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Liang Qichao (Chinese Studies)

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. In the transitional period spanning the latter part of the Qing dynasty to the early republican era, Liang Qichao (Liang Ch’i-ch’ao) 梁启超 (b. 1873–d. 1929), perhaps a failed politician, was well known as a Chinese scholar, journalist, philosopher, and reformist. There is no doubt that Liang Qichao was one of the most influential historical figures in 20th-century China, and his voluminous writings were read by almost every educated person in China at the turn of the century. The first complete collection of Liang’s works, published in 1936 by Zhonghua shuju, and the completion of a Chronology of Liang’s life in the same year, marked a dynamic achievement in the field of Liang Qichao studies. From this point up to 1949, few serious research works on Liang Qichao emerged except for Wu Qichang’s吴其昌 Liang Qichao zhuan 梁启超传 (1944), the first intellectual biography of Liang Qichao. However, it remained unfinished as the author died one month after he completed the first volume. From 1949 to the late 1970s the study of Liang Qichao in mainland China was characterized by ideologically fuelled criticism of Liang’s “anti-revolutionary” stance, while in Taiwan more scholarly works emerged to explore various aspects of Liang’s ideas and activities. Works produced by the scholars in Taiwan, along with three English intellectual biographies of Liang Qichao published during the 1950s to the 1970s, marked a new phase of intellectual query into Liang’s life and work in both Chinese and English literature. It was not until the 1980s that the study of Liang Qichao in mainland China flourished and scholars gradually changed their revolutionary tones and adopted a more objective scholarly approach. Thousands of publications in various forms have been published since then and the quality of research is inconsistent. Research themes are largely formed and developed in accordance with the stages of Liang’s life, mainly investigating his ideas and activities around the 1898 Reform; the role of Japan in Liang’s intellectual development; Liang as a politician in the early republican years; and his scholarly work and changes in his ideas after 1918. The existing publications touch upon almost every aspect of his life, his political ideas and activities, and his views on education, historiography, literature, journalism, language and translation, philosophy, Buddhism and national learning, laws and economics. The study of Liang Qichao has become a significant part of scholarship on modern Chinese history.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews
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  7. Zhang 1964 and Zhang 1999 represent breakthroughs in the study of Liang Qichao in Chinese literature, while Levenson 1953 provided the first intellectual biography of Liang Qichao in English literature. Chang 1971 systematically analyzes Liang’s intellectual development between 1890 and 1907; and Huang 1972 explores the complex changes in Liang’s understanding of modern liberalism. Zarrow 2014 narrates Liang’s life and intellectual development with a focus on the evolution of his views on the state and nation. Both Tang 2011 and Xia 2014 are exemplary scholarly works on Liang Qichao and on the study of Liang Qichao in mainland China.
  8.  
  9. Chang, Hao. Liang Ch’i-Ch’ao and Intellectual Transition in China, 1890–1907. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971.
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  11. A study on Liang’s intellectual development before and after the 1898 Reform Movement, providing a systematic in-depth analysis of Liang’s reformist concept of the “new citizen.”
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  13. Huang, Philip C. Liang Chi-ch’ao and Modern Chinese Liberalism. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1972.
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  15. By focusing on Liang’s ethical notion of the new citizen, this book provides new insights into the complexity of Liang’s understanding of liberalism from a perspective of Japan-China cultural exchange.
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  17. Levenson, Joseph. Liang Ch’i-Ch’ao and the Mind of Modern China. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1953.
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  19. An astute account and analysis of Liang as a contributor to the political history of the latter part of the Qing and early republic era, representing the research on Liang Qichao in the English literature in the 1950s and 1960s.
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  21. Tang Zhijun汤志钧. Liang Qichao qiren qishi (梁启超其人其事). Beijing: Zhongguo remin daxue chubanshe, 2011.
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  23. A collection of Tang’s essays on Liang Qichao and on the study of Liang Qichao, touching upon almost every aspect of this particular research area. The book reviews in this collection offer critical and insightful comments, which provide practical guidance for the use of research materials in the field of Liang Qichao studies.
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  25. Xia Xiaohong夏晓虹. Liang Qichao: zai zhengzhi yu xueshu zhijian (梁启超：在政治与学术之间). Beijing: Dongfang chubanshe, 2014.
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  27. A collection of Xia’s thirteen essays in five sections on Liang Qichao published since 2006, most of which are based on recently discovered material recounting various aspects of Liang’s political life and scholarly activities, with a focus on his oscillation between politics and scholarship.
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  29. Zarrow, Peter. After the Empire. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2014.
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  31. Chapter 2 (pp. 56–88), “Liang Qichao and the Citizen State,” provides a concise history of the evolution and development of Liang’s ideas on the “state” and nation. Clearly narrated and well analyzed.
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  33. Zhang Pengyuan 张朋园 (Chang P’eng-yuan). Liang Qichao yu Qingji geming (梁啟超與清季革命). Taipei: Zhongyang yanjiuyuan jindiashi yanjiusuo, 1964.
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  35. An original account of Liang’s political ideas and motivation against the sociopolitical backdrop of the period between 1894 and 1911. The book was reprinted three times in Taiwan (1969, 1982, and 1999) and also gained popularity in mainland China where Jilin chuban jituan issued the first Mainland China edition in 2007. In 2013 Shanghai sanlian shudian included it in a series of works by Zhang.
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  37. Zhang Pengyuan 张朋园 (Chang P’eng-yuan). Liang Qichao yu Minguo zhengzhi (梁啟超與民國政治). Taipei: Zhongyang yanjiuyuan jindiashi yanjiusuo, 1999.
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  39. A comprehensive study on Liang’s ideas and activities in the political milieu of the early republic government, with careful and detailed source evidence and balanced arguments. Along with Zhang 1964, the book provides a complete biography of Liang Qichao. After its first publication in 1978 by Shihuo chubanshe (Taipei), it was reprinted in both Taiwan and mainland China.
