forces poised to invade it. Intelligence Branch 1881 is the detailed official British military history of the Zululand campaign compiled by Major J. S. Rothwell from the diaries of operations of the units involved and reports by staff officers and commanders. It is the essential starting point for any serious account of the Anglo–Zulu War.
  304.  
  305. Intelligence Branch of the Quartermaster-General’s Department, Horse Guards, War Office. “Précis of Information Concerning the Zulu Country, with a Map. Corrected to January 1879.” London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1879.
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  307. Compendium of available military intelligence on the geography and topography of Zululand on the eve of the British invasion, as well as information on communications, Zulu society, economy and political structure, Zulu history, and the fighting capabilities of the Zulu army. Maps. Reprinted in Archives of Zululand: The Anglo–Zulu War 1879. Vol. 1. London: Archival Publications International, 2000b.
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  309. Intelligence Branch of the Quartermaster-General’s Department, Horse Guards, War Office. Narrative of the Field Operations Connected with the Zulu War of 1879. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1881.
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  311. This official history provides a detailed, day-by-day account of the campaign from the British perspective. It includes invaluable appendices on the composition of the forces, reinforcements, returns of forces engaged, casualties, transport, and cost. Campaign map, diagrams, and maps of individual engagements. Reprinted in Archives of Zululand: The Anglo–Zulu War 1879. Vol. 5. London: Archival Publications International, 2000a.
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  313. Compilations
  314.  
  315. The Anglo–Zulu War has lent itself to rich compilations of contemporary documents either embedded in an accompanying narrative text or arranged with introductory material and annotations. Moodie 1988 was immediately off the mark in 1879 with a compilation of newspaper cuttings. Vijn 1988 swiftly followed in 1880 and is the unique account, edited by Bishop Colenso, of a trader detained in Zululand throughout the war. Moodie 2000 presents the reminiscences of John Dunn, Cetshwayo’s white chief, who was much involved in negotiations between the Zulu and the British. It was nearly a century before Emery 1977 followed suit by telling the story of the war through soldiers’ letters. Child 1978 was close behind with an account of the campaign seen through the journal of an officer with the Natal Native Contingent. Clarke 1979 was next with an important compendium of papers by an artillery officer, a cavalry officer, and a leading colonial official. In recent decades many more compendiums have appeared. Best and Greaves 2001 makes the vivid letters of a survivor of Isandlwana available. Knight 2003 is a fine example of a well-researched narrative generously incorporating contemporary documents. The six volumes of Knight 2000, which contain a very wide collection of mainly printed documents (often rare and otherwise not easily obtainable), constitute the single most important resource for any scholar seriously researching the Anglo–Zulu War.
  316.  
  317. Best, Brian, and Adrian Greaves, eds. The Curling Letters of the Zulu War: “There Was an Awful Slaughter.” Barnsley, UK: Leo Cooper, 2001.
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  319. The long-inaccessible but important letters written by a young Royal Artillery officer concerning his experiences in the Ninth Cape Frontier War and the Anglo-Zulu War, which the editors have woven into the story of his life.
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  321. Child, Daphne, ed. The Zulu War Journal of Colonel Henry Harford, C. B. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: Shuter & Shooter, 1978.
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  323. A journal of the campaign from the unusual perspective of a young officer with a Natal colonial upbringing serving the Natal Native Contingent. Pencil sketches from Harness’s notebooks.
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  325. Clarke Sonia, ed. Invasion of Zululand 1879: Anglo–Zulu War Experiences of Arthur Harness, John Jervis, 4th Viscount St. Vincent; and Sir Henry Bulwer. Johannesburg, South Africa: Brenthurst, 1979.
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  327. Drawn from rare document collections held in the Brenthurst Library in Johannesburg, these papers, interwoven into an excellent text and comprehensively annotated, provide contrasting first-hand responses to the campaign by two serving officers and the lieutenant-governor of Natal. Maps and illustrations (some in color).
  328. Find this resource:
  329. Emery, Frank. The Red Soldier: Letters from the Zulu War, 1879. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1977.
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  331. The first modern compilation and a model that has not been surpassed. With enviable panache and empathy tells the story of the campaign mainly through the letters of soldiers published in British newspapers. Maps and illustrations.
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  333. Knight, Ian, ed. Archives of Zululand: The Anglo–Zulu War 1879. 6 vols. London: Archival Publications International, 2000.
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  335. The collection of sources is organized chronologically and by topic. The printed documents are drawn from British Parliamentary papers, Hansard, the London Gazette, Colonial Office Confidential Print, as well as from contemporary War Office publications, journal articles, pamphlets, and books. Unpublished documents are from archival collections. Illustrations.
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  337. Knight, Ian. The National Army Museum Book of the Zulu War. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 2003.
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  339. Expertly weaves vivid and compelling unpublished source material from the archives of the National Army Museum into a masterly general narrative of the war. Maps and illustrations.
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  341. Moodie, Duncan Campbell Francis. Moodie’s Zulu War. Anglo–Zulu War Series. Cape Town, Africa: N & S Press, 1988.
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  343. Reprinted extracts relating directly to the Anglo–Zulu War from Moodie’s The History of the Battles and Adventures of the British, the Boers and the Zulus in Southern Africa, from 1495 to 1879, including “Every Particular of the Zulu War of 1879,” published in 1879. Invaluable compilation of reports arranged in chronological order from newspapers (often obscure local ones) from Natal, the Transvaal, the Cape, Australia, India, France, and Britain. Maps and illustrations.
