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The Antonines (Classics)

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  1. Introduction
  2. This article covers the history of Rome and its empire from 96 to 192 CE, a period often referred to as that of the “Antonines.” While not scanting Antonine emperors themselves, this article attends more to wider questions. The century, reasonably tranquil for Rome apart from the Second and Third Jewish Revolts (115–117 CE; 132–135 CE) and the “Antonine plague” and defensive Marcomannic Wars (c. 166 and following), abounds in source material. Relatively plentiful inscriptions, coins, papyri, and legal texts serve institutional and prosopographical investigations, and prosopography informs most inquiries into individual events and biographies. Documentary evidence and copious literary works, sculpture, and architecture also illuminate Antonine culture, religion, and economy. The primary material, and ever more sophisticated archaeological investigation into small and large finds in rural and urban areas, contribute to the social history of Rome, Italy, the diverse provinces, and even beyond the frontiers. Central questions now include the means and meanings of identity (including gender, discordant identity, and/or “hybridity”) among the elite and the 50 to 60 million others in the Antonine Empire, the extent and import of consensus, the ubiquity and conformity of “Roman” material and literary culture in the provinces, the relation of the past and the present, and the processes and depth of cultural diffusion from Rome itself. The term “Antonine(s)” is imprecise. Derived from a cognomen of T. Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus (Antoninus Pius), it properly refers to that emperor (r. 138–161 CE), his adopted successors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus (r. 161–180; co-ruled 161–169), and Marcus Aurelius’s son Commodus (r. 180–192). But the term is often expanded to include Antoninus’s predecessors Nerva (r. 96–98), Trajan (r. 98–117), and Hadrian (r. 117–138). These seven emperors, who together ruled from 96 to 192 CE, are also called the “adoptive emperors” because, other than Nerva and Commodus, they came to power through adoption by the previous emperor. “The Antonines” also appears interchangeably with “the five good emperors” to label Nerva through Marcus Aurelius (but not Lucius Verus and Commodus). Scholarship on the Antonine era has often focused on the emperors, in part because the biographical Historia Augusta dominates literary historical sources: Hadrian is a modern favorite, Commodus a notorious “bad emperor,” and in antiquity Trajan and Marcus Aurelius exemplary “good emperors.” But preoccupation with emperors should not obscure other fascinating aspects of Antonine history.
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  4. General Overviews
  5. The works in this section range from general overviews and introductions to the period, to ones focused on individual emperors, and still to others centered on individual phenomena such as the so-called Second Sophistic literary movement. As Bowersock, et al. 1977 point out, scholarship has been greatly influenced by Gibbon’s magisterial Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776–1788), which probed up to the fall of Byzantium the evolution of Western civilization “from the age of . . . the Antonines, when the Roman monarchy, having attained its full strength and maturity, began to . . . decline.” Gibbon saw among the hallmarks of the Antonine age access to Roman law, social and political mobility, the use of resources for the public good (especially for monuments), good communications, a love of literature, and an enlightened tolerance of most religions. Goodman 2012 is a recent challenge to this positive view, pointing out disregard of Jewish and Christian sources in Gibbon’s survey of Greco-Roman literature from the period. Badian 2000 and Griffin 2000 have questioned Gibbon’s periodization; they emphasize continuity with the Flavian period, with greater attention to documentary and archaeological sources that allow deeper investigations outside Rome (see also Stefan 2005, cited under Trajan). Hammond 1959 and Garzetti 1974 explore institutional history, relatively neglecting the provinces; Grant 1994 attends more to the complex cultural history of the Antonine era. More recently Schipp 2011 has presented a predominantly military and political overview.
  6.  
  7. Badian, Ernst, ed. 2000. The year 96: Did it make a difference? American Journal of Ancient History 15.1.
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  10.  
  11. Four essays explore the rifts and continuities between the Flavian and the Antonine periods, especially the transition between Domitian and Nerva. Focuses on the sources, literature, coinage and relations with Rome’s populace, and on imperial patronage in Rome.
  12.  
  13. Find this resource:
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  15.  
  16. Bowersock, Glen W., John L. Clive, and Stephen R. Graubard, eds. 1977. Edward Gibbon and the decline and fall of the Roman Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
  17.  
  18. DOI: 10.4159/harvard.9780674733695Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  19.  
  20. Papers analyze Gibbon’s character and achievement, intellectual background, and influence, from the perspective of 20th-century scholarship. Special emphasis also goes to his sources (and use of them).
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  25. Garzetti, Albino. 1974. From Tiberius to the Antonines: A history of the Roman Empire, A.D. 14–192. London: Methuen.
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  28.  
  29. Thorough but out of date, this study argues that the Principate was an autocracy more or less unchanging but basically beneficial, which differed mostly in the personalities of the individual emperors. Includes a full bibliography.
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  31. Find this resource:
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  33.  
  34. Goodman, Martin. 2012. The Roman world, 44 BC–AD 180. 2d ed. London and New York: Routledge.
  35.  
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  37.  
  38. This dense textbook, complete with illustrations and maps, takes a postcolonial perspective, presenting much of the history of this long period from the viewpoint of (mostly Eastern) provincials and including information from Jewish sources.
  39.  
  40. Find this resource:
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  42.  
  43. Grant, Michael. 1994. The Antonines: The Roman Empire in transition. London and New York: Routledge.
  44.  
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  46.  
  47. Covering Pius through Commodus, Grant sees the era as a transition to Rome’s disintegration. He focuses on religion, the abandoned attempt to take Germany, and Antonine culture, providing twenty-seven illustrations of art and architecture and short entries for “pagan” and Christian authors in Greek and Latin.
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  51.  
  52. Griffin, Miriam. 2000. Nerva to Hadrian. In The Cambridge ancient history. 2d ed. The High Empire, A.D. 70–192. Vol. 11. Edited by A. K. Bowman, P. Garnsey, and D. Rathbone, 84–131. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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  54. DOI: 10.1017/CHOL9780521263351Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  55.  
  56. A succinct overview that sees great continuity from the Flavians through Hadrian, including in plans for expansion in the North.
  57.  
  58. Find this resource:
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  60.  
  61. Hammond, Mason. 1959. The Antonine Monarchy. Rome: American Academy.
  62.  
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  64.  
  65. Still useful for its thoroughness in charting the institutionalization of the Principate, although it somewhat overlooks Roman law and legal procedures.
  66.  
  67. Find this resource:
  68.  
  69.  
  70. Schipp, Oliver. 2011. Die Adoptivkaiser. Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marc Aurel, Lucius Verus und Commodus. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
  71.  
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  73.  
  74. This brief historical overview addresses 98–192 CE thematically, at times neglecting literary sources and paying insufficient attention to institutional topics such as the alimenta. It also lacks illustrations for an era that was prolific in representations of all types.
  75.  
  76. Find this resource:
  77.  
  78.  
  79. General Documentary Analyses
  80. The following source works collect and analyze Antonine evidence within the longer span and space of the Principate. (See also the separate Oxford Bibliographies article Roman History: Imperial, 31 BCE–284 CE.) Kienast 1996 and Halfmann 1986 provide fundamental chronology for the emperors: Kienast analyzes imperial titulature, and Halfmann traces the movements of emperors and other imperial family members. Fittschen and Zanker 1985 furnish the visual correspondence to such chronologies in a detailed presentation of the stunning imperial (male and female) portraits in collections in Rome. Oliver 1989 provides texts, translations, and commentaries for emperors’ pronouncements to their subjects, whether to individuals, groups, or political units. Burton 2002 updates Oliver’s collection, while providing a detailed outline of how imperial Rome functioned in the provinces; Bryen 2012 attends particularly to Rome’s adjudicating law in the (eastern) provinces. The many papers in the Colloquio Internazionale AIEGL 1982 focus more on the high-placed agents of imperial rule, Rome’s senators, addressing directly and indirectly how representational Rome’s government was. Noreña 2011 shifts attention to imperial interactions with the more numerous municipal elite in the West, indispensable to Rome’s rule.
  81.  
  82. Bryen, Ari Z. 2012. Judging empire: Courts and culture in Rome’s eastern provinces. Law and History Review 30.3: 771–811.
  83.  
  84. DOI: 10.1017/S0738248012000259Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  85.  
  86. Centered on the 2nd century, this article vividly sketches the onerous business of Roman administration of justice. Argues that through civil disputes provincials influenced the potentially volatile and despotic Roman authorities and developed a shared legal culture based on writing and literacy.
  87.  
  88. Find this resource:
  89.  
  90.  
  91. Burton, Graham P. 2002. The Roman imperial state (AD 14–235): Evidence and reality. Chiron 32:249–280.
  92.  
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  94.  
  95. Examines emperors, provincial governors, and fiscal procurators within the “normatively regulatory and extractive actions of the imperial state,” noting the partiality of the extant evidence. Updates and supplements Oliver 1989.
  96.  
  97. Find this resource:
  98.  
  99.  
  100. Colloquio Internazionale AIEGL. 1982. Atti del Colloquio Internazionale AIEGL su epigrafia e ordine senatorio, Roma, 14–20 maggio 1981. 2 vols. Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura.
  101.  
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  103.  
  104. Papers in many languages provide wide-ranging discussions of access to power, education, culture, landownership, the importance of military and/or Italian backgrounds and the like, as well as province-by-province overviews of 1st- through 3rd-century senators according to their origins.
  105.  
  106. Find this resource:
  107.  
  108.  
  109. Fittschen, Klaus, and Paul Zanker. 1985. Katalog der römischen Porträts in den Capitolinischen Museen und den anderen kommunalen Sammlungen der Stadt Rom: Kaiser- und Prinzenbildnisse. Vol. 1. Mainz, Germany: Von Zabern.
  110.  
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  112.  