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  41. Primary Sources
  42.  
  43. Liang Qichao left behind a prodigious amount of writings. After his death, Lin Zhijun林志钧 undertook the task of compiling a comprehensive collection of Liang’s work. However, the study of Liang Qichao did not flourish until a few decades later. In mainland China, Liang began to receive scholarly attention in the 1980s, and a considerable number of works focus on the reproduction of Liang’s writings.
  44.  
  45. Collections and Completed Works
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  47. Liang 1905, Liang 1916a, Liang 1916b, and Liang 1926 are four collections including various selections of Liang’s writings before the publication of Liang 1936, the first comprehensive collection of Liang’s work. Liang 1989 and Liang 1999 are reproductions of Liang 1936 with limited revisions. Liang 2005 includes about 450 items not included in the previous collections.
  48.  
  49. Liang Qichao梁启超. Fenlei jingjiao Yinbingshi wenji (分类精校饮冰室文集). 2 vols. Shanghai: Guangzhi shuju, 1905.
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  51. Based on the earliest chronological collection of Liang’s writings up to 1902 by He Jingyi 何擎一this enlarged collection includes 254 writings of Liang Qichao up to 1905, organized into fourteen categories.
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  53. Liang Qichao 梁启超. Yinbingshi heji饮冰室全集. 40 ce册. Shanghai: Zhonghua shuju, 1916a.
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  55. This collection was selected by Liang himself, including his writings mainly on current affairs, politics, and letters. First published in September 1916 and reprinted in November 1916. In 1917 Liang reproduced a reduced version of this collection in 48 CE.
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  57. Liang Qichao 梁启超. Yinbingshi congzhu (饮冰室丛著). Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1916b.
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  59. A collection of thirteen works of Liang Qichao’s writings published between 1902 and 1915. It inlcudes Liang’s important works such as Xinmin shuo 新民说 (New Citizens), and Yinbingshi ziyou shu 饮冰室自由书 (Yinbingshi on freedom).
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  61. Liang Qichao梁启超. Yinbingshi wenji 饮冰室文集. Shanghai: Zhonghua shuju, 1926.
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  63. A thread-bound collection with five volumes, including Liang’s writings before the 1898 Reform till the period 1914–1925; the fifth volume contains his literature works, his prefaces, or forewords. While comprehensive compared with the previous published collections, this still does not include a few important and lengthy works of Liang’s, such as Qingdai xueshu gailun 清代学术概论.
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  65. Liang Qichao梁启超. Yinbingshi heji饮冰室合集. Edited by Lin Zhijun 林志钧. Shanghai: Zhonghua shuju, 1936.
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  67. The first comprehensive collection of Liang Qichao’s writings in 40 CE including Yinbingshi wenji 饮冰室文集 selected by Liang himself, his unpublished works, and the essays and articles originally published in newspapers and journals. First published in 1936, this collection along with the Chronology by Ding and Zhao 1936 (cited under Life and Work: Chronologies), have become two of the most important sources in the study of Liang Qichao.
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  69. Liang Qichao梁启超. Yinbingshi heji饮冰室合集. 12 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1989.
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  71. A reprint of the 1936 edition, this is the most comprehensive collection of Liang’s work to date and has been reprinted several times. However, the reprinted editions still do not have the page numbers running consistently and there is no index or footnotes.
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  73. Liang Qichao梁启超. Liang Qichao quanji (梁启超全集). Edited by Zhang Pinxing 张品兴. 10 vols. Beijing: Beijing chubanshe, 1999.
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  75. A reprint based on Liang 1936 but in horizontal script, reorganized according to the style and content such as political commentaries (shilun), scholarly essays, critics of poetry, poetry, plays and fictions, rubbings, chronicles, travel writings, and letters. The letters are divided into family letters and letters with friends and others. However the dates of letters before mid-1912 are in disarray.
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  77. Liang Qichao梁启超. Yinbingshi heji: Jiwai wen (饮冰室合集 集外文). 3 vols. Compiled by Xia Xiaohong 夏晓虹. Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe, 2005.
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  79. A collection of about 450 items not included in Yinbingshi heji. An important supplementary to the existing primary sources in the study of Liang Qichao.
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  81. Collections of Unpublished Materials and Selected Works with Commentaries
  82.  
  83. Since the 1980s there have been many selections of Liang’s writings published in mainland China, many of which overlap and are not essential. Guoli zhongyang tushuguan 1995, Zhonghua shuju bianjibu 1994 and Zhonghua shuju bianjibu (along with Beijing Kuangshi guoji paimai youxian gongsi) 2012 however, are collections of discovered research material that are highly valuble to the study of Liang Qichao. Liu and Zhai 2012, Xia 1992, Dai 2011, and Zhu 2010 contain selected collections of Liang’s works and feature scholarly reviews rather than simply reproductions of Liang’s writings. Wang 1987, is the reprint of a 1957 edition of Liang’s writings that, while it bore the imprint of the scholarship in the 1950s, added commentaries that reflected the high quality of the author’s own research into historical documents.
  84.  
  85. Dai Yi 戴逸, ed. Liang Qichao shi wen xuan (梁启超诗文选). Selected and commentated by Ma Jinke 马金科. Sichuan, China: Bashu shushe, 2011.
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  87. A collection of twenty-two poems and excerpts written across three periods: around the 1898 Reform, exile in Japan, and the early republic era. Each selection is accompanied by an introduction, explanatory notes, and baihua translations. Produced for the centenary celebration of the 1911 Revolution.
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  89. Guoli zhongyang tushuguan 国立中央图书馆. Liang Qichao zhijiao shouzha (梁啟超知交手札). Taipei: Zhongyang tushuguan, 1995.
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  91. A valuable collection of Liang’s previously unpublished letters to his close friends, including the full texts of the letters that were partially cited in Liang’s Chronology (Ding and Zhao 1936 (cited under Life and Work: Chronologies).