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  345. Moodie, Duncan Campbell Francis, ed. “John Dunn, Cetywayo and the Three Generals.” In Archives of Zululand: The Anglo–Zulu War 1879. Vol. 6. Edited by Ian Knight. London: Archival Publications International, 2000.
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  347. John Dunn was an influential hunter-trader in Zululand who did his best to advise Cetshwayo against war in 1879 and played a vital part in the negotiations that ended the war. His edited and self-serving memoirs provide vital insights into the workings of the Zulu polity. Pages 67 to 119 cover the Anglo–Zulu War and settlement. Originally published in 1886 (Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: Natal Print).
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  349. Vijn, Cornelius. Cetshwayo’s Dutchman: Being the Private Journal of a White Trader in Zululand during the British Invasion. Translated and edited by J. W. Colenso. Facsimile reprint. London: Greenhill, 1988.
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  351. Unique account of conditions inside Zululand told by a trader detained there during the hostilities. Translated and heavily annotated in 1880 (London: Longmans) by Bishop Colenso who used the opportunity to critique British actions. Also reprinted in Ian Knight, ed., Archives of Zululand: The Anglo–Zulu War 1879, Vol. 6 (London: Archival Publications International, 2000).
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  353. Recorded Zulu Oral Testimony
  354.  
  355. Little Zulu oral testimony related directly to the Anglo–Zulu War has been published. Two exceptions are Knight 1993, a collection made in the 1930s by a mines official, and Webb 1978, testimony gathered in 1884 by a Zululand missionary.
  356.  
  357. Knight, Ian, ed. “‘Kill Me in the Shadows’: The Bowden Collection of Anglo–Zulu War Oral History.” Soldiers of the Queen 74 (1993): 9–18.
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  359. Between 1935 and 1937, while he was Inspector of Mines in Natal, Denys Harland Bowden collected invaluable personal accounts of the Anglo–Zulu War from Zulu veterans still living in the Vryheid area where the battles of Hlobane and Khambula had been fought.
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  361. Webb, Colin de B., ed. “A Zulu Boy’s Recollections of the Zulu War.” Natalia 8 (1978): 6–21.
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  363. Rare testimony taken from a young Zulu who had grown up close to Isandlwana and first published in 1884 by George H. Swinney of the Kwamagwaza Mission. The boy was an eyewitness to the Isandlwana campaign and also transmitted the war experiences of family members in other sectors.
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  365. Illustrated Weeklies
  366.  
  367. The contemporary British illustrated weeklies the Illustrated London News and its rival, The Graphic, provide detailed coverage of the campaign from their special correspondents in the field, as well as numerous illustrations engraved from the sketches of their special artists.
  368.  
  369. Illustrated London News. 1842–.
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  371. Illustrated weekly that had an extremely wide circulation. Like the Graphic, it reported closely on the Anglo–Zulu War and its reports and illustrations are likewise a vivid and invaluable record of the campaign. Engravings, maps, and diagrams.
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  373. The Graphic. 1869–.
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  375. Illustrated weekly founded to rival the Illustrated London News, it specialized in home and empire news. It gave the Anglo–Zulu War intense coverage, employing professional journalists and artists, as well as gifted amateurs serving with the British forces. Copiously illustrated with engravings, maps, and diagrams.
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  377. Paintings, Drawings, Photographs
  378.  
  379. Besides the engraved images in Illustrated Weeklies based on the work of special artists in the field, a number of serving officers executed pen-and-ink and watercolor drawings of topography, individuals, and operations in Zululand. Two of these collections have been published. Brown 1969 presents the work of Colonel Crealock, and Rattray 2007 that of Lieutenant Lloyd. The latter was by far the more accomplished artist. Numerous photographs of the Zululand campaign survive, mainly taken by professional photographers during the last days of the war when it was safe to travel with bulky and fragile equipment. In archives and private collections, they are frequently reproduced in books and articles. Knight and Castle 1993 juxtapose contemporary images of all varieties with recent photographs. Irwin 2011 has superb color and black-and-white photographs of the environs of Isandlwana and Rorke’s Drift today and of members of the local community.
  380.  
  381. Brown, Ronald Arden, ed. The Road to Ulundi: The Water-Colour Drawings of John North Crealock (the Zulu War of 1879). Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal Press, 1969.
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  383. Crealock was Lord Chelmsford’s military secretary during the Zululand campaign and took every opportunity to draw his pleasing (if slightly inept) watercolor paintings and sketches. They are an important visual source, particularly of topography and individuals. Full color.
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  385. Irwin, George. The David Rattray Foundation: The History, the Future, the Legacy. KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Rattray, 2011.
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  387. The David Rattray Foundation was founded in 2007 shortly after the murder of the internationally renowned tour guide and historian at Rorke’s Drift. It benefits the Rorke’s Drift Education Fund and the Isandlwana Education Appeal. The book tells the story of the foundation, as well as providing a history of the region and the two famous battles. It makes its greatest impact, however, through the quality of its photographs of the region and its people. Illustrations.
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  389. Knight, Ian, and Ian Castle. The Zulu War: Then and Now. After the Battle Series. London: Battle of Britain Prints, 1993.
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  391. The only work of its kind, it juxtaposes contemporary and present-day images of battlefields and artifacts with extensive captions and embeds them in an informative text with long quotations from eyewitness accounts (see Compilations).
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  393. Rattray, David. A Soldier-Artist in Zululand: William Whitelocke Lloyd and the Anglo–Zulu War of 1879. KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Rattray, 2007.