  113. Full documentation and illustration of imperial portraits in Rome, with reference to comparative material elsewhere. Updates typologies and illustrates imperial ideology. Complemented by Volume 3 of the same series, Kaiserinnen- und Prinzessinnenbildnisse, Frauenporträts (Mainz, Germany: K. Fittschen and P. Zanker, 1983).
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  116.  
  117.  
  118. Halfmann, Helmut. 1986. Itinera principum. Geschichte und Typologie der Kaiserreisen im römischen Reich. HABES 2. Stuttgart: Steiner.
  119.  
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  121.  
  122. Meticulously provides detailed itineraries for individuals and an interpretation of the travels of emperors (and members of the imperial family) that speak to the development of the imperial position. Also useful for research on provincial cities and regions.
  123.  
  124. Find this resource:
  125.  
  126.  
  127. Kienast, Dietmar. 1996. Römische Kaisertabelle. 2d ed. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
  128.  
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  130.  
  131. Fundamental for any work with chronology and/or documentary sources referencing emperors.
  132.  
  133. Find this resource:
  134.  
  135.  
  136. Noreña, Carlos R. 2011. Imperial ideals in the Roman west: Representation, circulation, power. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  137.  
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  139.  
  140. Analysis of over 180,000 precious- and base-metal coins and 575 Latin inscriptions from the Latin West (69–235 CE; many are from the Antonine period) supports the argument for a reciprocal communication of ideals informing the behavior of emperors and municipal elite alike.
  141.  
  142. Find this resource:
  143.  
  144.  
  145. Oliver, James H. 1989. Greek constitutions of early Roman emperors from inscriptions and papyri. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Association.
  146.  
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  148.  
  149. Many of these statements between emperor and subjects, arranged chronologically, date to the Antonines; the wider context suggests patterns of concern and treatment.
  150.  
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  152.  
  153.  
  154. The Major Literary Historical Sources
  155. Paradoxically, this amply documented period has no continuous narrative historical source. Syme 1958 revealed the richness of Tacitus’s information for his own lifetime (c. 56 to after 117 CE), as well as for the earlier periods he investigated; it is essential for the early Antonine era (Syme’s basic view contradicts that of Hammond 1959, cited under General Overviews). Sherwin-White 1966 is a thorough commentary on Pliny’s letters and is now complemented by inquiry into Pliny’s Panegyricus and others (see Roche 2011). Pliny’s friend Suetonius (see Individual Latin Authors) provides less detail on the contemporary early Antonine period. Liddle 2003 makes accessible Arrian of Nicomedia’s description of a tour of inspection of the Black Sea coast, which he governed as part of Cappadocia under Hadrian, and furnishes information about Arrian, this frontier, and Hadrian’s provincial rule. Historical texts for later Antonine periods are more problematic. Millar 1964 is still essential for Cassius Dio, whose narrative for much of our period, Books 68–73, now exists only in excerpts (see the separate Oxford Bibliographies article Cassius Dio). The Historia Augusta and Herodian are arranged biographically. Fündling 2006 should be consulted for the Historia Augusta, including for the historical sources for the Antonines; Syme 1983 is an earlier presentation of the notorious problems and internal contradictions of the Historia Augusta, which comprises uneven biographies of emperors and usurpers from Hadrian through Commodus and extends to 285 CE (with a lacuna for 244–260 CE). The Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius are deemed the best, and the tendentious Commodus better than subsequent ones; in entries on individual emperors (Individual Emperors and Their Reigns) are cited commentaries on the separate biographies. Whittaker 1969–1970 provides a stirring translation (along with commentary) of Herodian, whose first “book” covers Commodus and more incidentally Marcus Aurelius.
  156.  
  157. Fündling, Jörg. 2006. Kommentar zur Vita Hadriani der Historia Augusta. 2 vols. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  158.  
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  160.  
  161. In addition to its thorough historical and historiographical commentary, this furnishes an excellent introduction to the sources of the Historia Augusta overall (not just the HA, Hadrian), and includes copious bibliography.
  162.  
  163. Find this resource:
  164.  
  165.  
  166. Liddle, Aidan. 2003. Arrian: Periplus Ponti Euxini. London: Bristol Classical.
  167.  
  168. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  169.  
  170. Includes original Greek, English translation, a commentary, maps, and an introduction assessing the work in its historical and literary contexts. Places are helpfully keyed to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 2010).
  171.  
  172. Find this resource:
  173.  
  174.  
  175. Millar, Fergus. 1964. A study of Cassius Dio. Oxford: Clarendon.
  176.  
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  178.  
  179. Fundamental text that emphasizes Dio’s validity for the end of the republic to the 220s CE. Also looks at his concerns with correct relations between senate and emperor and with the supernatural. Clear on the textual transmission; controversial dating for composition and publication.
  180.  
  181. Find this resource:
  182.  
  183.  
  184. Roche, Paul, ed. 2011. Pliny’s praise: The Panegyricus in the Roman world. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  185.  
  186. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511920578Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  187.  
  188. A collection of nine essays (with copious bibliography) assessing literary, social, and cultural contexts of Pliny’s Panegyricus to Trajan, originally delivered in 100 CE but published thereafter. The authors glean much historical meaning from the deferential Panegyricus.
  189.  
  190. Find this resource:
  191.  
  192.  
  193. Sherwin-White, Adrian Nicholas. 1966. The Letters of Pliny: A historical and social commentary. Oxford: Clarendon.
  194.  
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  196.  
  197. The best place to look for commentary on an individual, event, or issue raised in any letter, including in Book 10. This thorough companion also discusses the Letters’ texts and chronology, Pliny’s career, and early persecutions of the Christians.
  198.  
  199. Find this resource:
  200.  
  201.  
  202. Syme, Ronald. 1958. Tacitus. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon.
  203.  
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  205.  
  206. Besides sections on Tacitus’s style, Syme attends meticulously to his social network, career, literary formation, and era (including Juvenal). Like Tacitus, Syme views the Augustan Principate as a disguised autocracy unchangingly perpetuated, whose investigation indirectly comments on Tacitus’s contemporaries, including Hadrian.
  207.  
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  209.  
  210.  
  211. Syme, Ronald. 1983. Historia Augusta papers. Oxford: Clarendon.
  212.  
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  214.  
  215. A more recent publication by Syme on the Historia Augusta, this argues again for a publication date late in the 4th century CE and for the work as a witty hoax of one learned author.
  216.  
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  218.  
  219.  
  220. Whittaker, C. R., ed. and trans. 1969–1970. Herodian: History of the empire. 2 vols. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
  221.  
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  223.  
  224. Valuable for its extensive introduction assessing the nonsenatorial Herodian (b. c. 178) as a historian and within his historical context. This is also good for its many historical and historiographical comments. See also the separate Oxford Bibliographies article Greek Historiography.
  225.  
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  227.  
  228.  
  229. Other Literature: The “Second Sophistic”
  230. Long separated from historical studies, the vast outpouring of literature known loosely as the “Second Sophistic” now figures essentially in research on Antonine politics, ideology, and culture. The rubric generally refers to prose from the later 1st century CE into the 3rd, especially in Greek but also in Latin, and often rhetorical but representing many genres. Russell 1990 was one of the first to provide a collection of essays; König 2009 is a short but comprehensive introduction. Whitmarsh 2001 argues for the fertile creativity of this literature that straddles a glorious past and a deferential present. Bowie 1974, Swain 1996, and others view this Greek literature from a postcolonial perspective. In the early work of Bowersock 1969, Greek literature instead evinces a gradual absorption of Greek values into Roman. Gleason 1995 focuses on two orators as representative of the age. Work on individual authors (especially Veyne 1999, cited under Individual Greek Authors (Early Antonine)) also attends to overarching issues. For the literary phenomenon in an overall sense, see the separate Oxford Bibliographies article Greek Rhetoric.
  231.  
  232. Bowersock, Glen W. 1969. Greek sophists in the Roman Empire. Oxford: Clarendon.
  233.  
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  235.  
  236. Brief but fundamental introduction to 2nd-century CE Greek sophists in Roman administration and society. Maintains that the Greek literary elite acquiesced with their Roman overlords.
  237.  
  238. Find this resource:
  239.  
  240.  
  241. Bowie, Ewen. 1974. Greeks and their past in the Second Sophistic. In Studies in ancient society. Edited by M. I. Finley, 166–209. London and Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  242.  
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  244.  
  245. Emphasizes the preoccupation with the past traceable in much of the literature and the oratorical displays associated with these “sophists.”
  246.  
  247. Find this resource:
  248.  
  249.  
  250. Gleason, Maud. 1995. Making men: Sophists and self-presentation in ancient Rome. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
  251.  
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  253.  
  254. Focusing on Favorinus and Polemo and with a wide theoretical approach informed by semiotics, Gleason interrogates public self-fashioning and constructions of sex, gender, and authority in the 2nd-century Roman Empire. Witty, memorable, and accessible, this text is an excellent starting point.
  255.  
  256. Find this resource:
  257.  
  258.  
  259. König, Jason. 2009. Greek literature in the Roman Empire. London: Bristol Classical.
  260.  
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  262.  
  263. A short overview of the authors and works in Greek from the first three centuries CE with many quotations in translation, suggestions for further reading, questions for further discussion, and a timeline.
  264.  
  265. Find this resource:
  266.  
  267.  
  268. Russell, D. A., ed. 1990. Antonine literature. Oxford: Clarendon.
  269.  
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  271.  
  272. The eight essays in this early foray into the 2nd-century “Second Sophistic” explore cultural bilingualism (as exemplified by Aristides, Lucian, Apuleius, and Fronto), lesser-known poetry, intertextuality, Dio Chrysostom, Plutarch, and more. Includes a timeline that dates literary events and more (e.g., Pius’s accession).
  273.  
  274. Find this resource:
  275.  
  276.  