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  93. Liu Dong 刘东, and Zhai Kuifeng 翟奎凤, eds. Liang Qichao wencun (梁启超文存). Nanjing, China: Jiangsu renmin chubanshe, 2012.
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  95. A selection of Liang’s writings on the study of Chinese culture between 1919 and 1929. Each selection contains an introductory note to the background of the piece and content. It also includes a lengthy preface (eighty pages) by Liu Dong.
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  97. Wang Quchang 王蘧常, Selected and annotated. Liang Qichao shi wen xuanzhu (梁启超诗文选注). Beijing: Renmin wenxue chubanshe, 1987.
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  99. The collection, first published in 1958, contains thirty-six poems and seventeen essays, plus Liang’s famous work Shaonian Zhongguo shuo少年中国说. The “revolution” was the only criterion for the selection and reviewer comments, reflecting the scholarship of mainland China in the 1950s. Nevertheless, the explanatory notes cited other historical documents and Liang’s other writings, demonstrating the high quality of the author’s research into original historical materials.
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  101. Xia Xiaohong 夏晓虹, ed. Liang Qichao wenxuan 梁启超文选. 2 vols. Beijing: Zhongguo guangbo dianshi chubanshe, 1992.
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  103. A selected collection arranging Liang’s writings into eleven sections, including current affairs, religion, history, scholarship, culture, research methodology, essays, biographies, travel writings, and literature. The order in each section is arranged according to the dates of publication.
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  105. Zhonghua shuju bianjibu中华书局编辑部, ed. Liang Qichao weikan shuxin shouji (梁啟超未刊书信手迹). 2 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1994.
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  107. A precious collection of photographic copies of Liang’s 394 original unpublished letters (including a small number of telegraph messages). Most are letters Liang wrote to his children, but some are letters to the politicians in the early republic era, such as Yang Du杨度, Zhang Junmai张君劢, Duan Qirui段祺瑞, and Tang Jiyao唐继尧.
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  109. Zhonghua shuju bianjibu中华书局编辑部, and Beijing Kuangshi guoji paimai youxian gongsi 北京匡时国际拍卖有限公司, eds. Nan changjie 54 hao Liangshi dang’an (南长街54号 梁氏档案). 2 vols. Beijng: Zhonghua shuju, 2012.
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  111. Liang’s records from the residence of Liang Qichao and his brother Liang Qixiong 梁启雄 at No. 54, Nanchangjie, Beijing. The first volume contains photographic copies of the orginal letters from 1904 to 1915, which are invaluable for the study of the Liang brothers and other important figures in late Qing reforms and in the early republican era. The second volume contains photographic copies of the original manuscripts, photos of books, and various items.
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  113. Zhu Weizheng朱维铮. Qingdai xueshu gailun (清代学术概论). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2010.
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  115. Reproduced from the 1985 edition (Fudan daxue chubanshe) of Liang’s Qingdai xueshu gailun清代学术概论, with collation and explanation by Zhu Weizheng, a renowned historian in modern Chinese history. Also included in Penglaige蓬莱阁book series published by Shanghai guji chubanshe in 1998. Zhu also provides a lengthy introduction (about twenty thousand words) to Liang’s life, work and the content of Qingdai xueshu gailun.
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  117. Bibliographies
  118.  
  119. The study of Liang Qichao has flourished in mainland China since the 1980s, and thousands of research works have been published since then. Bibliographies are thus important to the study of Liang Qichao. Li 1986 is the first work of this kind that has guided scholars in the field. Dong 2010 presents a bibliography of Liang Qichao encompassing the past eighty years. Hou and Li 2005 is a survey of the study of Liang Qichao in mainland China in the past hundred years. Tang 2011 includes information on all editions of Liang’s chronologies.
  120.  
  121. Dong Fangkui 董方奎. Liang Qichao yanjiu zhuzuo mulu (梁启超研究著论目录). Wuhan, China: Chongwen shuju, 2010.
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  123. Provides lists of the original works of Liang Qichao, and the pennames Liang used; a chronology of Liang’s works; research works; and works relevant to the study of Liang. A useful work for researchers to consult.
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  125. Hou Jie 侯杰, and Li Zhao 李钊. “Jin bainian Liang Qichao yanjiu zongshu” (近百年梁啟超研究綜述). In Liang Qichao yu jindai Zhongguo shehui wenhua (梁启超与近代中国社会文化). Edited by Li Xisuo 李喜所, 834–848. Tianjin, China: Guji chubanshe, 2005.
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  127. A useful survey of the research conducted on Liang Qichao in mainland China covering about a hundred years and divided into three periods: (1) before 1949, (2) 1949–1978 and (3) since 1978. The authors provide information on major publications in each period with comments.
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  129. Li Guojun李国俊. Liang Qichao zhushu xinian (梁启超著述系年). Shanghai: Fudan daxue chubanshe, 1986.
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  131. The book, compiled in 1964, was not published until 1986 and contains detailed information on Liang’s writings and publications. There are author’s notes to the items that require explanations or discussions due to different records or opinions. A list of various names Liang used for his writings and publications is also convenient for researchers. Still a highly valued research tool, although its brief introduction to Liang’s life and work is outdated.
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  133. Tang Zhijun汤志钧. Liang Qichao qiren qishi (梁启超其人其事). Beijing: Zhongguo renmin daxue chubanshe, 2011.
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  135. Chapter 27 (pp. 270–273) reviews the Japanese translation of Liang Rengong xiansheng nianpu changbian chugao (梁任公先生年谱长编初稿) compiled by Ding Wenjiang and Zhao Fengtian. The review disentangles all editions of Liang’s chronologies and highlights the strong points of this Japanese translation. It is an article that one should consult before starting the use of Liang’s chronologies.
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  137. Other Reference Works
  138.  