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  395. Lloyd, an accomplished soldier-artist, served with the 1st Battalion of the 24th Regiment throughout the Zululand campaign. His watercolor paintings and sketches of places, people, and the army on the move are beautifully produced in full color. They are supported by a full text with colored photographs that puts him and his work into the context of the war.
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  397. Films and Documentaries
  398.  
  399. Zulu (Endfield 2003), first released in 1964, remains the iconic film of the Anglo–Zulu War and first introduced a wider audience to the battle of Rorke’s Drift. Zulu Dawn (Hickox 2005), released in 1979 as the “prequel” to Zulu, is a historically more accurate drama about the battle of Isandlwana but has never enjoyed the same success as it predecessor. Documentaries on various aspects of the Anglo–Zulu War continue to appear. The Zulu Wars (Green 2003) is an example of a particularly reliable film for educational purposes that combines expert commentary with good visual footage.
  400.  
  401. Endfield, Cy, dir. Zulu, 1964. DVD. Santa Monica, CA: MGM Home Entertainment, 2003.
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  403. Michael Caine, Jack Hawkins, and Stanley Baker in a marvelously evocative action-packed drama of the battle of Rorke’s Drift. Takes astonishing liberties with the actual events and is filmed below the picturesque “Amphitheatre” in the Drakensberg Mountains, 150 km west of the battle site. It still has a dedicated cult following. Originally released by Diamond Films in 1964.
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  405. Green, Trevor, prod. The Zulu Wars, 2002. DVD. Minneapolis: Eagle Media Productions, 2003.
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  407. Reliable educational documentary written by an authority on the Anglo–Zulu War. Interviews with experts, good maps, informative graphics, and recent location footage combined with contemporary pictorial material and action reconstructions with an eye to historical accuracy. Originally released by Cromwell Films in 2002.
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  409. Hickox, Douglas, dir. Zulu Dawn, 1979. DVD. Escondido, CA: Tango Entertainment, 2005.
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  411. Peter O’Toole, Burt Lancaster, and Bob Hoskins in a well-researched and authentically costumed epic about the battle of Isandlwana. Filmed near Babanango close to the battle site. Despite its relative historical accuracy and large cast, it fails to engage satisfactorily as a drama. Originally released by America Cinema Releasing in 1979.
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  413. Origins
  414.  
  415. The origins of the war have proved fertile ground for academic controversy. The published proceedings of a conference held in Durban in 1979 brought together a number of conflicting viewpoints. Etherington 1981 presents the materialist argument emphasizing the primacy of the impersonal forces of advancing capitalism, while Webb 1981 rejects overarching theories in favor of the contingency of events. Guest 1981 adds another dimension by concentrating on the ambivalent part played by the colonists of Natal in the march to war. The most comprehensive and persuasive treatment of the complex origins of the war is to be found in a later book, Cope 1999, which leans toward Etherington’s analysis. O’Connor 2009 interestingly fleshes out the long-standing counterargument that far-flung strategic imperial concerns, rather than economic imperatives, were the driving force behind the war.
  416.  
  417. Cope, Richard. Ploughshare of War: The Origins of the Anglo–Zulu War of 1879. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal Press, 1999.
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  419. Based on Cope’s doctoral dissertation and deeply rooted in primary research. An exhaustive inquiry that carefully considers the spectrum of factors that led to war in 1879, ranging from the political and strategic to the economic and ideological. Cope concludes that the war was intended to advance civilization in the 19th-century sense, which included the desirability of capitalist production. Map and illustrations.
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  421. Etherington, Norman. “Anglo–Zulu Relations 1856–1878.” In The Anglo–Zulu War: New Perspectives. Edited by Andrew Duminy and Charles Ballard, 13–52. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal Press, 1981.
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  423. A sprightly interpretation that situates the Anglo–Zulu War in the longer perspective of relations with neighboring settler states and emphasizes the primacy of economic imperatives over personal or strategic factors in the drift to war.
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  425. Guest, Bill. “The War, Natal and Confederation.” In The Anglo–Zulu War: New Perspectives. Edited by Andrew Duminy and Charles Ballard, 53–77. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal Press, 1981.
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  427. Examination of the varied responses of the white colonists of Natal to the crisis of 1878–1879 that demonstrates the extent to which a war with Zululand was not in their interests and how they became the pawns of imperial officials determined on hostilities.
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  429. O’Connor, Damian. “The Causes of the Anglo–Zulu War of 1879.” Natalia 39 (2009): 28–36.
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  431. Argues that Sir Bartle Frere, the High Commissioner, started the war to stave off Boer revolt and widespread African rebellion in South Africa, as well as to foil Russian naval plans to disrupt British sea lanes around the Cape to India. Useful for placing events in southern Africa in the wider imperial context.
  432. Find this resource:
  433. Webb, C. de B. “The Origins of the War: Problems of Interpretation.” In The Anglo–Zulu War: New Perspectives. Edited by Andrew Duminy and Charles Ballard, 1–12. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal Press, 1981.
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  435. Couched in terms of the then-current “liberal-radical” debate between Marxist and non-Marxist historians, this article canvases the range of interpretations of the origins of the war to endorse specific explanations based on the intentions of individual players over impersonal macro-forces.
  436. Find this resource:
  437. The British Army
  438.  
  439. The most accomplished general study of the British army at the time of the Anglo–Zulu War is still Spiers 1992. A very large number of journal articles and other works of varying quality have been devoted to specifics such as the equipment, armaments, and transport arrangements of the British army during the Zululand campaign (see Journals). Wilkinson-Latham 1978 is useful for details of uniforms. Greaves 2004 has good essays on the soldier’s experience in Zululand, medals, and weaponry. Hall 1979 expertly deals with artillery. Mullineaux 2004 covers the hitherto neglected matter of signaling. Mathews 1979 remains the authoritative study of transport and supply.