  277. Swain, Simon. 1996. Hellenism and empire: Language, classicism, and power in the Greek world AD 50–250. Oxford: Clarendon.
  278.  
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  280.  
  281. Investigating the purity of Greek embraced by Greek authors, Swain cautiously sees this classicism as resistance against Roman power.
  282.  
  283. Find this resource:
  284.  
  285.  
  286. Whitmarsh, Tim. 2001. Greek literature and the Roman Empire: The politics of imitation. Oxford and New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  287.  
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  289.  
  290. Convincingly argues for the creativity inherent in this literature, sometimes deplored as derivative, and its functions in the creation of a contested and innovative Roman Greek culture. Theoretically informed and dense, this also contains a translation of Favorinus’s On Exile.
  291.  
  292. Find this resource:
  293.  
  294.  
  295. Individual Greek Authors (Early Antonine)
  296. So many authors wrote in Greek during this period that two chronological rubrics are used here. Their writings provide information key to social and intellectual history and to politics and ideology; some additionally emphasize medicine, religion, and philosophy. Jones 1971 and Stadter and Van der Stockt 2002 provide insight into historical aspects of Plutarch (c. 46–120 CE), writing into the Trajanic era. (See also the separate Oxford Bibliographies article Greek Historiography, specifically its section “Kindred Genres.”) Jones 1978 and Swain 2000 turn to the orations of Dio of Prusa (b. c. 40–d. c. 115) to examine the concerns of high-placed provincials in the Greek East in the Trajanic era, providing a good foil to Pliny’s Letters, Book 10. Veyne 1999 focuses on Dio to show Greek resentment and awareness of “Greekness” in the face of Roman rule, despite acquiescence; while incidentally illuminating re-use of statues, his general view fits well with Bryen 2012, cited under General Documentary Analyses. Pausanias from Asia Minor (b. c. 110–d. 180 CE) provides a richly textured description of Greece illuminating religion, the lure of travel, architecture and topography, and the power of the past for contemporary Greeks; Habicht 1985 provides a fundamental and thorough study, and Arafat 1996 adds specific attention to the artwork Pausanias discusses. (See also the separate Oxford Bibliographies article Pausanias.) Bucher 2000 is a thorough but accessible introduction to the Alexandrian Appian (b. c. 95–d. c. 165), who posits (praef. 7.24) the Antonine period as the acme of peace and prosperity.
  297.  
  298. Arafat, K. W. 1996. Pausanias’ Greece: Ancient artists and Roman rulers. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  299.  
  300. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511470318Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  301.  
  302. Pausanias is essentially neutral toward imperial Romans, though he is critical of rapacious Republican figures. The present does not interest him as much as the past, which he considers in its local materiality and more broadly than do his contemporary Greek authors.
  303.  
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  305.  
  306.  
  307. Bucher, Gregory S. 2000. The origins, program, and composition of Appian’s Roman History. Transactions of the American Philological Association 130:411–458.
  308.  
  309. DOI: 10.1353/apa.2000.0002Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  310.  
  311. Closely argued, this concludes that Appian was a “hybrid intellectual in the high empire,” an original historian who was both a successful member of high social circles in Rome and immensely proud of his Alexandrian origins.
  312.  
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  314.  
  315.  
  316. Habicht, C. 1985. Pausanias’ Guide to ancient Greece. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
  317.  
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  319.  
  320. Including a chapter on Pausanias and inscriptions, this study carefully investigates the author, his times and genre, and his text. It led the way for studies of Pausanias in English. Discerns resentful animosity toward the Romans simply for having mastered Greece.
  321.  
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  323.  
  324.  
  325. Jones, Christopher P. 1971. Plutarch and Rome. Oxford: Clarendon.
  326.  
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  328.  
  329. Early, still-relevant study of Plutarch in his own time and for his attitudes toward Rome, relying on prosopography and close textual readings and favoring the political rather than personal. Plutarch was concerned with maintaining local autonomy and dignity.
  330.  
  331. Find this resource:
  332.  
  333.  
  334. Jones, Christopher P. 1978. The Roman world of Dio Chrysostom. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
  335.  
  336. DOI: 10.4159/harvard.9780674181342Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  337.  
  338. Includes a chronology for Dio’s “municipal” orations and attends to Dio’s important “Orations on Kingship” that discuss the ideal ruler. Sets this author in the matrix of Greco-Roman power and culture.
  339.  
  340. Find this resource:
  341.  
  342.  
  343. Stadter, Philip A., and Luc Van der Stockt, eds. 2002. Sage and emperor: Plutarch, Greek intellectuals, and Roman power in the time of Trajan (98–117 A.D.). Leuven, Belgium: Leuven Univ. Press.
  344.  
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  346.  
  347. Collection of nineteen essays exploring Plutarch in his social and political context and as one addressing statesmen up to the emperor. Includes Plutarch on Isis, and on Trajan’s policies, achievements, and monuments.
  348.  
  349. Find this resource:
  350.  
  351.  
  352. Swain, Simon, ed. 2000. Dio Chrysostom: Politics, letters, and philosophy. Oxford and New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  353.  
  354. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  355.  
  356. Two contributions assess Dio of Prusa as a source for the civic life of Asia and for marriage, gender, and family life in the early Antonine period; however, most of these essays focus on philosophical aspects of his work.
  357.  
  358. Find this resource:
  359.  
  360.  
  361. Veyne, P. 1999. L’identité grecque devant Rome et l’empereur. Revue des Études Grecques 112:510–567.
  362.  
  363. DOI: 10.3406/reg.1999.4382Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  364.  
  365. Centering on Dio Chrysostom’s Rhodian Discourse and canvassing Roman-Greek relations over time, Veyne argues that Dio, Aelius Aristides, and others felt bitter regret and patriotism moved by their subservience to Romans, despite positing Roman hegemony as necessary for peace.
  366.  
  367. Find this resource:
  368.  
  369.  
  370. Individual Greek Authors (Late Antonine)
  371. Behr 1981–1986 provides a full translation of (and commentary on) the numerous, multifaceted works of Aelius Aristides of Hadrianoi (b. 117–d. 181). Harris and Holmes 2008 shows how Aristides’s panegyrics on Rome and other cities express the cosmopolitanism of the mid-Antonine period, and Petsalis-Diomidis 2010 illuminates religion, medicine, and more through Aristides’s “Sacred Tales.” Hankinson 2008 and Mattern 2013 are contributions on Galen of Pergamum (b. 129–d. c. 216), a prolific author, physician, and polymath who treated Marcus Aurelius and others of Rome’s elite as well as women, children, and the abject (and who himself experienced the Antonine plague). Branham 1989 is a theoretically informed literary introduction to the productive and more enigmatic Lucian of Samosata (b. c. 120–d. c. 180); Richter 2005 turns instead to the little we know about Lucian’s life and Greco-Syrian background. See also the separate Oxford Bibliographies articles Aulus Gellius; Greek Historiography: (specifically the section “Greek Historians Under the Roman Empire”); and Roman History: Imperial, 31 BCE–284 CE.
  372.  
  373. Behr, Charles A., trans. 1981–1986. Aelius Aristides: The complete works. 2 vols. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  374.  
  375. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  376.  
  377. Essential to all study of Aristides, this translation includes a commentary, index, fragments of his lost works, and inscriptions pertaining to Aelius Aristides.
  378.  
  379. Find this resource:
  380.  
  381.  
  382. Branham, R. Bracht. 1989. Unruly eloquence: Lucian and the comedy of traditions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
  383.  
  384. DOI: 10.4159/harvard.9780674734111Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  385.  
  386. Although focusing on only a handful of Lucian’s texts, Branham skillfully creates a comedic model with which to approach the varied output of this satirist. Lacks a full bibliography for Lucian.
  387.  
  388. Find this resource:
  389.  
  390.  
  391. Hankinson, R. J., ed. 2008. The Cambridge companion to Galen. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  392.  
  393. DOI: 10.1017/CCOL9780521819541Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  394.  
  395. Focused much more on Galen’s medical, scientific, and philosophical work than Mattern 2013. Contains guides to the editions, abbreviations, English titles, and modern translations of Galen’s corpus.
  396.  
  397. Find this resource:
  398.  
  399.  
  400. Harris, William V., and Brooke Holmes, eds. 2008. Aelius Aristides between Greece, Rome, and the Gods. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill.
  401.  
  402. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  403.  
  404. A collection of fourteen conference papers, this book covers Aristides’s relationship to the literature of the past, his self-presentation, his relation to the contemporary Roman empire, and his reception.
  405.  
  406. Find this resource:
  407.  
  408.  
  409. Mattern, Susan P. 2013. The prince of medicine: Galen in the Roman Empire. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  410.  
  411. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  412.  
  413. Emphasizing Galen’s life rather than his ideas, this biography illuminates Galen’s self-presentation in the competitive culture of Antonine Rome, as well as his clinical practice, piety, the Antonine plague, and ideas of gender, ethnicity, and social class.
  414.  
  415. Find this resource:
  416.  
  417.  
  418. Petsalis-Diomidis, Alexia. 2010. Truly beyond wonders: Aelius Aristides and the cult of Asklepios. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  419.  
  420. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  421.  
  422. Focusing on Aristides’s Hieroi Logoi and attentive to the body, travel, and miracle, this also investigates “healing pilgrimage,” elite and popular dichotomies, and the Asklepieion of Pergamum. Including eighty-eight illustrations, this study attractively bridges literary and material culture.
  423.  
  424. Find this resource:
  425.  
  426.  
  427. Richter, Daniel. 2005. Lives and afterlives of Lucian of Samosata. Arion 13.1: 75–100.
  428.  
  429. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  430.  
  431. This investigation into the reception of Lucian’s biography (and especially his Greco-Syrian origins) also explores the fascination with ethnicity and hybridity, which are central scholarly questions for the Antonine era.
