Initialize()

// DirectX device initialization and creation -----------------------------------------
bool D3D::Initialize(int screenWidth, int screenHeight, bool vsync, HWND hwnd, bool fullscreen, float screenDepth, float screenNear)
{
    HRESULT result;
    IDXGIFactory* factory;
    IDXGIAdapter* adapter;
    IDXGIOutput* adapterOutput;
    unsigned int numModes, i, numerator, denominator, stringLength;
    DXGI_MODE_DESC* displayModeList;
    DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC adapterDesc;
    int error;
    DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC swapChainDesc;
    D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevel;
    ID3D11Texture2D* backBufferPtr;
    D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC depthBufferDesc;
    D3D11_DEPTH_STENCIL_DESC depthStencilDesc;
    D3D11_DEPTH_STENCIL_VIEW_DESC depthStencilViewDesc;
    D3D11_RASTERIZER_DESC rasterDesc;
    D3D11_VIEWPORT viewport;
    float fieldOfView, screenAspect;

    // Store the vsync and fullscreen settings
    mVsyncEnabled = vsync;
    mFullscreen = fullscreen;

    // Create a DirectX graphics interface factory
    result = CreateDXGIFactory(__uuidof(IDXGIFactory), (void**)&factory);
    if (FAILED(result)) { return false; }

    // Use the factory to create an adapter for the primary graphics interface (video card)
    result = factory->EnumAdapters(0, &adapter);
    if (FAILED(result)) { return false; }

    // Enumerate the primary adapter output (monitor)
    result = adapter->EnumOutputs(0, &adapterOutput);
    if (FAILED(result)) { return false; }

    // Get the number of modes that fit the DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM display format for the adapter output (monitor)
    result = adapterOutput->GetDisplayModeList(DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, DXGI_ENUM_MODES_INTERLACED, &numModes, NULL);
    if (FAILED(result)) { return false; }

    // Create a list to hold all the possible display modes for this monitor/video card combination
    displayModeList = new DXGI_MODE_DESC[numModes];
    if (!displayModeList) { return false; }

    // Now fill the display mode list structures
    result = adapterOutput->GetDisplayModeList(DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, DXGI_ENUM_MODES_INTERLACED, &numModes, displayModeList);
    if (FAILED(result)) { return false; }

    // Now go through all the display modes and find the one that matches the screen width and height
    // When a match is found store the numerator and denominator of the refresh rate for that monitor
    for (i = 0; i<numModes; i++)
    {
        if (displayModeList[i].Width == (unsigned int)screenWidth)
        {
            if (displayModeList[i].Height == (unsigned int)screenHeight)
            {
                numerator = displayModeList[i].RefreshRate.Numerator;
                denominator = displayModeList[i].RefreshRate.Denominator;
            }
        }
    }

    // Get the adapter (video card) description
    result = adapter->GetDesc(&adapterDesc);
    if (FAILED(result)) { return false; }

    // Store the dedicated video card memory in megabytes
    mVideoCardMemory = (int)(adapterDesc.DedicatedVideoMemory / 1024 / 1024);

    // Convert the name of the video card to a character array and store it
    error = wcstombs_s(&stringLength, mVideoCardDescription, 128, adapterDesc.Description, 128);
    if (error != 0) { return false; }

    // Release the display mode list
    delete[] displayModeList;
    displayModeList = 0;

    // Release the adapter output
    adapterOutput->Release();
    adapterOutput = 0;

    // Release the adapter
    adapter->Release();
    adapter = 0;

    // Release the factory
    factory->Release();
    factory = 0;

    // Initialize the swap chain description
    ZeroMemory(&swapChainDesc, sizeof(swapChainDesc));

    // Set to a single back buffer
    swapChainDesc.BufferCount = 1;

    // Set the width and height of the back buffer
    swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Width = screenWidth;
    swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Height = screenHeight;

    // Set regular 32-bit surface for the back buffer
    swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;

    // Set the refresh rate of the back buffer
    if (mVsyncEnabled)
    {
        swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = numerator;
        swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = denominator;
    }
    else
    {
        swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = 0;
        swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = 1;
    }

    // Set the usage of the back buffer
    swapChainDesc.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;

    // Set the handle for the window to render to
    swapChainDesc.OutputWindow = hwnd;

    // Turn multisampling off
    swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
    swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;

    // Set to full screen or windowed mode
    if (mFullscreen)
    {
        swapChainDesc.Windowed = false;
    }
    else
    {
        swapChainDesc.Windowed = true;
    }

    // Set the scan line ordering and scaling to unspecified
    swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.ScanlineOrdering = DXGI_MODE_SCANLINE_ORDER_UNSPECIFIED;
    swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Scaling = DXGI_MODE_SCALING_UNSPECIFIED;

    // Discard the back buffer contents after presenting
    swapChainDesc.SwapEffect = DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_DISCARD;

    // Don't set the advanced flags
    swapChainDesc.Flags = 0;

    // Set the feature level to DirectX 11
    featureLevel = D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0;

    // Create the swap chain, Direct3D device, and Direct3D device context
    result = D3D11CreateDeviceAndSwapChain(NULL, D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE, NULL, 0, &featureLevel, 1, D3D11_SDK_VERSION, &swapChainDesc, &mSwapChain, &mDevice, NULL, &mDeviceContext);
    if (FAILED(result)) { return false; }