  440.  
  441. Greaves, Adrian, ed. Redcoats and Zulus: Selected Essays from The Journal of the Anglo Zulu War Historical Society. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Military, 2004.
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  443. Essays on British campaign life in Zululand, disease and illness, medals, and the Martini-Henry rifle. Illustrations and maps.
  444. Find this resource:
  445. Hall, Major D. D. “Artillery in the Zulu War, 1879.” Military History Journal 4.4 (1979): 152–161.
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  447. Comprehensive and authoritative discussion on the deployment of all types of artillery during the Anglo–Zulu War (including Gatling guns) and their technical specifications. Illustrations.
  448. Find this resource:
  449. Mathews, Jeff. “Lord Chelmsford and the Problems of Transport and Supply during the Anglo–Zulu War of 1879.” MA diss., University of Natal, 1979.
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  451. A master’s thesis that remains unsurpassed as a detailed analysis of the organization of British transport and supply throughout the Zululand campaign. Discusses the many reasons for the commissariat’s manifest shortcomings and Chelmsford’s failure as commander to rectify them.
  452. Find this resource:
  453. Mullineaux, Lt. Col. David. “Signalling in the Anglo–Zulu War, 1879. Part 1.” Journal of the Anglo Zulu War Historical Society 14 (2004): 15–28.
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  455. Useful and pioneering discussion on heliographs and other forms of signaling in use during the Zululand campaign. Part 2 of the article appears in The Journal of the Anglo Zulu War Historical Society 16 (2004): 14–25. Illustrations.
  456. Find this resource:
  457. Spiers, Edward M. The Late Victorian Army, 1868–1902. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1992.
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  459. Magisterial study that discusses the reform of the British army and its organization, social composition, recruitment, training, and armaments as well as civil–military relations and the army’s changing popular image. Also analyzes its record during colonial campaigns and how this led to further reform.
  460. Find this resource:
  461. Wilkinson-Latham, Christopher. Uniforms and Weapons of the Zulu War. London: Batsford, 1978.
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  463. Covers British, colonial, and Zulu forces and particularly useful for British uniforms and weapons. Illustrations.
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  465. Colonial Defense and African Troops
  466.  
  467. Colonial volunteer forces and African levies, although playing a substantial part in the Zululand campaign, were long neglected in the literature. Recently, they have increasingly been the subject of articles and other works (see Compilations). Two books that represent this trend are a reliable and well-illustrated booklet on white colonial troops, Castle 2003, and Thompson 2006, a thoroughly researched and path-breaking study of the Natal Native Contingent. More recently, Laband and Thompson 2009 provides an overview of African levies deployed in Natal and Zululand up to 1906, while Ivey 2015 is the first scholarly dissertation to examine both white and black armed forces in Natal up to 1879.
  468.  
  469. Castle, Ian. Zulu War–Volunteers, Irregulars & Auxiliaries. Men-at-Arms 388. Oxford: Osprey, 2003.
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  471. Useful survey of the organization, uniforms, weapons, and service records of volunteer units from Natal, the Cape, and the Transvaal. Fully illustrated in color.
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  473. Ivey, Jacob. “The Making of Natal: Defensive Institutions and State Formation in Nineteenth Century Southern Africa.” PhD diss., West Virginia University, 2015.
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  475. A thorough study of white and black police, white volunteer regiments, and African levies in Natal between 1844 and 1879 and the part they played in the consolidation of the colonial order.
  476. Find this resource:
  477. Laband, John, and Paul Thompson. “African Levies in Natal and Zululand, 1836–1906.” In Soldiers and Settlers in Africa, 1850–1918. Edited by Stephen M. Miller, 49–84. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill, 2009.
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  479. A comprehensive account of the use of African levies in the Voortrekker-Zulu War (1838–1840), the Anglo-Zulu War (1879), the Civil War and Rebellion in Zululand (1883–1888), the Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902), and in the Zulu Rebellion of 1906.
  480. Find this resource:
  481. Thompson, Paul. Black Soldiers of the Queen: The Natal Native Contingent in the Anglo–Zulu War. Tuscaloosa: Alabama University Press, 2006.
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  483. More than half the invading British forces in 1879 were African levies, mainly from Natal. This is the first full study of the Natal Native Contingent (NNC), based on extensive primary research. It discusses the group’s mobilization and training as well as its combat record and demobilization and concludes that the NNC was indispensable for scouting and logistical purposes, even if its military effectiveness was often poor. Maps.
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  485. British and Colonial Fortifications
  486.  
  487. Over 100 fortifications in Zululand, Natal, and the Transvaal were in use during the war. Some were laagers or improvised fortifications for civilian defense, while others were military fieldworks or temporary wagon laagers. Molyneux 2000 (originally published in 1881) and Plé 1882 are very useful contemporary attempts at categorizing and describing them. More recently, they have been mapped through extensive fieldwork in Laband and Thompson 2000. The well-illustrated Knight 2005 discusses the fortifications in the context of the campaign.
  488.  
  489. Knight, Ian. British Fortifications in Zululand 1879. Fortress 35. Oxford: Osprey, 2005.
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  491. Discusses the various types of fortifications in use during the in the Anglo–Zulu War and the engineering theory behind them and describes how they were put to use during the campaign. Excellent maps and illustrations, many in color.