  432.  
  433. Find this resource:
  434.  
  435.  
  436. Individual Latin Authors
  437. Fewer authors wrote in Latin than in Greek in the Antonine period, which is an interesting phenomenon in its own right; their works elucidate especially Rome and eastern and southern provinces. Wardle 1998 argues that the Caesars of Suetonius (b. c. 69–d. c. 122) provide little detail on contemporary events (see also the separate Oxford Bibliographies article Suetonius, especially the sections on “Suetonius the Man” and “Suetonius’ Views of Hadrian”), but Wallace-Hadrill 1984 illuminates the social and intellectual settings and concerns of Suetonius, who was an equestrian official and man of letters in early-2nd-century Rome. Champlin 1980 and Fleury 2006 explore the letters of the grammarian and rhetorician Fronto (b. c. 100–d. 170, from Cirta in Numidia), who served as tutor for Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, to shed light on political and literary culture in Rome; Richlin 2006 and Van den Hout 1999 explore Fronto more for questions of gender, children, and intimate relations within the imperial circle. Apuleius (b. c. 125–d. c. 170 CE, from Madaurus, Africa: see the separate Oxford Bibliographies article Apuleius) is fascinating for his Metamorphoses and other works, including his Apologia (c. 158 CE); Millar 1981 mines his writings for social history in Roman Greece and Africa, and they are key for religious and philosophical history, including the history of magic.
  438.  
  439. Champlin, Edward. 1980. Fronto and Antonine Rome. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
  440.  
  441. DOI: 10.4159/harvard.9780674331785Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  442.  
  443. Usefully examines the “Numidian” Fronto in imperial administration and favor as well as in wider society as advocate, champion of Latin letters, and participant in elite intrigue at Rome. Appendices address the chronology of the letters and the uncertain dates of Fronto’s birth and death.
  444.  
  445. Find this resource:
  446.  
  447.  
  448. Fleury, P. 2006. Lectures de Fronton: Un rhéteur latin à l’époque de la Seconde Sophistique. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
  449.  
  450. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  451.  
  452. Argues for Fronto’s literary merits, redressing the general scholarly scorn for Fronto’s actual letters that contrasts the high reputation accorded him in antiquity.
  453.  
  454. Find this resource:
  455.  
  456.  
  457. Harrison, Stephen. 2000. Apuleius: A Latin sophist. Oxford and New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  458.  
  459. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  460.  
  461. Examines Apuleius within the cultural context of the Second Sophistic, assessing his entire oeuvre, his mastery of earlier literature and oratory, his self-presentation, and his stylistics. Emphasizes the local Roman North African milieu of his forensic works and the Antonine cosmopolitanism of his style.
  462.  
  463. Find this resource:
  464.  
  465.  
  466. Millar, Fergus. 1981. The world of the Golden Ass. Journal of Roman Studies 71:63–75.
  467.  
  468. DOI: 10.2307/299497Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  469.  
  470. Convincingly uses Apuleius’s Metamorphoses to sketch out the social and economic lives of poor and dispossessed provincials within the legal and political frameworks of local communities and the empire at large.
  471.  
  472. Find this resource:
  473.  
  474.  
  475. Richlin, Amy. 2006. Marcus Aurelius in love. Marcus Aurelius and Marcus Cornelius Fronto. Chicago and London: Univ. of Chicago Press.
  476.  
  477. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  478.  
  479. Edition (with translation and commentary) of forty-six letters, mostly between the eighteen-year-old Marcus Aurelius and his forty-something rhetoric tutor Fronto, arguing for a physically erotic relationship. Besides this controversial conclusion, there is a wide-ranging introduction, including one for gender studies, and a concordance to Fronto’s letters.
  480.  
  481. Find this resource:
  482.  
  483.  
  484. Van den Hout, Michael P. J. 1999. A commentary on the Letters of M. Cornelius Fronto. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill.
  485.  
  486. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  487.  
  488. Based on van den Hout’s authoritative 1988 Teubner text, this book encompasses grammatical, stylistic, and historical issues, including the chronology of the letters. Seven appendices include one correlating the Letters with Marcus Aurelius’s Meditations and with HA, Pii, Marci, and Veri.
  489.  
  490. Find this resource:
  491.  
  492.  
  493. Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew. 1984. Suetonius: The scholar and his Caesars. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.
  494.  
  495. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  496.  
  497. This investigates Suetonius first as author and man and then for his understanding of Rome’s politics and society. Emphasis is given to his concern for imperial order, learning, and the past.
  498.  
  499. Find this resource:
  500.  
  501.  
  502. Wardle, David. 1998. Suetonius and his own day. In Studies in Latin literature and Roman history. Edited by Carl Deroux, 425–447. Vol. 9. Brussels: Collection Latomus.
  503.  
  504. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  505.  
  506. As opposed to Syme and others, this work persuasively argues that there are no concealed references to Hadrian in Suetonius’s works.
  507.  
  508. Find this resource:
  509.  
  510.  
  511. Material, Numismatic, Legal, and Other Documentary Sources
  512. In addition to the more chronologically encompassing works listed in General Documentary Analyses, focused works on nonliterary sources for the Antonine period are useful. Fittschen 1999 analyzes and illustrates the stunning portraits of Antonine emperors (Antoninus Pius through Commodus), allowing insight into the construction of imperial ideology. The fine coins struck under Trajan, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius, and others were first published as a whole in Strack 1931–1937; more recent publications with better quality illustrations have addressed individual reigns (see Woytek 2010 for Trajan) and subgroups (see Metcalf 1980 on Hadrianic cistophori from Asia). The excellent Roman Provincial Coinage Online site now treats only the Antonine period. Thomas 2007 explores the Antonine era’s impressive architecture, paying particular attention to the provinces. Gordon and Robinson 1988 translates and discusses the only surviving extensive legal work from the 2nd century, a time when emperors such as Hadrian and Marcus Aurelius encouraged jurisprudence and devoted themselves to assessing the law fairly. And Smallwood 1966 is still a useful introduction to the period’s documentary evidence.
  513.  
  514. Fittschen, Klaus. 1999. Prinzenbildnisse antoninischer Zeit. Mainz, Germany: Von Zabern.
  515.  
  516. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  517.  
  518. Lavishly illustrated and documented, this work discusses portraits of imperial males from Antoninus Pius through Commodus, maintaining strictly that portraits followed official prototypes.
  519.  
  520. Find this resource:
  521.  
  522.  
  523. Gordon, W. M., and O. F. Robinson, trans. 1988. The institutes of Gaius. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press.
  524.  
  525. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  526.  
  527. This includes the 1939 Latin text of Seckel and Kuebler and has a full introduction to this textbook of legal institutions composed around 160 CE. This is the only work by a classical jurist that has survived in nearly complete form; it was fundamental to Justinian’s Institutes.
  528.  
  529. Find this resource:
  530.  
  531.  
  532. Metcalf, William E. 1980. The cistophori of Hadrian. New York: American Numismatic Society.
  533.  
  534. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  535.  
  536. Important investigation into the era’s abundant coins, focusing on cistophoric tetradrachms of Hadrian struck in the East. Cautiously attributes different issues to numerous cities, referring to Hadrian’s journey to the East, the Panhellenion, and growing Greek attention to the past.
  537.  
  538. Find this resource:
  539.  
  540.  
  541. Roman Provincial Coinage Online.
  542.  
  543. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  544.  
  545. Aims to categorize and illustrate all provincial coinage of the Roman Empire, 44 BCE–c. 297 CE. Currently covering only 138–192 CE, it contains information on some fourteen thousand coin types, and over nine thousand images.
  546.  
  547. Find this resource:
  548.  
  549.  
  550. Smallwood, E. Mary. 1966. Documents illustrating the Principates of Nerva, Trajan and Hadrian. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  551.  
  552. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  553.  
  554. Primarily epigraphic, with few notes and no translations, this useful collection favors political and military evidence, including imperial cult and administration. Many documents are translated in Robert K. Sherk, The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1988).
  555.  
  556. Find this resource:
  557.  
  558.  
  559. Strack, Paul L. 1931–1937. Untersuchungen zur römischen Reichsprägung des zweiten Jahrhunderts. 3 vols. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer.
  560.  
  561. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  562.  
  563. A still-useful resource, this is perhaps the first modern treatment of Antonine imperial coinage with due consideration of bust variation and other details.
  564.  
  565. Find this resource:
  566.  
  567.  
  568. Thomas, Edmund. 2007. Monumentality and the Roman Empire: Architecture and the Antonine age. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  569.  
  570. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  571.  
  572. Covering the provinces and Rome, private and imperial patrons, literature (especially Lucian), and visual form and function, this work analyzes monumental buildings and their audiences. The Antonines (particularly Pius) encouraged monumental architecture that would evoke empire-wide harmony and prosperity. Copiously illustrated.
  573.  
  574. Find this resource:
  575.  
  576.  
  577. Woytek, Bernhard. 2010. Die Reichsprägung des Kaisers Traianus (98–117). Moneta Imperii Romani 14. 2 vols. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  578.  
  579. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  580.  
  581. The authoritative publication of Trajan’s coinage, including an analytic introduction (with attention to the difficult COS V period of 103–111), a catalogue of types, and the catalogue itself. Easy to use, with copious illustrations.
  582.  
  583. Find this resource:
  584.  
  585.  