    // Get the pointer to the back buffer.
    result = mSwapChain->GetBuffer(0, __uuidof(ID3D11Texture2D), (LPVOID*)&backBufferPtr);
    if (FAILED(result)) { return false; }

    // Create the render target view with the back buffer pointer
    result = mDevice->CreateRenderTargetView(backBufferPtr, NULL, &mRenderTargetView);
    if (FAILED(result)) { return false; }

    // Release pointer to the back buffer as we no longer need it
    backBufferPtr->Release();
    backBufferPtr = 0;

    // Initialize the description of the depth buffer
    ZeroMemory(&depthBufferDesc, sizeof(depthBufferDesc));

    // Set up the description of the depth buffer
    depthBufferDesc.Width = screenWidth;
    depthBufferDesc.Height = screenHeight;
    depthBufferDesc.MipLevels = 1;
    depthBufferDesc.ArraySize = 1;
    depthBufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
    depthBufferDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
    depthBufferDesc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;
    depthBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
    depthBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_DEPTH_STENCIL;
    depthBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
    depthBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;

    // Create the texture for the depth buffer using the filled out description
    result = mDevice->CreateTexture2D(&depthBufferDesc, NULL, &mDepthStencilBuffer);
    if (FAILED(result)) { return false; }

    // Initialize the description of the stencil state
    ZeroMemory(&depthStencilDesc, sizeof(depthStencilDesc));

    // Set up the description of the stencil state
    depthStencilDesc.DepthEnable = true;
    depthStencilDesc.DepthWriteMask = D3D11_DEPTH_WRITE_MASK_ALL;
    depthStencilDesc.DepthFunc = D3D11_COMPARISON_LESS;
    depthStencilDesc.StencilEnable = true;
    depthStencilDesc.StencilReadMask = 0xFF;
    depthStencilDesc.StencilWriteMask = 0xFF;

    // Stencil operations if pixel is front-facing
    depthStencilDesc.FrontFace.StencilFailOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP;
    depthStencilDesc.FrontFace.StencilDepthFailOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_INCR;
    depthStencilDesc.FrontFace.StencilPassOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP;
    depthStencilDesc.FrontFace.StencilFunc = D3D11_COMPARISON_ALWAYS;

    // Stencil operations if pixel is back-facing
    depthStencilDesc.BackFace.StencilFailOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP;
    depthStencilDesc.BackFace.StencilDepthFailOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_DECR;
    depthStencilDesc.BackFace.StencilPassOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP;
    depthStencilDesc.BackFace.StencilFunc = D3D11_COMPARISON_ALWAYS;

    // Create the depth stencil state
    result = mDevice->CreateDepthStencilState(&depthStencilDesc, &mDepthStencilState);
    if (FAILED(result)) { return false; }

    // Set the depth stencil state
    mDeviceContext->OMSetDepthStencilState(mDepthStencilState, 1);

    // Initailze the depth stencil view
    ZeroMemory(&depthStencilViewDesc, sizeof(depthStencilViewDesc));

    // Set up the depth stencil view description
    depthStencilViewDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
    depthStencilViewDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_DSV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
    depthStencilViewDesc.Texture2D.MipSlice = 0;

    // Create the depth stencil view
    result = mDevice->CreateDepthStencilView(mDepthStencilBuffer, &depthStencilViewDesc, &mDepthStencilView);
    if (FAILED(result)) { return false; }

    // Bind the render target view and depth stencil buffer to the output render pipeline
    mDeviceContext->OMSetRenderTargets(1, &mRenderTargetView, mDepthStencilView);

    // Setup the raster description which will determine how and what polygons will be drawn
    rasterDesc.AntialiasedLineEnable = false;
    rasterDesc.CullMode = D3D11_CULL_BACK;
    rasterDesc.DepthBias = 0;
    rasterDesc.DepthBiasClamp = 0.0f;
    rasterDesc.DepthClipEnable = true;
    rasterDesc.FillMode = D3D11_FILL_SOLID;
    rasterDesc.FrontCounterClockwise = false;
    rasterDesc.MultisampleEnable = false;
    rasterDesc.ScissorEnable = false;
    rasterDesc.SlopeScaledDepthBias = 0.0f;

    // Create the rasterizer state from the description we just filled out
    result = mDevice->CreateRasterizerState(&rasterDesc, &mRasterState);
    if (FAILED(result)) { return false; }

    // Now set the rasterizer state
    mDeviceContext->RSSetState(mRasterState);

    // Setup the viewport for rendering.
    viewport.Width = (float)screenWidth;
    viewport.Height = (float)screenHeight;
    viewport.MinDepth = 0.0f;
    viewport.MaxDepth = 1.0f;
    viewport.TopLeftX = 0.0f;
    viewport.TopLeftY = 0.0f;

    // Create the viewport
    mDeviceContext->RSSetViewports(1, &viewport);

    // Setup the projection matrix
    fieldOfView = (float)D3DX_PI / 4.0f;
    screenAspect = (float)screenWidth / (float)screenHeight;

    // Create the projection matrix for 3D rendering
    D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH(&mProjectionMatrix, fieldOfView, screenAspect, screenNear, screenDepth);

    // Initialize the world matrix to the identity matrix
    D3DXMatrixIdentity(&mWorldMatrix);

    // Create an orthographic projection matrix for 2D rendering
    D3DXMatrixOrthoLH(&mOrthoMatrix, (float)screenWidth, (float)screenHeight, screenNear, screenDepth);

    // SUCCESS
    return true;
}