  139. Zhu 1979 is a nineteen-volume collection of research materials published after Liang’s death up to 1979. Tang 2011 is invaluable for researchers wanting to consult the chronologies of Liang Qichao. Peng 2010 and Wu 2001 examine Liang’s contribution to Chinese philology, bibliography studies, and library studies.
  140.  
  141. Peng Shuxin 彭树欣. Liang Qichao wenxianxue sixiang yanjiu (梁启超文献学思想研究). Beijing: Guangming ribao chubanshe, 2010.
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  143. A study of Liang’s ideas of and contribution to the development of Chinese philology, bibilography studies, and library studies.
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  145. Tang Zhijun汤志钧. Liang Qichao qiren qishi (梁启超其人其事). Beijing: Zhongguo renmin daxue chubanshe, 2011.
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  147. Chapter 28 (pp. 273–278) “Du Liang Rengong xiansheng nianpu changbian chugao” (读梁任公先生年谱长编初稿) clarifies the relationship between various versions of chronologies of Liang Qichao’s life with the author’s comments on the shortcomings and strong points of each version. Like Tang’s review of the Japanese translation of Ding and Zhao’s version, this is an essay that researchers in the field of Liang Qichao studies must consult.
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  149. Wu Mingneng 吴铭能. Liang Qichao yanjiu conggao (梁启超研究丛稿). Taipei: Taiwan xuesheng shuju, 2001.
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  151. A collection of the author’s research on Liang Qichao in two parts: the first part is his PhD dissertation on Liang’s ideas of how to conduct research on Chinese ancient books and historical documents; the second is a collection of eight essays published earlier, including those surveying and collating Liang’s writings that were not documented in the chronology of Liang Qichao compiled by Ding and Zhao.
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  153. Zhu Chuanyu 朱传誉, ed. Liang Qichao zhuanji ziliao (梁启超传记资料). 19 vols. Taipei: Tianyi chubanshe, 1979.
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  155. This nineteen-volume work contains material on the study of Liang Qichao published in Taiwan and elsewhere in the world but excluding those published in mainland China after 1949. A useful collection that includes almost everything published after Liang’s death and up to the late 1970s, such as short newspaper articles, research papers of academic journals, biographical writings, excerpts of scholarly works, and book reviews of such works.
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  157. Life and Work
  158.  
  159. Chronologies and biographies are two major forms that record and examine Liang Qichao’s life and work. Ding and Zhao 1936 provides a wealth of resources for the study of Liang Qichao, while later chronological works on Liang are based largely on this pioneering work. Biographies of Liang have become a favorite research output format in mainland China since the 1980s’ renewal of scholarly interests in Liang.
  160.  
  161. Chronologies
  162.  
  163. The chronologies of Liang Qichao’s life contain the most important and rich sources for the study of Liang Qichao. Based on Ding and Zhao 1936, there are 1958, 1983, 1999, and 2010 versions that either revised or enlarged the original edition. The Japanese translation of Ding and Zhao’s edition of Liang’s Chronology adds valuble information to the original text. Wu 1988 is the only nianpu that is not largely based on Ding and Jiang’s original work. Qi 2011 is a chronological list of Liang’s scholarship and activities.
  164.  
  165. Ding Wenjiang 丁文江, and Zhao Fengtian赵丰田. Liang Rengong xiansheng nianpu changbian chugao (梁任公先生年谱长编初稿). 12 vols. mimeo print, 1936.
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  167. After Liang Qichao’s death in 1929 Ding Wenjiang undertook the task of compiling a chronology of Liang Qichao’s life. In 1934, with the assistance of Zhao Fengtian, the first draft in twenty-four volumes was completed. In 1936 Ding passed away and Weng Wenhao 翁文灏 took up the editorship working along with Zhao Fengtian. In May 1936 the second draft in twelve volumes was completed, and the editors used the mimeograph to make fifty copies that were circulated among Liang families and friends for their comments. Such copies are called lanyinben 蓝印本 (lit., blue-print).
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  169. Ding Wenjiang 丁文江, and Zhao Fengtian赵丰田. Liang Rengong xiansheng nianpu changbian chugao (梁任公先生年谱长编初稿). Taipei: Shijie shuju, 1958.
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  171. A print based on lanyinben edition, abridged as chugao ben (draft-edition), with Ding Wenjiang’s preface and Hu Shi’s foreword.
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  173. Ding Wenjiang 丁文江, and Zhao Fengtian 赵丰田. Liang Qichao nianpu changbian (梁启超年谱长编). Shanghai: Renmin chubanshe, 1983.
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  175. Zhao Fengtian and his assistants, based on the lanyinben edition, further revised and entitled it as Liang Qichao xiansheng nianpu changbian, abridged as changbian edition. It contains Zhao Fengtian’s preface and Gu Jiegang’s foreword.
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  177. Ding Wenjiang 丁文江, and Zhao Fengtian赵丰田. Liang Rengong xiansheng nianpu changbian chugao (梁任公先生年谱长编初稿). Beijing: Beijing tushuguan chubanshe, 1999.
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  179. A photolitho print of the lanyinben edition, collected in Beijing tushuguan cang nianpu zhenben congkan (北京图书馆藏年谱珍本丛刊), Volumes 193–196.
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  181. Ding Wenjiang 丁文江, Zhao Fengtian赵丰田, and Zhesheng Ouyang欧阳哲生. Liang Rengong xiansheng nianpu changbian （chugao）(梁任公先生年谱长编初稿). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2010.
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  183. A reproduction of Ding and Zhao 1936, but it adds an index to the names appearing in the texts, which is useful to researchers.
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  185. Ding Wenjiang 丁文江, Zhao Fengtian赵丰田, and Kenji Shimada島田虔次. Ryō keichō nenpu chōhen (梁啓超年譜長編). Translated into Japanese by Kenji Shimada. Tokyo: Iwanami shoten, 2004.