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  493. Laband, John, and Paul Thompson. The Illustrated Guide to the Anglo–Zulu War. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal Press, 2000.
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  495. Comprehensive descriptions, maps, diagrams, and illustrations of fieldworks and laagers in Zululand and Natal based on fieldwork and archival research. Arranged by sector.
  496. Find this resource:
  497. Molyneux, Major William Charles Francis. “Notes on Hasty Defenses as Practised in South Africa.” In Archives of Zululand: The Anglo–Zulu War 1879. Vol. 5. Edited by Ian Knight. London: Archival Publications International, 2000.
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  499. As an officer on Lord Chelmsford’s staff, Molyneux was well placed to publish a careful analysis of the effectiveness of the fieldworks and laagers the British erected in Zululand. The essential starting point for investigating the fortifications of the war. Diagrams. Originally published in 1881.
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  501. Plé, James. Les Laagers dans La Guerre des Zoulous. Paris: Libraire Militaire de J. Dumaine, 1882.
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  503. Thoughtful and important contemporary analysis by a French observer of all types of fortifications in use during the Zulu War. Diagrams. Rare pamphlet.
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  505. The Critique of Lord Chelmsford’s Conduct of the Campaign
  506.  
  507. The many embarrassing setbacks British forces suffered in the Zululand campaign, as well as its duration and expense, led to intense criticism of Lord Chelmsford, the British commander. The most telling critique came from officers serving with Chelmsford, many of them on his personal staff. Clarke 1984 is a highly significant collation of these letters, none of which were made public at the time, similar to Chelmsford’s revealing military correspondence, of which there is now an edited selection in Laband 1994. Forbes 2000 is a telling example of contemporary public criticism by a war correspondent, which was effectively rebutted in Harness 2000 by an officer who had served in Zululand. Clements 1936 renewed the assault on Chelmsford, and this elicited a partisan refutation in French 1939. It was not until Mathews 1986 that a truly scholarly and balanced appraisal appeared. Laband 2009, the fullest recent assessment of Chelmsford’s career, concurs in finding Chelmsford decidedly deficient as a commander.
  508.  
  509. Clarke, Sonia, ed. Zululand at War, 1879: The Conduct of the Anglo–Zulu War. Brenthurst Series 10. Houghton, South Africa: Brenthurst, 1984.
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  511. Ninety semiofficial, semiprivate letters on Chelmsford’s generalship addressed to Sir Archibald Alison of the Intelligence Branch of the War Office. Now in the Alison Collection in the Brenthurst Library, Johannesburg, they are professionally introduced and annotated by Clarke. They constitute the most informed (though not unpartisan) critique of the campaign available. Maps and illustrations.
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  513. Clements, W. H. The Glamour and Tragedy of the Zulu War. London: John Lane, 1936.
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  515. A thorough-going condemnation of Chelmsford’s generalship uncritically based on the often ill-informed and prejudiced commentary of contemporary journalists. Rare book.
  516. Find this resource:
  517. Forbes, Archibald. “Lord Chelmsford and the Zulu War.” In Archives of Zululand: The Anglo–Zulu War 1879. Vol. 5. Edited by Ian Knight. London: Archival Publications International, 2000.
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  519. Forbes was the experienced and influential war correspondent in Zululand for the Daily News and covered the last part of the campaign. His critical reports from the front stung Chelmsford, who was instrumental in denying Forbes the campaign medal. Forbes had his revenge in this shrill, accusatory article. It is now recognized that many of his charges were amateur and ill-informed. Originally published in 1880.
  520. Find this resource:
  521. French, Major the Hon. Gerald. Lord Chelmsford and the Zulu War. London: John Lane, 1939.
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  523. Written as a vindication of Chelmsford’s generalship and as a refutation of ill-informed criticism, this was the first commentary to make use of Chelmsford’s extensive military correspondence. In defending Chelmsford, French much overstates his case. Illustrations.
  524. Find this resource:
  525. Harness, Arthur. “The Zulu Campaign from a Military Point of View.” In Archives of Zululand: The Anglo–Zulu War 1879. Vol. 5. Edited by Ian Knight. London: Archival Publications International, 2000.
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  527. Harness, an officer who had loyally served under Chelmsford, takes issue with Forbes’s critique of the commander’s generalship point by point. Although written from a better-informed and professional military perspective, this rebuttal is partisan in its own way. Originally published in 1880.
  528. Find this resource:
  529. Laband, John, ed. Lord Chelmsford’s Zululand Campaign, 1878–1879. Publications of the Army Records Society 10. Gloucester, UK: Alan Sutton, 1994.
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  531. Chelmsford’s military correspondence concerning the Zululand campaign, a mass of private, semiofficial and official papers, are in the National Army Museum, London. An annotated selection is included in this book with an introduction assessing Chelmsford’s career along with biographical notes. Maps.
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  533. Laband, John. “Lord Chelmsford.” In Victoria’s Generals. Edited by Steven J. Corvi and Ian F. W. Beckett, 92–126. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Military, 2009.
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  535. A through-going and not unsympathetic biography with the emphasis on placing Chelmsford in his military and social milieu when critically assessing his performance as a commander in the Ninth Cape Frontier War and in the Anglo-Zulu War. Illustrations and map.
  536. Find this resource:
  537. Mathews, Jeffrey. “Lord Chelmsford: British General in Southern Africa, 1878–1879.” PhD diss., University of South Africa, 1986.