  586. Women and Gender
  587. Blood and marriage relationships also figured significantly in this period, enhancing the status of the imperial women and augmenting the roles and visibility of other highly placed women. Raepsaet-Charlier 1987 should be the basis of any work on elite women of this era. Shelton 2012 fruitfully explores Pliny’s Letters for their information on women while recognizing the limits of the evidence. Boatwright 1991 focuses on the images and roles of the imperial women of the Trajanic and Hadrianic period; Noreña 2007 uses such background to explore imperial ideals expressed on Hadrianic coinage. Levick 2014 employs the lens of Faustina the Elder, wife of Antoninus Pius, and Faustina the Younger, wife of Marcus Aurelius, to present (mostly political) history from Hadrian through Commodus. Priwitzer 2008 and Fittschen 1982 focus on Faustina the Younger, who was also mother of Commodus (and some thirteen other children), and is depicted in lurid fashion in literature and more mildly in her numerous portraits (about seventy). Pomeroy 2007 extends the investigation of women’s lives to a nonimperial woman. For further exploration of gender and sexuality, see Richlin 2006 (cited under Individual Latin Authors).
  588.  
  589. Boatwright, Mary T. 1991. Imperial women of the early second century A.C. American Journal of Philology 112:513–540.
  590.  
  591. DOI: 10.2307/294932Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  592.  
  593. Examines all the information for the imperial women of the Trajanic-Hadrianic period, concluding that despite their widely based wealth, connections, and interests, most had traditionally modest personae.
  594.  
  595. Find this resource:
  596.  
  597.  
  598. Fittschen, Klaus. 1982. Das Bildnistypes der Faustina minor und die Fecunditas Augustae. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck and Rupercht.
  599.  
  600. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  601.  
  602. Wide-ranging, thorough examination of the extraordinary number of portrait types (nine) for Faustina the Younger, interpreted as links to the births of her children. Includes an analysis of the portrait types of Lucilla and Crispina (wives of Lucius Verus and Commodus).
  603.  
  604. Find this resource:
  605.  
  606.  
  607. Levick, Barbara M. 2014. Faustina I and II: Imperial women of the golden age. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  608.  
  609. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  610.  
  611. Assesses these two imperial women, both of whom were vital to the Antonine dynasty. They are described in the literary sources as fickle and faithless but were actually fecund and with good family ties. Includes the revolt of Avidius Cassius in 175.
  612.  
  613. Find this resource:
  614.  
  615.  
  616. Noreña, Carlos F. 2007. Hadrian’s chastity. Phoenix 61.3: 296–317.
  617.  
  618. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  619.  
  620. Discussion of Hadrian’s pudicitia, proclaimed on coins; the discussion keeps within the contexts of imperial ideology, the growing prominence of imperial women, and contemporary emphasis on love and marriage.
  621.  
  622. Find this resource:
  623.  
  624.  
  625. Pomeroy, Sarah. 2007. The murder of Regilla: A case of domestic violence in antiquity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
  626.  
  627. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  628.  
  629. Examines an elite Roman woman known from literature and numerous honorific and building inscriptions. Married to (and perhaps killed by) the Greek sophist and political grandee Herodes Atticus, Regilla is made to represent privileged but nonimperial Antonine women.
  630.  
  631. Find this resource:
  632.  
  633.  
  634. Priwitzer, Stefan. 2008. Faustina minor, Ehefrau eines Idealkaisers und Mutter eines Tyrannen: Quellenkritische Untersuchungen zum dynastischen Potential, zur Darstellung und zu Handlungsspielräumen von Kaiserfrauen im Prinzipat. Tübinger althistorische Studien Bd. 6. Bonn, Germany: Dr. Rudolf Habelt.
  635.  
  636. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  637.  
  638. Begins with Hadrian’s succession plans in 136 and ends with Faustina’s death in 175 after the abortive coup of Avidius Cassius. Good critical examination of literary sources (especially Historia Augusta) and topoi such as maleficent (step)mothers and thankless sons of rulers.
  639.  
  640. Find this resource:
  641.  
  642.  
  643. Raepsaet-Charlier, Marie-Thérèse. 1987. Prosopographie des femmes de l’ordre sénatorial (Ier-IIe siècles). 2 vols. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters.
  644.  
  645. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  646.  
  647. Indispensable for research on women in this period, including imperial women. Collects and briefly discusses all the literary and documentary evidence concerning individual women and provides genealogical charts. Individual bibliographies often include visual evidence.
  648.  
  649. Find this resource:
  650.  
  651.  
  652. Shelton, Jo-Ann. 2012. The women of Pliny’s Letters. New York: Routledge.
  653.  
  654. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  655.  
  656. Accessible and balanced, this work illuminates the reality of the lives of the more than thirty women Pliny names (and the more than forty anonymous women appearing in his letters) and how he defines ideal behavior for women, including marriage norms and education.
  657.  
  658. Find this resource:
  659.  
  660.  
  661. Military
  662. Rather than generalizations about Rome’s military forces and history in this period, this section features investigations of individual events and topics linked to Antonine emperors. Coarelli 2000 explores the Column of Trajan, which memorably depicts Trajan and Roman troops in their expansionist wars against the Dacians. Pucci Ben Zeev 2005 focuses on the Second Jewish Revolt, which spread through much of the Jewish diaspora in 115–117. Le Bohec 2003 and Speidel 2006 present and analyze Hadrian’s speeches to the army in Lambaesis, Numidia, allowing a firsthand view of many aspects of military life and of the emperor’s relationship with his troops. The many papers in Schäfer 2003 evaluate the Third Jewish Revolt, disastrously centered in Judaea and around Jerusalem in 132–135. Beckmann 2011 assesses the Column of Marcus Aurelius for its insight into the defensive Marcomannic Wars, begun in 166 and concluded only after Marcus’s death in the warzone. Kovács 2009 provides a succinct introduction to those same wars while exploring a religious event associated with them. Roxan 1978 edits and discusses the hundreds of bronze “diplomas” auxiliary troops received and retained after honorable discharge, allowing insight into the normal functioning of Rome’s army.
  663.  
  664. Beckmann, Martin. 2011. The Column of Marcus Aurelius: The genesis and meaning of a Roman imperial monument. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press.
  665.  
  666. DOI: 10.5149/9780807877777_beckmannSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  667.  
  668. A recent contribution to the study of this fascinating monument that details Marcus Aurelius and his troops in their struggles against the German tribes. Combines attention to historical circumstances and to aesthetics.
  669.  
  670. Find this resource:
  671.  
  672.  
  673. Coarelli, Filippo. 2000. The Column of Trajan. Rome: Colombo and German Archaeological Institute.
  674.  
  675. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  676.  
  677. This lavishly illustrated analysis of the Column and its setting, including Trajan’s Forum and Market, also includes discussion of the Dacian Wars (101–102, 105–106) and of Trajan’s self-presentation in Rome.
  678.  
  679. Find this resource:
  680.  
  681.  
  682. Kovács, Péter. 2009. Marcus Aurelius’ rain miracle and the Marcomannic Wars. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill.
  683.  
  684. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  685.  
  686. Though focused on the “rain miracle” of the Marcomannic Wars, as celebrated by Cassius Dio and on the Column of Marcus Aurelius, this also provides a clear overview of these wars that began in 166–169.
  687.  
  688. Find this resource:
  689.  
  690.  
  691. Le Bohec, Yann, ed. 2003. Les discours d’Hadrien à l’armée d’Afrique: Exercitatio. Paris: De Boccard.
  692.  
  693. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  694.  
  695. Well-illustrated collection of papers (in French) analyzes the context, text, and import of Hadrian’s speeches to the army stationed in the southern part of Africa province in 128.
  696.  
  697. Find this resource:
  698.  
  699.  
  700. Pucci Ben Zeev, Miriam. 2005. Diaspora Judaism in turmoil, 116/117 CE: Ancient sources and modern insights. Leuven, Belgium, and Dudley, MA: Peeters.
  701.  
  702. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  703.  
  704. On the Second Jewish Revolt, which convulsed Egypt, Cyrene, Cyprus, and Mesopotamia while Trajan was engaged in the later stages of the Parthian War. Discusses the papyrological sources that indicate a virtual pogrom in upper Egypt.
  705.  
  706. Find this resource:
  707.  
  708.  
  709. Roxan, Margaret M. 1978–. Roman military diplomas. London: Institute of Archaeology.
  710.  
  711. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  712.  
  713. Beginning in 1978, the series publishes the bronze certificates of honorary discharge and of Roman citizenship grants to Roman auxiliaries. Many date to the Antonine period. Illuminates names of consuls, imperial dates, troop movements, and familial concerns.
  714.  
  715. Find this resource:
  716.  
  717.  
  718. Schäfer, P., ed. 2003. The Bar Kokhba War reconsidered: New perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt against Rome. Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck.
  719.  
  720. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  721.  
  722. Conference papers by important scholars reassessing the Third Jewish Revolt (132–135 CE) within Jewish Palestine and for its consequences for Rome. Much archaeological evidence is adduced.
  723.  
  724. Find this resource:
  725.  
  726.  
  727. Speidel, Michael P. 2006. Emperor Hadrian’s speeches to the African army: A New Text. Mainz, Germany: Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums.
  728.  
  729. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  730.  
  731. In English. More focused on the text of the speeches than Le Bohec 2003. Speidel, a preeminent Roman military historian, provides a translation and includes photos of the fragments pertaining to the inscription, as well as of the larger blocks of text.
  732.  
  733. Find this resource:
  734.  
  735.  
  736. Religion
  737. Abundant, varied sources combine with historical events to encourage interesting and profitable investigation into the religious fervor characterizing the Antonine era. Price 1984 and Fishwick 1987–2000 remain fundamental to our understanding of the imperial cult, arguing convincingly for its vitality and meaning during this period. Sherwin-White 1966 (cited under The Major Literary Historical Sources) discusses the earliest Roman evidence for the Christians, Pliny, Ep. 10.96–97; Pucci Ben Zeev 2005 and Schäfer 2003 (cited under Military) discuss Jewish beliefs and practices while reviewing the Second and Third Jewish Revolts (115–117 CE; 132–135 CE). Since Dodds 1965 much scholarship deliberately includes Christian and Jewish sources, and Lieu 2004 turns directly to questions of identity among Christians, Jews, and those observing them. Rizzi 2010 views Christian, Jewish, and other cults from the viewpoint of the emperor Hadrian. Lane Fox 1987 covers civic cults, oracles, visions, martyrdom, bishops, and more as he works to understand why people became Christians: his view of (Antonine) pagans eschews Dodds’s anxious portrayal. Space precludes coverage here of Mithraism, the cults of Isis and Serapis, theurgy, and other religious practices.