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  187. A Japanese translation of Ding and Zhao’s chronology of Liang Qichao’s life. Highly regarded for its use of new and reliable sources to provide explanations and to add valuable information and references to the original text. The appendices of the names of Chinese people and foreigners are useful and convenient for readers.
  188. Find this resource:
  189. Qi Quan齐全. Liang Qichao zhushu ji xueshu huodong xinian gangmu (梁启超著述及学术活动系年纲目). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 2011.
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  191. A chronological record of Liang’s scholarship and activities based on the materials from Ding and Zhao 1936 and various collections of Liang’s writings. However, two-thirds of the book contains appendices including Liang’s letters to his children; a list of Liang’s works and writings; and the reference works the author used in his research on Liang Qichao.
  192. Find this resource:
  193. Wu Tianren 吴天任. Minguo Liang Rengong xiansheng Qichao nianpu (民国梁任公先生启超年谱). 4 vols. Taipei: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1988.
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  195. A chronology of Liang Qichao’s life that is not based on Ding and Zhao 1936. The author conducted exhaustive searches of other source material including historical documents and biographies in order to provide valuable information on Chinese society, history, and people of Liang’s time.
  196. Find this resource:
  197. Biographies
  198.  
  199. The earliest biography of Liang is Wu 1944, followed by Mao 1979, which was published in Hong Kong. From 1980 onward there have been more than thirty biographies of Liang published in mainland China. Meng 2012 is the first serious intellectual biography of Liang published in mainland China since 1949. Li and Yuan 1994, Jiang and He 2005, and Geng and Cui 2008 represent a more liberal attitude to the study of Liang Qichao in mainland China. Tang 1982 contains rich information on documents that may prove useful for anyone who wishes to research Liang and the 1898 Reform. Xia 2009 is a collection of essays about Liang Qichao, many of which were written by those who were Liang’s colleagues and friends or those who were Liang’s generation and knew Liang’s life and work well.
  200.  
  201. Geng Yunzhi 耿云志, and Cui Zhihai 崔志海. Liang Qichao (梁启超). Guangzhou, China: Guangdong renmin chubanshe, 2008.
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  203. A clear and detailed description of Liang’s life and work, indicating the study of Liang Qichao in mainland China has entered a stage of serious scholarly appraisal of Liang’s position in history. The Marxist approach in its analysis of Liang’s ideas and activities is still evident, but there is an appreciation of Liang’s idea of gradual progress (渐进), which is used to criticize the political movements in contemporary China. First published in 1994.
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  205. Jiang Guangxue蒋广学, and He Weidong 何卫东. Liang Qichao pingzhuan (梁启超评传). Nanjing, China: Nanjing daxue chubanshe, 2005.
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  207. A critical biography of Liang Qichao with a focus on the development of Liang’s thought. A critical biography of Tan Citong (b. 1865–d. 1898) is attached to this book.
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  209. Li Xisuo李喜所, and Yuan Qing 元青. Liang Qichao zhuan (梁启超传). Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1994.
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  211. Offers a general survey of Liang’s life, with a focus on his political ideas and activities. Chapter 8 examines Liang’s writings from the time he fled to Japan until 1911, which, the author argues, established his leadship in China’s new culture movement. Chapter 19 narrates Liang’s achievement in scholarship after he left politics in the republic era.
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  213. Mao Yiheng 毛以亨. Yidai xinrui Liang Renggong (一代新锐梁任公). Taibei: Heluo tushu chubanshe, 1979.
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  215. A reprint of Liang Qichao (Hong Kong: Yazhou chubanshe, 1957). The author met Liang on a boat to Europe in 1918. As one of Liang’s contemporaries, Mao provided the first complete biography of Liang Qichao since Liang’s death. Mao’s own preface and introduction, together with the foreword by Zhang Junmai 张君劢 (b. 1887–d. 1968), contain highly valuable scholarly comments.
  216. Find this resource:
  217. Meng Xiangcai 孟祥才. Liang Qichao pingzhuan (梁启超评传). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2012.
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  219. Basically a reprint of the 1980 edition, which was the first intellectual biography of Liang published in mainland China since 1949. It is out of date by today’s standards, but at the time it heralded a new phase of the study of Liang Qichao.
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  221. Tang Zhijun汤志钧. Wuxu bianfa renwu zhuangao (戊戌变法人物撰稿). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1982.
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  223. First published in 1961, the chapter on Liang (pp. 51–88, “Liang Qichao” [梁启超]) provides a short biography of Liang Qichao with a focus on his role and activities in the 1898 Reform. Lengthy footnotes with rich sources useful for the study of the 1898 Reform as well as Liang Qichao.
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  225. Wu Qichang吴其昌. Liang Qichao zhuan 梁启超传. Chongqing, China: Shengli chubanshe, 1944.
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  227. The first biography of Liang Qichao, but it was not completed due to the author’s unfortunate death. By following Liang’s method of incorporating the biographical subject into a social and historical context, Wu portrayed Liang’s activities and leadship in late Qing reforms against the historical setting from the Opium War to the years prior to Liang’s birth. It concludes with a critical account of the factors contributing to the failure of the 1898 Reform.
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  229. Xia Xiaohong 夏晓虹. Zhuiyi Liang Qichao (追忆梁启超). Beijing: Sanlian shudian, 2009.
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  231. A collection of essays and articles on Liang Qichao, written mainly by Liang’s colleagues and friends, as well as his contemporaries. Served as a collective memoire of Liang Qichao. This is an enlarged version of the 1997 edition published by Zhongguo guangbo dianshi chubanshe.
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  233. Family and Friends
  234.  
  235. There is an increased interest in Liang Qichao’s family life and his relationship with his children and friends. Lin 2013, Wu 2013, and Zhang 1993 provide accounts of Liang Qichao’s family life as described by Liang’s family members. Liang, et al. 2005 and Zhang 1975 offer information on Liang’s relationship with his colleagues, teachers, and classmates in the early republican era. Xia 2012 explores the contents of Liang’s writings intended for his children and revelas how Liang taught his children traditional Chinese learning. Zhang 1994 covers Liang’s view on gender, and Xia 2006 covers Liang’s married life.