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  539. An unpublished doctoral thesis that makes full use of all the sources to present the most comprehensive study available of Chelmsford’s generalship and character throughout his entire career. Concludes that Chelmsford’s critics have been correct in their condemnation of his record as a commander. Maps.
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  541. The Battles of Isandlwana and Rorke’s Drift
  542.  
  543. The two most famous battles of the Anglo–Zulu War were interconnected actions in the same campaign. By far the most comprehensive, balanced, and authoritative account of the campaign is Knight 2010, which also succeeds in appealing to a popular readership. Holme 1979 is an essential compendium of sources. Beckett 2003 provides a crisp and secure introduction to Isandlwana. Jackson 2002 is a painstakingly researched and detailed analysis of the battle, essential to serious scholars. Colonel Durnford’s responsibility for the Isandlwana disaster was a highly contentious issue at the time and remains so today. Droogleever 1992 exhaustively investigates Durnford’s dubious leadership qualities in the context of his entire career. Lock and Quantrill 2002 details Chelmsford’s concerted attempts to shift the blame for Isandlwana and, more controversially, reinterpret the opening moves of the Zulu army. Much continues to be written on the Isandlwana campaign for a popular market, but it is difficult to find new angles in the well-told tale. Perhaps the best in this genre is Snook 2010, an informed analysis written by a serving officer. Snook 2006 is an example of a good, readable account of Rorke’s Drift, once again based on thorough research.
  544.  
  545. Beckett, Ian. Isandlwana 1879. Battles in Focus. London: Brassey’s, 2003.
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  547. Based thoroughly on the evidence, this analysis of Isandlwana places the battle in its military and political context. Deals very well with historiographical issues and long-standing controversies. The best introduction available. Maps and illustrations.
  548. Find this resource:
  549. Droogleever, Robin W. E. The Road to Isandhlwana: Colonel Anthony Durnford in Natal and Zululand. London: Greenhill, 1992.
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  551. Based on a doctoral dissertation, this remains the only full examination of Durnford’s crucial role at Isandlwana. Droogleever achieves balance by considering Durnford’s actions and decisions in the light of the record of his entire career. He also carefully weighs the merits of the charges of his detractors and the passionate defense mounted by his supporters. Maps and illustrations.
  552. Find this resource:
  553. Holme, Norman. The Silver Wreath: Being the 24th Regiment at Isandhlwana and Rorke’s Drift, 1879. London: Samson, 1979.
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  555. A very useful compendium of a wide range of sources both printed and transcribed. Concentrates on the evidence connected to the 24th Regiment.
  556. Find this resource:
  557. Jackson, F. W. David. Hill of the Sphinx: The Battle of Isandlwana. London: Westerners, 2002.
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  559. The book is a development of the author’s three groundbreaking articles of 1965 that subjected the evidence relating to the battle to minute scrutiny and superseded all previous accounts. Essential reading. Maps.
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  561. Knight, Ian. Zulu Rising: The Epic Story of Isandlwana and Rorke’s Drift. London: Macmillan, 2010.
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  563. The culmination of decades of research and writing in this area, and incorporating archaeological and oral evidence, this is a balanced, informed, and gripping account of the two battles. Knight engages effectively with the difficult and fragmentary sources and the current debates concerning key aspects of the two battles. Maps and illustrations.
  564. Find this resource:
  565. Lock, Ron, and Peter Quantrill. Zulu Victory: The Epic of Isandlwana and the Cover-Up. London: Greenhill, 2002.
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  567. A closely tracked study of Chelmsford’s efforts to shift the blame for Isandlwana and how the War Office eventually saw through him. Much more controversially, the first part of the book is devoted to an attempt to reinterpret the first stage of the battle by disputing the site of the Zulu bivouac and the location of their first encounter with the British. This is the opening salvo in a debate that continues. Maps and illustrations.
  568. Find this resource:
  569. Snook, Mike, Lt. Col. Like Wolves on the Fold: The Defence of Rorke’s Drift. London: Greenhill, 2006.
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  571. A through, well-paced account of the action at Rorke’s Drift that offers few new insights but is a reliable introduction to the topic. Maps and illustrations.
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  573. Snook, Mike, Lt. Col. How Can Man Die Better: The Secrets of Isandlwana Revealed. Barnsely, UK: Frontline, 2010.
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  575. An analysis of the weapons, tactics, and military decisions of both sides with an excellent account of the protracted British defense of their camp and of the often neglected final stages of the battle. Maps and illustrations.
  576. Find this resource:
  577. The Coastal Campaign
  578.  
  579. Compared to the Isandlwana campaign, operations in the Zululand coastal plain have been relatively neglected by historians. Yet this was a sector that was active throughout the entire war and saw the battles of Nyezane and Gingindlovu, the blockade of Fort Eshowe, and the construction of numerous fieldworks. Castle and Knight 1994 is the only study to have been devoted exclusively to the coastal campaign. Fortunately, it is a very thorough one. Several published collections of letters, diaries, and memoirs of British soldiers serving along the coast are available. A good example is Wynne 1995, the edited papers of Captain Wynne.
  580.  
  581. Castle, Ian, and Ian Knight. Fearful Hard Times: The Siege and Relief of Eshowe, 1879. London: Greenhill, 1994.
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  583. Thoroughly based on primary and secondary sources. Pays as much attention as these allow to Zulu, as well as British, participation. Detailed and reliable narrative of operations along the coast from the beginning of the war to the end. Maps and illustrations.
  584. Find this resource:
  585. Wynne, Warren Richard Calvin. “A Widow-Making War”: The Life and Death of a British Officer in Zululand, 1879. Edited by Howard Whitehouse. Nuneaton, UK: Paddy Griffith, 1995.