  738.  
  739. Dodds, E. R. 1965. Pagan and Christian in an age of anxiety: Some aspects of religious experience from Marcus Aurelius to Constantine. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  740.  
  741. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511583582Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  742.  
  743. Novel in its day for its Freudian approach to literature-based examination of Christianity’s displacement of polytheistic religions, and in setting patristic writers (e.g., Origen) within their Roman background. Argues for common attitudes and practices such as asceticism, dreams, and mysticism.
  744.  
  745. Find this resource:
  746.  
  747.  
  748. Fishwick, Duncan. 1987–2000. The imperial cult in the Latin West: Studies in the ruler cult of the Western provinces of the Roman Empire. 3 vols. Leiden, The Netherlands, and New York: Brill.
  749.  
  750. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  751.  
  752. Thorough assessment of the epigraphic, archaeological, and literary evidence for the imperial cult, much of which falls into the Antonine era.
  753.  
  754. Find this resource:
  755.  
  756.  
  757. Lane Fox, Robin. 1987. Pagans and Christians. New York: Knopf.
  758.  
  759. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  760.  
  761. Sketches out practices of pagans and Christians in the Greek East from early 2nd century through the age of Constantine. Tends to see the two groups in parallel, isolated from one another. Emphasizes the vibrancy of Antonine civic life and ideas of community.
  762.  
  763. Find this resource:
  764.  
  765.  
  766. Lieu, J. M. 2004. Christian identity in the Jewish and Graeco-Roman world. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  767.  
  768. DOI: 10.1093/0199262896.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  769.  
  770. Covering both the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, this book makes impressive contributions to perceptions of both Christian and Jewish identity in a world of shifting statuses, groups, and beliefs.
  771.  
  772. Find this resource:
  773.  
  774.  
  775. Price, S. R. F. 1984. Rituals and power: The Roman imperial cult in Asia Minor. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  776.  
  777. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  778.  
  779. With an anthropological approach, this book investigates literature, coins, material remains, and epigraphy. Price argues that the imperial cult functioned ritually and symbolically, connecting the inhabitants of Greek cities to Roman imperial power.
  780.  
  781. Find this resource:
  782.  
  783.  
  784. Rizzi, Marco, ed. 2010. Hadrian and the Christians. Berlin and New York: De Gruyter.
  785.  
  786. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  787.  
  788. A collection of essays (English and Italian) by prominent scholars on the Hadrianic period focusing on Christianity and other cults as treated by Hadrian and Roman authorities.
  789.  
  790. Find this resource:
  791.  
  792.  
  793. The Antonine Plague
  794. This plague broke out as Lucius Verus and his troops returned from the Parthian War of 162–166 CE. Perhaps smallpox it had immediately devastating effects and is linked to subsequent famines: Duncan-Jones 1996 hazards that it may have killed as much as a quarter of the empire’s population. Bruun 2007 and Scheidel 2010 are recent contributions to the ongoing debate over whether the plague factored into the “Third Century Crisis.” Bagnall and Frier 1994 briefly but provocatively touches on the demographic effects of the Antonine plague in Egypt: papyrological evidence suggests recovery there by the early 3rd century, with comparative models showing increased fertility as a factor.
  795.  
  796. Bagnall, Roger S., and Bruce W. Frier. 1994. The demography of Roman Egypt. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  797.  
  798. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511584053Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  799.  
  800. Combines modern demographic methods and meticulous examination of the surviving 300-plus census returns (disproportionally Antonine), to investigate and model male and female life expectancy, marriage, fertility, and migration. Despite regional diversity Roman Egypt’s demographic attributes may be basic to the Mediterranean.
  801.  
  802. Find this resource:
  803.  
  804.  
  805. Bruun, Christer. 2007. The Antonine plague and the “third-century crisis.” In Crises and the Roman Empire. Proceedings of the 7th Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire, Nijmegen, 20–24 June 2006. Edited by O. Hekster, G. de Kleijn, and D. Slootjes, 201–218. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  806.  
  807. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004160507.i-448.44Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  808.  
  809. Argues against the plague as a causal factor in the problems of the 3rd century.
  810.  
  811. Find this resource:
  812.  
  813.  
  814. Duncan-Jones, Richard P. 1996. The impact of the Antonine plague. Journal of Roman Archaeology 9:108–136.
  815.  
  816. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  817.  
  818. Collects and analyzes evidence for this devastating epidemic, including evidence of its regionality. Papyri show that it seriously affected Egypt. Epigraphy shows that it decreased both troop strength and public building.
  819.  
  820. Find this resource:
  821.  
  822.  
  823. Scheidel, Walter, and John Sutherland. 2010. Roman well-being and the economic consequences of the Antonine plague. Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ.
  824.  
  825. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  826.  
  827. Argues that even the Roman “high empire” had high levels of morbidity and mortality, especially in cities. The plague brought demographic contraction but should not be deemed pivotal for Roman economic or demographic decline.
  828.  
  829. Find this resource:
  830.  
  831.  
  832. Individual Emperors and Their Reigns
  833. Previous rubrics have broken down important events, issues, and monuments dating to individual emperors, since otherwise the emperors’ bibliographies would be overwhelming. The following sections on individual emperors list biographies and some specialized investigations that do not fit in thematic sections, albeit referring at times to works previously cited. Entries such as Oberleitner 2009 (cited under Lucius Verus) and Goodman 1989 (cited under Nerva) indicate how new research encompasses Antonine art, monuments, provinces, and provincials, as well as military and political history determined at Rome. As Arbore Popescu 1998, Nünnerich-Asmus 2002 (cited under Trajan), and Opper 2008 (cited under Hadrian) demonstrate, significant scholarship has been prompted by museum exhibitions illustrating the rich material culture of the period.
  834.  
  835. Nerva
  836. There is little information about Nerva: his low profile helped him survive imperial crises from his birth c. 30 CE until his natural death in 98 CE, and his rule from 96 CE to 98 CE was short. As Nerva is often credited with starting an imperial policy of adoption of his successor (Garzetti 1950), he is considered “Antonine.” The ancient sources favorably contrast him with Domitian, with Tacitus lauding him as bringing together the Principate and “liberty” (Agricola 3.1). Grainger 2003 is the first to focus on Nerva since Garzetti 1950. Pagé 2009 examines Nerva’s institution of the alimenta, usually discussed with Trajan. Goodman 1989 investigates Nerva’s (inadvertent) contribution to Jewish identity. But usually Nerva is treated somewhat summarily, as in Syme 1958 (cited under The Major Literary Historical Sources) and in scholarship on Trajan or overviews of the Antonine period. Most attention has focused on Nerva as a transition: Grainger 2003, Collins 2009, and Badian 2000 (cited under General Overviews) examine the shift from Domitian, and Eck 2002 looks forward to Trajan.
  837.  
  838. Collins, Andrew W. 2009. The palace revolution: The assassination of Domitian and the accession of Nerva. Phoenix 63.1: 73–106.
  839.  
  840. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  841.  
  842. Against the ideas that Domitian’s death resulted from a senatorial plot and Nerva was the “senate’s emperor,” Collins argues from prosopography and the sources that Nerva, as the author of a palace revolution, crafted his own accession.
  843.  
  844. Find this resource:
  845.  
  846.  
  847. Eck, Werner. 2002. An emperor is made: Senatorial politics and Trajan’s adoption by Nerva in 97. In Philosophy and power in the Graeco-Roman world: Essays in honour of Miriam Griffin. Edited by Gillian Clark and Tessa Rajak, 211–226. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  848.  
  849. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198299905.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  850.  
  851. Using prosopographical patterning, this essay challenges the traditional story of Nerva’s adoption of the military star Trajan, arguing that factional politics at Rome influenced Nerva to appoint a hitherto unremarkable man as legate in Germany.
  852.  
  853. Find this resource:
  854.  
  855.  
  856. Garzetti, Albino. 1950. Nerva. Rome: Signorelli.
  857.  
  858. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  859.  
  860. From close examination of sources, the first half of this short book argues for Nerva’s independence from the senate but continuity with Flavian tendencies other than Domitian’s despotism. The second half comprises prosopographical lists of senators from Nerva’s reign.
  861.  
  862. Find this resource:
  863.  
  864.  
  865. Goodman, Martin. 1989. Nerva, the Fiscus Judaicus and Jewish identity. Journal of Roman Studies 79:26–39.
  866.  
  867. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  868.  
  869. Examination of Nerva’s numismatic celebration of a reform of the Fiscus Judaicus prompts this wide-ranging examination of Jews in imperial Rome. Concludes that the change contributed to the later treatment of Jews more as a religion than as a nation.
  870.  
  871. Find this resource:
  872.  
  873.  
  874. Grainger, John D. 2003. Nerva and the Roman succession crisis of AD 96–99. London: Routledge.
  875.  
  876. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  877.  
  878. Asking why civil war did not occur after Domitian’s assassination in 96 CE, Grainger argues for the continuity and strength of the social network of powerful families in Gaul, Spain, and the East. Includes maps, tables of consuls, and genealogical charts.
  879.  
  880. Find this resource:
  881.  
  882.  
  883. Pagé, Marie-Michelle. 2009. La politique socio-agraire de l’empereur Nerva (96–98). Mélanges de l’École Française de Rome. Antiquité 121.1: 209–240.