  236.  
  237. Liang Qichao 梁启超, Jiang Jing江靖, Tang Zhijun汤志钧, and Ma Mingde 马铭德. Liang Qichao zhi Jiang Yong shuzha (梁启超致江庸书札). Tianjin, China: Guji chubanshe, 2005.
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  239. Jiang Yong江庸(b. 1875–d. 1960) met Liang in Japan and was also a colleague of Liang in the Ministry of Justice. Fifty-six letters written between 1913 and 1926, most of which were to Jiang when he was chief justice. Each item is reproduced with the date of writing and a note of explanation.
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  241. Lin Zhu 林洙. Dashi, cifu, ai: Liang Qichao jiashu xuanji (大师 慈父 爱： 梁启超家书选辑). Hong Kong: Sanlian shudian, 2013.
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  243. Lin Zhu, second wife of Liang Sicheng (b. 1901–d. 1972), selected ninety-six letters Liang Qichao wrote to his children from 1912 to 1928, arranged according to both the year each letter was written and their contents.
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  245. Wu Liming 吴荔明. Liang Qichao he ta de ernümen (梁启超和他的儿女们). Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe, 2013.
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  247. The author is the daughter of Liang Sizhuang, Liang’s granddaughter. An account of Liang’s family life as father and husband. Contains a couple of factual errors but nevertheless includes more than a hundred valuable photos of Liang’s family.
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  249. Xia Xiaohong夏晓虹. Yuedu Liang Qichao (阅读梁启超). Beijing: Sanlian shudian, 2006.
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  251. Chapter 10 (pp. 69–86) “Liang Qichao muyuan de gushi” (梁启超墓园的故事) offers a detailed account of the cemetery of Liang’s family through which it narrates Liang and his first wife’s marriage, Liang’s funeral, and the tragedy of Liang’s second wife.
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  253. Xia Xiaohong夏晓虹. “Liang Qichao jiating jiangxue kaoshu” (梁启超家庭讲学考述). Zhongzheng hanxue yanjiu中正漢學研究 20.2 (2012): 243–266.
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  255. An account of how Liang taught his children traditional Chinese learning based on two recently discovered writings Liang intended for his children (one in Japan between 1909–1910, and the other in summer 1918). Also, it discusses the significance of such writings in the development of Liang’s views on the Qing scholarship.
  256. Find this resource:
  257. Zhang Pengyuan 张朋园 (Chang P’eng-yuan). “Liang Qichao zai minguo chunian de shiyou guanxi” (梁啟超在民國初年的師友關系). Taiwan shida lishi xuebao台灣師大歷史學報 2.3 (1975): 187–210.
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  259. A narration of Liang Qichao’s relationship with his teacher Kang Youwei and his classmates Jiang Fangzhen 蒋方震 (b. 1882–d. 1938), Zhang Junmai张君劢 (b. 1887–d. 1969), and Zhang Dongsun张东荪 (b. 1886–d. 1973) in the beginning of the republican era.
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  261. Zhang Pengyuan 张朋园 (Chang P’eng-yuan). “Liang Qichao de jiating shenghuo” (梁啟超的家庭生活). In Zhongguo jindai renwu yantaohui lumwenji (中國近代人物研討會論文集). By Zhang Pengyuan, 956–994. Taipei: Zhongyang yanjiuyuan jindaishi yanjiusuo, 1993.
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  263. Records the interview with Liang’s granddaughter, providing firsthand material relating to Liang’s family life.
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  265. Zhang Pengyuan 张朋园 (Chang P’eng-yuan). “Liang Qichao de liang xing guan: lun chuantong dui zhishifenzi de yueshu” (梁啟超的兩性觀:論傳統對知識分子的約束). Zhongguo jindai funüshi yanjiu (中國近代婦女史研究) 2 (June 1994): 51–64.
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  267. Narrates Liang’s family life and his relationship with his children, along with an analysis of Liang’s views on female education, women’s career choices, and his attitude to marriage. Offers a scholarly perspective on Liang’s family life, revealing how traditional Chinese culture influenced Liang’s attitudes toward women.
  268. Find this resource:
  269. Liang Qichao and His Contemporaries
  270.  
  271. Xie 2012 is a comprehensive survey of Liang Qichao and his contemporaries, while Dong 2011 studies Liang and Hu Shi as the representatives of intellectuals in two different historical periods. Other studies examine Liang’s relationship with various scholars of his time and from various perspectives, such as Huang 2002 on Liang and Yan Fu; Xia 2014 on Liang and Hu Shi; Zarrow 1997 on Liang and Liu Shipei, and Tang 2011 on Liang and Zhang Taiyan. Zhang 1969 provides a discussion of Huang Zunxian’s influence on Liang while Bai 2012 describes the impact of the Ma brothers on Liang’s intellectual development.
  272.  
  273. Bai, Limin. “Creating ‘real learning’ for China’s survival: Liang Qichao and the Ma brothers, 1896–1898.” Twentieth-Century China 37.2 (2012): 101–120.
  274. DOI: 10.1179/1521538512Z.0000000001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  275. As a kind of twinned biography of Liang and the Ma brothers, this article offers new insights on the development of Liang Qichao’s thinking and throws new light on the Reform Movement.
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  277. Dong Defu董德福. Liang Qichao yu Hu Shi—Liangdai zhishifenzi xuesi licheng de bijiao yanjiu (梁启超与胡适 - 两代知识分子学思历程的比较研究). Jilin, China: Renmin chubanshe, 2011.
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  279. Also a comparative study of Liang Qichao and Hu Shi but treats the two as the representatives of two generations of Chinese intellectuals from 1894 to 1923, the key period in modern Chinese history. Argues that Liang was the leading thinker and scholar in the first part of this period, while Hu became one of the key intelletuals around the May Fourth movement.