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  587. Captain Wynne’s edited letters and diaries provide one of the most meticulous and empathetic eyewitness British accounts available of the battle of Nyezane and the siege of Eshowe. Maps, diagrams, and illustrations.
  588. Find this resource:
  589. The Campaign in the Northwest
  590.  
  591. Northwestern Zululand, a region bordering the Transvaal and the Swazi kingdoms and known as the Disputed Territory because of the conflicting territorial claims to it, saw the most protracted fighting in the Zululand campaign. It witnessed British defeats at Ntombe, Hlobane (a disaster second only to Isandlwana) and victory at Khambula, the war’s most decisive battle. Yet this sector has unaccountably been largely marginalized in the literature. The first and only book thoroughly to investigate the campaign fought there in 1879 and to put it thoroughly into the convoluted context of the Disputed Territory is Jones 2006. Schermbrucker 2000 (originally published in 1893), a colonial participant’s recollections of the battles of Hlobane and Khambula where he fought, is a particularly useful eyewitness account.
  592.  
  593. Jones, Huw M. The Boiling Cauldron: Utrecht District and the Anglo–Zulu War, 1879. Bisley, UK: Shermershill, 2006.
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  595. The most detailed and authoritative account available of the history of the Disputed Territory in northwestern Zululand and of the campaign of 1879 in that sector. In particular, Jones’s painstaking analysis of the battle of Hlobane is by far the most reliable and informed available. Maps and illustrations (some in color).
  596. Find this resource:
  597. Schermbrucker, Frederick. “Zhlobane and Kambula.” In Archives of Zululand: The Anglo–Zulu War 1879. Vol. 3. Edited by Ian Knight. London: Archival Publications International, 2000.
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  599. A Cape colonist in command of the Kaffrarian Rifles, Schermbrucker saw action in both these engagements. His reminiscences were penned over a decade afterwards but remain some of the fullest available on the battles and are also useful for exposing his settler attitude toward the Zulu. Originally published in 1893.
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  601. Death of the Prince Imperial
  602.  
  603. Although of no military importance in itself, the death in a Zulu ambush of the Prince Imperial of France was one of the most significant events of the Anglo–Zulu War because of its international repercussions. Featherstone 1973 is the classic study of the incident and of the officer in command of the fatal patrol. Knight 2001 explores the prince’s life and death with empathy, clarity, and restraint and has established itself as the standard authority in English. Deléage 2008 is a fascinating account by a French war correspondent who witnessed the campaign and the events surrounding the prince’s death from a perspective very different from the standard British one.
  604.  
  605. Deléage, Paul. End of a Dynasty: The Last Days of the Prince Imperial, Zululand 1879. Translated by Fleur Webb with introduction and notes by Bill Guest. Scottsville, South Africa: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2008.
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  607. Translation into English with full annotations of a book written in French in 1879 by the correspondent of Le Figaro who covered the Prince Imperial’s activities in Zululand. Although a republican, Deléage found himself won over by the prince’s charm and was deeply affected by his death. His account is particularly useful for his observations as a French outsider in a British-dominated milieu. Map and illustrations.
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  609. Featherstone, Donald. Captain Carey’s Blunder: The Death of the Prince Imperial. London: Leo Cooper, 1973.
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  611. Carey was accused of deserting the Prince Imperial in the face of the enemy. This book sympathetically but judiciously assesses the charge in the context of Carey’s entire career and tracks Carey’s efforts to clear his name. Illustrations.
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  613. Knight, Ian. With His Face to the Foe: The Life and Death of Louis Napoleon, the Prince Imperial, Zululand, 1879. Staplehurst, UK: Spellmount, 2001
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  615. Skilled, sympathetic, and thoroughly contextualized account of the prince’s life and death based on full use of the archival and secondary sources. Does not gloss over his self-destructive streak of recklessness, foolhardy bravado, and military romanticism that ran through his life and led to his death. Demystifies the circumstances of his death and debunks the far-fetched myths that have come to surround it. Maps and illustrations.
  616. Find this resource:
  617. The Capture of Cetshwayo and Wolseley’s Settlement of Zululand
  618.  
  619. King Cetshwayo fled after the battle of Ulundi, and the British were not able to enforce a settlement on the Zulu chiefs until his capture and exile to Cape Town. Murray 2000 (originally published in 1879) is a journalist’s compendium of his own eyewitness observations and interviews that vividly covers these events. Sir Garnet Wolseley, who took command of the last stages of the Anglo–Zulu War and the settlement, kept a highly revealing personal journal full of his waspish observations (Preston 1973). Ballard 1981 is a useful analysis of how the settlement was engineered.
  620.  
  621. Ballard, Charles. “Sir Garnet Wolseley and John Dunn: The Architects and Agents of the Ulundi Settlement.” In The Anglo–Zulu War: New Perspectives. Edited by Andrew Duminy and Charles Ballard, 120–147. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal Press, 1981.
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  623. Ballard is an expert on the transfrontiersman John Dunn, and he shows how he self-interestedly cooperated with Wolseley to frame the Zululand settlement and to choose which thirteen chiefs to appoint (including himself) to replace the Zulu king.
  624. Find this resource:
  625. Murray, Richard William. Cetywayo, from the Battle of Ulundi to the Cape of Good Hope. In Archives of Zululand: The Anglo–Zulu War 1879. Vol. 4. Edited by Ian Knight. London: Archival Publications International, 2000.
