#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define ll int64_t
#define fr(i,a,b) for(ll i=a;i <= b;i++)
#define fd(i,a,b) for(ll i=a;i >= b;i--)
#define rep(i,n) for(ll i=0;i < n;i++)
#define fast_io ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0);
#define sz(x) x.size()
#define pll pair<ll,ll>
#define mp make_pair
#define fir first
#define sec second
#include <stdint.h>

ll n,k;

void move(ll & ind,ll a,ll b) {
    ll temp = ind,mid = (a+b)/2ll;
    if(temp <= mid) {
        temp = a + (temp-a)*2ll;
    }
    else {
        temp = a + 1ll + (temp-mid-1ll)*2ll;
    }
    ind = temp;
}

pll find(ll ind,ll i) {
    ind += 1ll;
    ll lo = 1ll,hi = (1ll << i);
    while(lo < hi) {
        ll mid = (lo+hi)/2ll;
        if(mid * (1ll << (n-i)) >= ind) hi = mid;
        else lo = mid+1ll;
    }
    ll f = (lo-1ll) * (1ll << (n-i)),s = (1ll << (n-i))-1ll;
    pll ret = mp(f,f + s);
}

int main() {
    fast_io;
    ll t; cin >> t;
    rep(q,t) {
        cin >> n >> k;
        ll ind = k;
        fd(i,n-1,0) {
            pll temp = find(ind,i);
            move(ind,temp.fir,temp.sec);
        }
        cout << ind << endl;
    }
}