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  281. Huang Kewu黃克武. “Yan Fu yu Liang Qichao” (嚴復與梁啟超). Taida Wenshizhe xuebao 56 (March 2002): 29–68.
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  283. A comparative study of Liang Qichao and Yan Fu, distinguishing itself from other research works on this topic due to the fact that the author specializes in the study of Yan Fu.
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  285. Tang Zhijun汤志钧. Liang Qichao qiren qishi (梁启超其人其事). Beijing: Zhongguo remin daxue chubanshe, 2011.
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  287. Chapter 4 (pp. 46–59) “Zhongguo tongshi mulu he Xin shixue” (《中国通史目录》和《新史学》) provides an excellent comparative study of Liang Qichao and Zhang Taiyan章太炎 (b. 1869–d. 1936), analyzing why they both focused on the study of history in 1901–1902, how they tried to reform the traditional methodologies used for historical research, and whether their political ideology affected their scholarship.
  288. Find this resource:
  289. Xia Xiaohong夏晓虹. Liang Qichao: zai zhengzhi yu xueshu zhijian (梁启超:在政治与学术之间). Beijing: Dongfang chubanshe, 2014.
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  291. Three chapters of the second section (pp. 109–184) focus on the scholarly encounters between Liang Qichao and Hu Shi in the 1920s using newly discovered unpublished letters by Liang Qichao. Covers their promotion of vernacular literature and their discourses on scholarship and poetry.
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  293. Xie Xizhang 解玺璋. Liang Qichao zhuan (梁启超传). 2 vols. Shanghai: Wenhua chubanshe, 2012.
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  295. The most recent biography of Liang Qichao published in mainland China. Discloses Liang’s life and work by examining his relationship with contemporaries such as Kang Youwei, Huang Zunxian, Tan Sitong, Wang Kangnian, Tang Caichang, and others. It provides an account of the life, work, and pursuits of the intellectuals of Liang’s generation in the late Qing and early republican era.
  296. Find this resource:
  297. Zarrow, Peter. “Citizenship and Human Rights in Early Twentieth-Century Chinese Thought: Liu Shipei and Liang Qichao.” In Confucianism and Human Rights. Edited by W. T. De Bary and T. Weiming, 209–233. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
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  299. A well-researched comparative study of Liang Qichao and Liu Shipei, with a focus on their views on citizenship and human rights as interpreted from Western dogma by employing a Confucian perspective.
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  301. Zhang Pengyuan 张朋园 (Chang P’eng-yuan). “Huang Zunxian de zhengzhi sixiang jiqi dui Liang Qichao de yingxiang” (黃遵憲的政治思想及其對梁啟超的影響). Zhongyang yanjiuyuan jindaishi yanjiusuo jikan 中央研究院近代史研究所季刊 1 (1969): 217–237.
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  303. An analytical narrative of Huang Zunxian’s political ideas and his influence on Liang Qichao. Argues that thanks to Huang’s negative impact Liang gave up revolution when the revolution movement reached its peak. However, in his preface to Liang Qichao yu Qingji geming published in mainland China in 1999, Zhang modified this view, saying that revolution and destruction were not the best choice for China’s future.
  304. Find this resource:
  305. Intellectual Development
  306.  
  307. Apart from intellectual biographies cited in General Overviews (such as Chang 1971, Huang 1972, and Levenson 1953), since the 1980s works on Liang’s intellectual development have been published mainly in mainland China, among which Chen 1999, Yang 2002, and Zhang 2013 discuss almost every aspect of Liang’s ideas and changes in his scholarshop and views, although from different perspectives. Zheng 2003 and Jiao 2006 mainly investigate Japanese influence on Liang Qichao, while Tang 1996 analyzes the impact of Liang’s overseas experience on his historical thinking. Bastid-Bruguière 2005 presents an interesting perspective on Liang’s thought in the latter part of his life. Liu 2012 traces Liang’s changes in ideas in his final years.
  308.  
  309. Bastid-Bruguière, Marianne. “Liang Qichao 1919 nian de lvju faguo yu wannian shehui wenhua sixiang shang dui Ouzhou de bian” (梁启超1919年的旅居法国与晚年社会文化思想上对欧洲的贬). In Liang Qichao yu jindai Zhongguo shehui wenhua (梁启超与近代中国社会文化). Edited by Li Xisuo 李喜所, 218–237. Tianjin, China: Guji chubanshe, 2005.
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  311. An original and interesting research paper discussing the key factors determining the changes in Liang’s thought after his European trip in 1919 by exploring the original documents from the Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and National Archives of France and tracing Liang’s daily activities and experience during this trip.
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  313. Chen Pengming陈鹏鸣. Liang Qichao xueshu sixiang pingzhuan (梁启超学术思想评传). Beijing: Tushuguan chubanshe, 1999.
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  315. Containing five chapters, the first two cover Liang’s scholarship with a focus on his works on history and historiography. Chapter 3 documents Liang’s relationship with his teacher Kang Youwei 康有为 and other famous scholars of his time. Chapter 4 offers a general account of Liang’s scholarship, while chapter 5 focuses on the study of Liang Qichao.
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  317. Jiao Runming 焦润明. Liang Qichao qimeng sixiang yanjiu (梁启超启蒙思想研究). Shenyang, China: Liaoning daxue chubanshe, 2006.
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  319. Offers a discussion of the impact of Yukichi Fukuzawa (b. 1835–d. 1901) on the development of Liang Qichao’s ideas on new citizen and new culture. The appendices are a collection of eight essays the author published elsewhere.
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  321. Liu Dong刘东. “Wei jing de houqi”(未竟的后期). In Liang Qichao Wencun xu (梁启超文存). Selected and edited by Liu Dong 刘东 and Zhai Kuifeng 翟奎凤, 1–80. Nanjing, China: Jiangsu Renmin chubanshe, 2012.