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  627. A rare booklet combining Murray’s own observations of Cetshwayo in captivity in Cape Town with interviews he had with the officer in charge of the king and his interpreter. Through them he constructed an eyewitness account of Cetshwayo’s capture and voyage to Cape Town, along with the king’s views on aspects of the war. Originally published in 1879 (Cape Town, South Africa: Murray & St. Leger).
  628. Find this resource:
  629. Preston, Adrian W., ed. The South African Journal of Sir Garnet Wolseley, 1879–1880. Cape Town, South Africa: A. A. Balkema, 1973.
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  631. Wolseley’s edited and annotated journal kept between June 1879 and May 1880 during his mission in South Africa. He left Zululand in October 1879, and the latter part of the journal concerns the Transvaal. Nevertheless, the Zululand entries are invaluable not only for detailed observations of people and events but for insights into Wolseley’s calculations as he framed policy for the final pacification and settlement of Zululand.
  632. Find this resource:
  633. Partition, Civil War, and Rebellion in Zululand, 1879–1888
  634.  
  635. Historians have given neither the disastrous Zulu civil war of 1883–1884 that followed the British breakup of Zululand nor the viciously repressed uSuthu Rebellion of 1888 anything near the same intensive coverage they devoted to the Anglo–Zulu War. Nevertheless, this was a significant era that saw the real end of the old Zulu order, and there are a limited number of well-researched works that afford it the full attention it deserves.
  636.  
  637. Official British Publications
  638.  
  639. A good starting point for investigating this period is Intelligence Branch 1895. A practical, contemporary guide to the colony of Zululand in 1894, it has a useful section on its more recent history, including the civil war and uSuthu Rebellion. Rare publication.
  640.  
  641. Intelligence Branch of the Quartermaster-General’s Department, Horse Guards, War Office. Précis of Information Concerning Zululand. Corrected to December, 1894. London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1895.
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  643. Official data on Zulu topography, roads and communications, administration, economy, military organization, and history. Essential background to Zululand in the last decades of the 19th century. Maps.
  644. Find this resource:
  645. General Overviews
  646.  
  647. The first book to deal with the Zulu civil war of 1883–1884 is Colenso 1884–1885, a contemporary and essentially polemical work in support of the exiled King Cetshwayo’s restoration in 1883 to the central portion of his former kingdom. It blames British policy for the disastrous civil war that followed. In Guy 1998, the pioneering modern study of the civil war and its aftermath first published in 1979, and again in Guy 2001, which extends the range and depth of the earlier book, the author assumes the Colenso mantle. He blames imperial policies for the ruin of Zululand in the last two decades of the 19th century while celebrating the members of the Colenso family who took up the royalist Zulu cause. Binns 1968 is the temperate and only full biography of Dinuzulu, Cetshwayo’s heir, who unsuccessfully continued the struggle against British rule. Van Wyk 1983 is a detailed study in Afrikaans of Dinuzulu’s failed rebellion in 1888. Laband 2001 is the only historical atlas of the partitions, civil wars, and rebellion in Zululand between 1883 and 1888.
  648.  
  649. Binns, Charles. Dinuzulu: The Death of the House of Shaka. London: Longmans, 1968.
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  651. Based heavily on the published British Parliamentary papers, this is an engagingly written, sympathetic, and balanced account of the unfortunate life of Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo as he struggled to stave off British control of Zululand. Maps and illustrations.
  652. Find this resource:
  653. Colenso, Frances E. The Ruin of Zululand: An Account of British Doings in Zululand since the Invasion of 1879. 2 vols. London: W. Ridgway, 1884–1885.
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  655. Based primarily on the published British Parliamentary papers, this contemporary account argues strongly that misguided British policy, which sought to divide and rule Zululand after the Anglo–Zulu War by supporting collaborators against the Zulu royal house, was responsible for the disastrous civil war of 1883–1884.
  656. Find this resource:
  657. Guy, Jeff. The Destruction of the Zulu Kingdom: The Civil War in Zululand, 1879–1884. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal Press, 1998.
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  659. The first, still-influential scholarly account of Wolseley’s settlement, the partition of Zululand, the restoration of Cetshwayo, and the civil war. Basically follows Frances Colenso’s line of argument in blaming the machinations of British and colonial officials for Zululand’s woes. Maps, diagrams, and illustrations.
  660. Find this resource:
  661. Guy, Jeff. The View Across the River: Harriette Colenso and the Zulu Struggle against Imperialism. Oxford: James Currey, 2001.
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  663. Scrupulously researched, particularly among the Colenso papers, this is a full, passionately written, and unashamedly partisan account of Harriette Colenso and her dedicated defense of the interests of the Zulu royal house against British imperialism between 1879 and the beginning of the 20th century. Culmination of Guy’s earlier work in this area. Map and illustrations.
  664. Find this resource:
  665. Laband, John. The Atlas of the Later Zulu Wars: 1883–1888. Scottsville, South Africa: University of Natal Press, 2001.
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  667. Historical atlas that includes full-color maps of changing political boundaries, campaigns, and battles accompanied by explanatory texts. Also sections on British, colonial, and Zulu military organization, tactics, and strategy and the political context. Illustrations.
  668. Find this resource:
  669. Van Wyk, Johannes. Dinuzulu en die Usutu-Opstand van 1888. Pretoria, South Africa: Staatsdrukker, 1983.
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  671. Based on a master’s thesis written in Afrikaans, this is a thoroughly researched and reliable examination of Dinuzulu’s rebellion in 1888 against British rule and of his unsuccessful efforts to secure military and diplomatic support from the Transvaal Boers.
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