2018-03-06 TOEFL: word roots, reading paraphrase

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word Roots - list 4 - think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root
icon (iconography, iconoclast, iconic) = image
idio (idiomatic, idiosyncrasy, idiot) = oneself
il/im/in/ir (illegal, impossible, inconsiderate, irresponsible) = not
il/im/in/ir (illuminate, impress, inhale, irradiate) = in
	il- before L (illegal, illuminate, illegible, illustrious, illustrate)
	ir- before R (irrational, irrepresible, irrigate)
	im- before P, B, M (imbue, imbalance, immobile)
	in- before everything else (inane, inconceivable, indubitable, ineffable, infraction…)
infra (infrastructure, infrared) = under (usually opposite of “ultra”)
inter (interview, international, intercept) = between/among
intra/intro (intravenous, introvert) = into (the direction)
ject (interject, eject) = throw/thrust
junct (junction, conjunction, adjunct) = join/joined
kine (kinetic, kinesthetic, telekinesis) = movement
lab (labor, collaborate, elaborate) = work
lex/lect (lexical, dyslexia, lecture, dialect) = word/speak (sometimes ‘pick’ or ‘choose’)
loc (location, dislocation, relocate) = place
luc (translucent, elucidate) = light (This root is always before ‘e’ or ‘i’, so the sound is /s/.)
lum (illuminate, lumen) = light
macro (macroeconomics, macroevolution) = big (in size)
magni (magnify, magnificent, magnate) = great (in size or quality)
mal (malpractice, malaria, malicious) = bad
man/mani/manu (manual, maneuver, manuscript) = hand
mar (marine, maritime) = sea
mega (megabyte, megastructure, megalith) = huge (unit prefix = 1,000,000)
meta (metamorphosis, metastasis) = change
meta (metaphysics, metacognition, metadata) = beyond/about (metacognition is thinking about thought, metadata is information about the data you transmit)
micro (microscope, microphone, microbe) = tiny (unit prefix = 1/1,000,000)
migr (immigrate, migrant) = move (from one place to another)
mis (misbehave, misnomer) = wrong
miss/mit (dismiss, transmit, missile) = send
mono (monochromatic, monotonous, monologue) = one
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TOEFL test: four sections, each worth 30 points
1 reading: three or four passages, 60 or 80 minutes to answer 14-15 questions about all of them
2 listening: two or three sets of three listenings each (6 or 9 listenings), about 60-90 minutes total
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking: six tasks, 5m30s of recorded speaking time, about 20 minutes total
4 writing: two tasks, 20 and 30 minutes of writing, about 60 minutes total
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Reading Question Types:
- fact
- negative fact
- purpose
- vocabulary
- paraphrase
- inference
- reference/pronouns
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- categories/organize
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Paraphrase Questions - There’s usually just one of these for each reading passage, but understanding and identifying paraphrases is important for the rest of the reading and the writing sections.
DELTA p. 110-112 has descriptions and clues for answering paraphrase questions
- The sentence in the sample question starts with “these studies”, so you need to read before it to know which studies it’s about.
- The sentence has two clauses: “these studies...climate change” and “even though...begun”
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The correct answer includes the same two pieces of information, but uses different words.
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p. 114-115 - Take 4 minutes to answer the first four paraphrase questions. Then compare your answers with your partners and try to reach an agreement about which answer is correct.
“Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.”
1 D
2 A
3 C
4 B
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BREAK
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Handout (Cengage) p. 103-105 exercise 5.1 - Take 10 minutes to decide if the second sentence is a Correct paraphrase, an Incomplete restatement (true information but not all the essential information), or an inaccurate restatement (X) of the first sentence.
Check with your partners and try to reach an agreement (especially between C and the other options)
1 incomplete (but also incorrect because not all reptiles are lizards)
2 correct
3 incorrect (Middleton is the name of the study, Muncie was the name of the town.)
4 incorrect
5 correct
6 incorrect (They’re all two-word names, but the second word might be a type of rock or “formation”.)
7 correct
8 incomplete
9 incorrect (You should also be able to infer from the original sentence that Handel wrote before the mid-nineteenth century.)
10 correct
11 correct
12 incorrect (“rivaled” means they were equally good painters)
13 incorrect (“no exception” means Greek literature followed the general rule, so its poetry developed before prose)
14 incorrect (What he discovered was about sand dunes, not glaciers.)
15 incomplete (It’s missing the information about visual spectacles.)
16 incorrect (“There is no validity” means those stories are not true.)
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Handout (Cambridge) p. 188-190 exercise R13 - Take 7 minutes to choose the correct paraphrase of each highlighted sentence.
Then compare with your partners and discuss why you think wrong answers are wrong. (Are they inaccurate or incomplete?) Pay close attention to subjects and objects in the original sentences.
1 B
2 D
3 C
4 B
5 D
6 A
7 B
8 C
9 A
10 A
“The plates are driven by a system of currents in the hot magma that behave like conveyor belts.”
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Handout (Oxford) p. 142 - Read about Ben and Jerry’s business.
p. 143 exercise 3R9 - Find the synonyms for these words in the text.
1 campaigns
2 premiums
3 launched
4 lip service
5 conscience (careful to pronounce it differently from “conscious”)
6 soared
7 struck a chord with (similar to “resonated with”)
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Homework: handout exercise 3R8 (vocabulary) and 3R10 (paraphrase questions)