\documentclass[preview,11pt]{standalone}
\input{tikz_preamble.tex}

\begin{document}
    \definecolor{red}{RGB}{187,14,13}
    \definecolor{lightgreen}{RGB}{0,184,150}
    \definecolor{orange}{RGB}{254,152,33}
    \definecolor{medblue}{RGB}{12,9,194}
    \definecolor{darkgreen}{RGB}{22,119,21}
\begin{tikzpicture}
    \clip (-7,-3.6) rectangle (3.1,3.6);
    \coordinate (origin) at (0,0);
    \shadedraw[inner color=orange, outer color = yellow,draw=black] (origin) circle[radius=0.2cm] node[label={[label distance=5pt]left:Sun}](Sun){};
    \foreach \angle in { 0,22.5,...,359  } {
        \shade[inner color=yellow, outer color = Goldenrod,draw=black,below,rotate around={\angle:(Sun.center)},line cap=rect]
        ($(Sun.center) + (0.25,0)$)
        -- ($(Sun.center) + (6:0.25) $)
        -- ($(Sun.center) + (0.35,0) $)
        -- ($(Sun.center) + (-6:0.25) $)
        -- cycle;
    }
    \path [thick,draw=medblue,postaction={mid arrow=medblue}] (origin) circle (1.8) node(blueorbit){};
    \path [thick,draw=red,postaction={mid arrow=red}] (origin) circle (2.3);
    \draw [thick,color=lightgreen,postaction={mid arrow=lightgreen}] ($ (origin) + (1.8,0) $) arc[start angle= 0, end angle=180, x radius=4, y radius=3];
    \draw [thick,color=lightgreen,dotted] ($ (origin) + (1.8,0) $) arc[start angle= 0, end angle=-180, x radius=4, y radius=3];
    \draw [thick,color=orange,postaction={mid arrow=orange}] ($ (origin) + (-6.2,0) $) arc[start angle= -180, end angle=0, x radius=4.25, y radius=3.5];
    \draw [thick,color=orange,dotted] ($ (origin) + (2.3,0) $) arc[start angle= 0, end angle=180, x radius=4.25, y radius=3.5];
    \draw[->,line width=1.5pt,color=darkgreen] ($ (origin)  + (1.8,0)$) node(1)[color=black,left]{\circled{$ 1 $}} -- +(0, 1.25);
    \draw[->,line width=1.5pt,color=darkgreen] ($ (origin)  + (-6.2,0) $) node(2)[color=black,left,thin]{\circled{$ 2 $}} -- +(0, -1.25);
    \draw[->,line width=1.5pt,color=red] ($ (origin)  + (2.3,0) $) node(3)[color=black,right]{\circled{$ 3 $}} -- +(0, -1.25);
%   \draw[loosely dotted]
    \draw[decorate,decoration={calligraphic brace,raise=0.5cm,amplitude=10pt},line width=1pt] (-6.2, 0) -- node[above=0.9cm,fill=white,inner sep=1pt](r3){$ r_3 $} (origin);
    \draw[decorate,decoration={calligraphic brace,raise=0.5cm,amplitude=10pt,mirror},line width=1pt] (-2.3,0) -- node[below=0.9cm,fill=white,inner sep=0.5pt](r2){$ r_2 $} (origin);
    \draw[decorate,decoration={calligraphic brace,raise=0.5cm,amplitude=10pt,mirror},line width=1pt] (origin) --node[below=0.9cm,fill=white,inner sep=1pt](r1){$ r_1 $} (1.8,0);
%   \draw[dotted,semithick] (0,0.5) -- (0,-0.5);
%   \draw[dashed,semithick] (origin) -- +(0,-0.8);
    \draw[dotted,semithick] ($ (origin) - (2.3,0) $) -- +(0,-0.5);
    \draw[dotted,semithick] ($ (origin) + (1.8,0) $) -- +(0,-0.5);
    \draw[dotted,semithick] ($ (origin) - (6.2,0) $) -- +(0,0.5);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}