  884.  
  885. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  886.  
  887. Stresses Nerva as the originator of the alimenta and publishes the inscriptions attesting to this.
  888.  
  889. Find this resource:
  890.  
  891.  
  892. Trajan
  893. Trajan also benefited from comparison with the hated Domitian and gained the epithet optimus princeps on coins and inscriptions. Bennett 2001 provides an overview of his reign. Stefan 2005 gives a thorough investigation of Trajan’s Dacian Wars (101–102 CE; 105–106 CE), within the historical context of earlier Roman interest in the area and with close attention to Dacian material itself. (Coarelli 2000 and Beckmann 2011, both cited under Military, focus on the Column of Trajan that commemorates the wars.) Carbo Garcia and San Juan 2007 looks at diplomacy relating to the Dacian Wars and the Parthian War (113–117 CE), rather than at military aspects. Nünnerich-Asmus 2002 surveys, with much good material, Trajan’s administration, as well as other high points, especially substantiated by Pliny, Dio of Prusa, and Plutarch (see Sherwin-White 1966, cited under The Major Literary Historical Sources; Jones 1978, Swain 2000, and Stadter and Van der Stockt 2002, cited under Individual Greek Authors (Early Antonine)). Boatwright 1991 (cited under Women and Gender) explores the Trajanic imperial women, who are well illustrated in Opper 2008, cited under Hadrian.
  894.  
  895. Arbore Popescu, Grigore. 1998. Traiano: Ai confini dell’impero. Milan: Electa.
  896.  
  897. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  898.  
  899. Exhibition catalogue attending particularly to Rome’s northern frontiers and Dacia during Trajan’s reign. Includes discussion of the Trajanic arches of Ancona and Benevento and the Tropaeum Traiani of Adamklissi. Objects illustrated pertain to religion, daily life, weaponry, adornment, and more.
  900.  
  901. Find this resource:
  902.  
  903.  
  904. Bennett, Julian. 2001. Trajan: Optimus Princeps. 2d ed. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana Univ. Press.
  905.  
  906. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  907.  
  908. Accessible, illustrated overview of Trajan and his relatives in the political, military, and economic transitions from the Flavians into the 2nd century. Much detail on the military is included here, including an appendix of Cassius Dio’s references to the Dacian Wars. Bennett holds that Trajan’s title as “Best of emperors” was justified.
  909.  
  910. Find this resource:
  911.  
  912.  
  913. Carbo Garcia, Juan Ramon, and Felix Julian Rodriguez San Juan. 2007. Studia Dacica et Parthica. I. Las relaciones diplomaticas entre los enemigos de Rome en epoca de Trajano. Athenaeum 95.1: 321–348.
  914.  
  915. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  916.  
  917. Recent investigation into Trajan’s wars, synoptically assessing the Dacian and Parthian wars.
  918.  
  919. Find this resource:
  920.  
  921.  
  922. Nünnerich-Asmus, Annette, ed. 2002. Traian: Ein Kaiser der Superlative am Beginn einer Umbruchzeit? Mainz, Germany: Von Zabern.
  923.  
  924. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  925.  
  926. Lavishly illustrated collection of essays by prominent German scholars on Trajan’s militarism, administration, building policies (in Asia, Italy, and Rome), and image (especially visual), with maps and timelines.
  927.  
  928. Find this resource:
  929.  
  930.  
  931. Stefan, Alexandre Simon. 2005. Les guerres daciques de Domitien et de Trajan: Architecture militaire, topographie, images et histoire. Collection de l’École Française de Rome 353. Rome: École Française de Rome.
  932.  
  933. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  934.  
  935. Comprehensive study covering the Column of Trajan and other Roman monuments (and coins), the literary sources, and archaeological material in Dacia itself, such as a topographical study of Sarmizegetusa. Balances Roman and non-Roman material, stressing Dacian technical sophistication.
  936.  
  937. Find this resource:
  938.  
  939.  
  940. Hadrian
  941. The complex Hadrian was deemed varius, multiplex, multiformis (Epitome de Caesaribus 14.6). Attentive to the army (see Le Bohec 2003 and Speidel 2006, cited under Military), Hadrian saw the opening and closing years of his reign marred by the Second and Third Jewish Revolts (Pucci Ben Zeev 2005 and Schäfer 2003, also cited under Military). Opper 2008 emphasizes Hadrian’s Wall in Britain and other frontier works and explains how they demonstrated Hadrian’s desire to consolidate the empire rather than expand it. Birley 1997 uses Hadrian’s many journeys as a way to organize the prolific history of Hadrian’s reign; Everitt 2009 is a more accessible and positive work. Boatwright 1987 assesses Hadrian’s imprint on the capital city of Rome. Spawforth and Walker 1985 details Hadrian’s philhellenism through detailed study of his Panhellenion in Athens. Boatwright 2000 assesses the evidence for Hadrian’s lavish patronage of all kinds to cities throughout the provinces and its impact on consensus and prosperity. MacDonald and Pinto 1995 explores Hadrian’s Villa while revealing scholars’ ongoing fascination with Hadrian and his achievements. Lambert 1984 sensitively investigates Hadrian’s open relationship with the beautiful Bithynian youth Antinous, assessing it also for its reception by Christian and later authors. Rizzi 2010 (cited under Religion) includes a paper on heroic cults, including that of Antinous endorsed by Hadrian.
  942.  
  943. Birley, Anthony R. 1997. Hadrian: The restless emperor. London and New York: Routledge.
  944.  
  945. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  946.  
  947. Meticulous presentation of Hadrian’s activities and various social and political networks, stressing the ancient evidence (including Jewish and papyrological sources) and prosopography. Excellent resource.
  948.  
  949. Find this resource:
  950.  
  951.  
  952. Boatwright, Mary T. 1987. Hadrian and the city of Rome. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
  953.  
  954. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  955.  
  956. Topographical analysis of the city of Rome during Hadrian’s reign, assessing his impact on various areas by monumental building and attention to religion and infrastructure.
  957.  
  958. Find this resource:
  959.  
  960.  
  961. Boatwright, Mary T. 2000. Hadrian and the cities of the Roman Empire. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
  962.  
  963. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  964.  
  965. Illustrated investigation of civic benefactions of Hadrian throughout the empire, including changes of civic status, assumption of local magistracies and priesthoods, land attribution, patronage of competitive games, and building of monuments and infrastructure. Concludes that these benefactions contributed to imperial stability.
  966.  
  967. Find this resource:
  968.  
  969.  
  970. Everitt, Anthony. 2009. Hadrian and the triumph of Rome. London: Random House.
  971.  
  972. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  973.  
  974. Popular biography that emphasizes Hadrian’s consolidation of the empire, his philhellenism as a policy, and the tempestuous times he lived in. Two maps are included.
  975.  
  976. Find this resource:
  977.  
  978.  
  979. Lambert, Royston. 1984. Beloved and god: The story of Hadrian and Antinous. New York: Viking.
  980.  
  981. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  982.  
  983. Explores relationship of Hadrian and Antinous, with illustrations, maps, notes, bibliography, and two appendices (“Sculptures of Antinous” and “Coins and Gems”), focusing on psychological, historical, and religious contexts. Sees the affair as pivotal to the course of paganism and Rome’s history.
  984.  
  985. Find this resource:
  986.  
  987.  
  988. MacDonald, William L., and John A. Pinto. 1995. Hadrian’s Villa and its legacy. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.
  989.  
  990. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  991.  
  992. Lavishly illustrated assessment of Hadrian’s Villa, covering at least seven square miles in Tivoli and generally assumed to be emblematic of his empire-wide curiosity and aesthetic finesse. Post-Classical influence of this monumental palace and landscape is also discussed.
  993.  
  994. Find this resource:
  995.  
  996.  
  997. Opper, T. 2008. Hadrian: Empire and conflict. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
  998.  
  999. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1000.  
  1001. Among the many aspects of Hadrian’s reign and his image in this illustrated publication, which accompanied a British Museum exhibition, are Rome’s frontiers, economy, and communications, and the Third Jewish Revolt. Also covered are Hadrian’s architecture and relationships, including his relations with Antinous.
  1002.  
  1003. Find this resource:
  1004.  
  1005.  
  1006. Spawforth, A. J., and Susan Walker. 1985. The world of the Panhellenion I: Athens and Eleusis. Journal of Roman Studies 75:78–104.
  1007.  
  1008. DOI: 10.2307/300654Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1009.  
  1010. To be read with the authors’ 1986 “The World of the Panhellenion II: Three Dorian Cities” (Journal of Roman Studies 76:88–105). The Panhellenion, Hadrian’s cultural and political organization of Greek cities, is viewed from a provincial perspective and is seen as affecting Sparta, Cyrene, and Argos. The Panhellenion helped merge the Greek past and the Roman present.
  1011.  
  1012. Find this resource:
  1013.  
  1014.  
  1015. Antoninus Pius
  1016. An emperor known for making no changes (and indeed, for almost nothing notable), Pius avoided armed conflict whenever possible. Walentowski 1998 explores the main source for his reign. Hüttl 1933–1936 and Rémy 2005 cover Pius’s rule, including the (short-lived) advancement of Britain’s frontier about a hundred miles north, maintenance of Hadrian’s encouragement of Greeks, and attention to minor disturbances in Dacia, with the Armenians, and in northwest Africa. Belloni 1989 draws attention to the marked archaistic tone of coins and other visual arts during Pius’s reign. Levick 2014, cited under Women and Gender, and works on Fronto cited in Individual Latin Authors also illuminate Pius’s reign and social circles.
  1017.  
  1018. Belloni, Gian Guido. 1989. Celebrazioni epiche in medaglioni di Antonino Pio: Una pagina di cultura erudita. Serta historica Antiqua 2:191–205.
  1019.  
  1020. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1021.  
  1022. The coinage of Antoninus Pius includes a notable number of visual references to archaic Rome and early Roman legends that are echoed in other visual arts.
  1023.  
  1024. Find this resource:
  1025.  
  1026.  
  1027. Hüttl, Willy. 1933–1936. Antoninus Pius. 2 vols. Prague: Calve.
  1028.  
  1029. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1030.  
  1031. These are well-documented studies. Volume 1 covers literary sources, Antoninus’s background, and imperial titulature, as well as the period’s legal issues, religious trends, and political and diplomatic questions. Volume 2 covers prosopography of Antoninus’s administrators and military commanders, and cites (without translations) all inscriptions naming Antoninus that were known at Hüttl’s time.
  1032.  
  1033. Find this resource:
  1034.  
  1035.  
  1036. Rémy, Bernard. 2005. Antonin le Pieux, 138–161: Le siècle d’or de Rome. Paris: Fayard.
  1037.  
  1038. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1039.  
  1040. A thorough and positive evaluation of this emperor. Stresses monarchical tendencies, financial prudence, municipal administration, and judicial innovation.
  1041.  
  1042. Find this resource:
  1043.  
  1044.  
  1045. Walentowski, S. 1998. Kommentar zur Vita Antoninus Pius der Historia Augusta. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  1046.  
  1047. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1048.  
  1049. One of the series of Historia Augusta commentaries, this provides comparative historical information for Pius and his reign as presented in the Historia Augusta.
  1050.  
  1051. Find this resource:
  1052.  
  1053.  
  1054. Marcus Aurelius
  1055. Birley 2000 fully explores the political and military aspects of Marcus Aurelius’s reign, including his insistence on joint rule with his adoptive younger “brother” Lucius Verus until the latter’s death, probably early in 169 CE. Horst 2013 draws political import from Marcus’s celebrated Meditations; Hard 2011 provides an accessible translation of the philosophical piece. van Ackeren 2012 provides an up-to-date assessment of many elements of Marcus Aurelius’s reign. Williams 1975 treats two important inscriptions that shed light not only on Marcus Aurelius but also on the culturally and politically important Panhellenion (see also Spawforth and Walker 1985, cited under Hadrian), and on grants of Roman citizenship to provincials, which was a significant issue throughout Roman history. For the Marcomannic Wars and the Column of Marcus Aurelius, see Beckmann 2011 and Kovács 2009, both cited under Military. For the Revolt of Avidius Cassius, which broke out in 175 CE in Egypt, see Levick 2014, cited under Women and Gender. For aspects of Marcus Aurelius’s relationship with his tutor Fronto, see Richlin 2006, cited under Individual Latin Authors.
  1056.  
  1057. Birley, Anthony. 2000. Marcus Aurelius: A biography. Rev. ed. London: Routledge.
  1058.  
  1059. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1060.  
  1061. A detailed study of Marcus Aurelius, attending to politics and prosopography but also to military issues and his philosophy and programs. Essential reading.
  1062.  
  1063. Find this resource:
  1064.  
  1065.  
  1066. Hard, Robin, trans. 2011. Meditations: Marcus Aurelius. With an introduction and notes by Christopher Gill. New York and Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  1067.  
  1068. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1069.  
  1070. This new translation of the Stoic emperor’s Meditations includes bibliographical references and an introduction and helpful notes by Christopher Gill, a scholar of ancient philosophy.
  1071.  
  1072. Find this resource:
  1073.  
  1074.  
  1075. Horst, Claudia. 2013. Marc Aurel: Philosophie und politische Macht zur Zeit der Zweiten Sophistik. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
  1076.  
  1077. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1078.  
  1079. Argues that philosophy was a central medium of political integration and that the “hybrid” culture of the Second Sophistic was essential to the politics of the time.
  1080.  
  1081. Find this resource:
  1082.  
  1083.  
  1084. van Ackeren, Marcel, ed. 2012. A Companion to Marcus Aurelius. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
  1085.  
  1086. DOI: 10.1002/9781118219836Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1087.  
  1088. Covers the main literary and epigraphic sources, his biography and background, Marcus the emperor, material forms of self-representation (including coins, historical reliefs, and portraits), Marcus the philosopher, and his reception. Lists further reading (including works not in English).
  1089.  
  1090. Find this resource:
  1091.  
  1092.  
  1093. Williams, Wynne. 1975. Formal and historical aspects of two new documents of Marcus Aurelius. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 17:37–78.
  1094.  
  1095. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1096.  
  1097. Reviewing two inscriptions documenting Marcus Aurelius’s interest in the Panhellenion and grant of Roman citizenship to an eminent leader in Mauretania (the Tabula Banasitana), this elucidates imperial integration of provinces and provincials.
  1098.  
  1099. Find this resource:
  1100.  
  1101.  
  1102. Lucius Verus
  1103. Only a few scholars have focused on Lucius Verus, since his co-rule with Marcus Aurelius was brief (161–169), and his biography in the Historia Augusta is hostile and dismissive. Quet 2002 turns to coins and Aelius Aristides (see Individual Greek Authors (Late Antonine)) to emphasize the official presentation of seamless imperial collaboration; VanderLeest 1995 argues that an arch from Rome, long dismembered but with important historical reliefs, portrayed Antonine dynastic ideals in the capital city. Oberleitner 2009 explores Verus’s involvement in the Parthian War of 161–166, as well as the image of the Antonine dynasty in the provinces.
  1104.  
  1105. Oberleitner, Wolfgang. 2009. Das Partherdenkmal von Ephesos: Ein Siegesmonument für Lucius Verus und Marcus Aurelius. 2 vols. Vienna: Phoebos.
  1106.  
  1107. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1108.  
  1109. Full publication of the stunning “altar” from Ephesus now exhibited in Vienna’s Kunsthistorisches Museum. This study attends to historical and aesthetic contexts for this enigmatic monument that celebrates the Antonine dynasty as well as the Parthian War of Lucius Verus.
  1110.  
  1111. Find this resource:
  1112.  
  1113.  
  1114. Quet, Marie-Henriette. 2002. Éloge par Aelius Aristide des co-empereurs Marc Aurèle et Lucius Verus, à l’issue de la guerre contre les Parthes. Journal des Savants: 75–150.
  1115.  
  1116. DOI: 10.3406/jds.2002.1651Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1117.  
  1118. Aristides’s “Panegyric in Cyzicus” focuses on the harmonious co-regency of Verus and Aurelius, illustrated also in coins, relatively neglecting Verus’s victory against the Parthians.
  1119.  
  1120. Find this resource:
  1121.  
  1122.  
  1123. VanderLeest, J. 1995. Hadrian, Lucius Verus, and the Arco di Portogallo. Phoenix 49.4: 319–330.
  1124.  
  1125. DOI: 10.2307/1088884Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1126.  
  1127. Identifies the child in the adlocutio relief as Lucius Verus and then argues that the relief portrays not the laudatio memoriae for Hadrian’s wife Sabina, but some event relating to Verus.
  1128.  
  1129. Find this resource:
  1130.  
  1131.  
  1132. Commodus
  1133. Commodus has been damned since Antiquity as a “bad emperor”; Cassius Dio, for example, says (71.36.4a) that at his accession, Rome changed from an age of gold to an age of iron and rust. Hekster 2002 refreshingly moves beyond such judgments and their usual accompanying reassertion of Herodian’s (and others’) presentation of Commodus as a tool of venal underlings, to emphasize Commodus as the agent of his own image. (In van Ackeren 2012, cited under Marcus Aurelius, Hekster offers a summary chapter on the Roman Empire from Marcus Aurelius’s death into the Severan period.) Spiedel 1993 emphasizes the military base of Commodus’s popularity. Palmer 1974 examines legal and epigraphic documents to study Commodus and the city of Rome, and Tucci 2005 illuminates the devastating fire that broke out in the capital city during Commodus’s final year.
  1134.  
  1135. Hekster, Olivier. 2002. Commodus: An emperor at the crossroads. Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben.
  1136.  
  1137. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1138.  
  1139. Focuses not on analyzing political and military events chronologically but on Commodus’s representations through coins, sculptures, inscriptions, gladiatorial games, and other public venues. Looks to newer scholarship to examine the meanings of Commodus’s aggressive self-identification as Hercules and as gladiator.
  1140.  
  1141. Find this resource:
  1142.  
  1143.  
  1144. Palmer, R. E. A. 1974. The excusatio magisteri and the administration of Rome under Commodus, I. Athenaeum 52:268–288.
  1145.  
  1146. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1147.  
  1148. To be read with the author’s 1975 “The excusatio magisteri and the administration of Rome under Commodus.” Athenaeum 53:57–87. A wide-ranging study illuminating Rome under Commodus and imperial control of Rome’s fourteen regions over time.
  1149.  
  1150. Find this resource:
  1151.  
  1152.  
  1153. Spiedel, M. P. 1993. Commodus the god-emperor and the army. Journal of Roman Studies 83:109–114.
  1154.  
  1155. DOI: 10.2307/300981Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1156.  
  1157. Examination of an altar from Dura Europos raised for the safety and victory of Commodus, arguably on 17 March 193. Highlights Commodus’s Herculean assimilation and popularity with the army, and Rome’s generally poor communications (Commodus was assassinated 31 December 192).
  1158.  
  1159. Find this resource:
  1160.  
  1161.  
  1162. Tucci, Pier Luigi. 2005. Galen’s storeroom, Rome’s libraries, and the fire of A.D. 192. Journal of Roman Archaeology 21:133–149.
  1163.  
  1164. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  1165.  
  1166. Examination of Galen’s treatise “On the Avoidance of Grief” discloses information about central Rome in the late Antonine period, including information on storehouses along the Via Sacra that apparently contained imperial archives.
  1167.  
  1168. Find this resource:
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