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  323. An excellent and lengthy introduction to Liang’s scholarship, activities, and intellectual development from 1919 to 1929.
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  325. Tang, Xiaobing. Global space and the Nationalist Discourse of Modernity in the Historical Thinking of Liang Qichao. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996.
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  327. Offers an analysis of Liang’s writings spanning two decades and his experience in Japan, North America, and Europe in 1918–1919, and traces Liang’s historical thinking in a theoretical framework of the discourse of modernity, arguing that spatiality was a necessary inspiration for Liang to map his cultural history and to design his plan for China’s modernity.
  328. Find this resource:
  329. Yang Xiaoming杨晓明. Liang Qichao wenlun de xiandaixing chanshi (梁启超文论的现代性阐释). Chengdu, China: Sichuan minzu chubanshe, 2002.
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  331. Discusses Liang’s scholarship within the the theoretical framework of modernity, with a focus on Liang’s views on literature and the history of Chinese literature.
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  333. Zhang Xiqin张锡勤. Liang Qichao sixiang pingyi (梁启超思想平议). Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 2013.
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  335. Traces Liang’s life and intellectual development by analyzing his writings on politics, philosophy, ethics, and culture.
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  337. Zheng Kuangmin 郑匡民. Liang Qichao qimeng sixiang de dongxue Beijing (梁启超启蒙思想的东学背景). Shanghai: Shanghai shudian chubanshe, 2003.
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  339. The term “dongxue”东学 refers to Japanese scholarship. Offers a detailed account of Meiji Japanese intellectual influence on the development of Liang Qichao’s thought. This book can be read together with Hazama Naoki and his team’s research work on Liang Qichao and Japan (see Hazama 1999, cited under Liang Qichao and Japan).
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  341. Political Ideas and Activities
  342.  
  343. By and large scholars divide Liang’s life into four periods: his early life from his birth to 1890, the period around the 1898 Reform, the fourteen-year exile in Japan, and his life and career as a politician and a scholar in the republican era. Liang’s ideas and activities around the 1898 Reform are one of the major themes of study. His promotion of constitutional reform, his ideas about civil society and elite politics are often discussed along with his political involvement in the early republican years and the changes in his ideas after 1918.
  344.  
  345. 1898 Reform Movement
  346.  
  347. Zhang 1964 offers a comprehesnsive account of Liang’s ideas and activities during the 1898 Reform while Tang 2011a and Weston 2002 focus on specific reform measures Liang helped develop. Takeuchi 2001, Murao 2001, and Tang 2011b investigate Liang’s relationship with other reform figures around 1898. Ch’en 1962 discusses Timothy Richard’s influence on Liang, while Bastid-Bruguière 2004 focuses on Germany’s influence on the formation of Liang’s concept of the nation-state.
  348.  
  349. Bastid-Bruguière, Marianne. “The Japanese-Induced German Connection of Modern Chinese Ideas of the State: Liang Qichao and the Guojia lun of J. K. Bluntschli.” In The Role of Japan in Liang Qichao’s Introduction of Modern Western Civilization to China. Edited by Joshua A. Fogel, 105–124. Berkeley: University of California, 2004.
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  351. A well-researched essay on Liang’s selective interpretation of the Japanese translations of Bluntschli, demonstrating Liang’s incorporation of German political thought into his notion of the nation-state. Two other versions published in 1997: one in Chinese and the other in French.
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  353. Ch’en, Ch’i-yun. “Liang Ch’i-ch’ao’s Missionary Education: A Case Study of Missionary Influence on the Reformers.” Papers on China 16 (1962): 66–125.
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  355. A study of the missionary influence on late-Qing reformers with a focus on how Timothy Richard inspired Liang Qichao with respect to the Western model of a modern education system.
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  357. Murao Susumu村尾 进. “Wanmu shenshen—Shiwu bao shiqi de Liang Qichao jiqi zhouwei de qingkuang” (万木森森 -《时务报》时期的梁启超及其周围的情况). In Liang Qichao Mingzhi Riben Xifang: Riben Jingdu Daxue renwen kexue yanjiusuo gongtong yanjiu baogao (梁启超·明治日本·西方: 日本京都大学人文科学研究所共同研究报告). Edited by Hazama Naoki 狭间直树, 29–61. Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 2001.
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  359. Provides a detailed account of Liang and his relationship with other reformists in Shanghai during the 1898 Reform. The similarities and differences between Liang and other reformers, such as Kang Youwei and Yan Fu, are discussed.
  360. Find this resource:
  361. Takeuchi Hiroyuki 竹内弘行. “Guanyu Liang Qichao shicong Kang Youwei de wenti” (关于梁启超师从康有为的问题). In Liang Qichao Mingzhi Riben Xifang: Riben Jingdu Daxue renwen kexue yanjiusuo gongtong yanjiu baogao (梁启超·明治日本·西方: 日本京都大学人文科学研究所共同研究报告). Edited by Hazama Naoki狭间直树, 1–28. Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 2001.
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  363. With a focus on the Kang-Liang relationship prior to Liang fleeing to Japan, this chapter suggests that Liang’s pursuit of success in the civil service examinations motivated him to take Kang as his teacher, which created the seeds of conflict at a later stage.
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  365. Tang Zhijun汤志钧. Liang Qichao qiren qishi (梁启超其人其事). Beijing: Zhongguo renmin daxue chubanshe, 2011a.
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  367. By examining original material such as the memorials the Qing officials sent to the Emperor, imperial edicts, and the chronologies of Liang’s contemporaries, Chapter 17 (pp. 202–212) “Jingshi daxuetang he yishuju” (京师大学堂和译书局) provides an account of the role Liang played in drafting the regulations for Jingshi daxuetang京师大学堂 and in planning a translation bureau in the course of the 1898 Reform.
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  369. Tang Zhijun汤志钧. Liang Qichao qiren qishi (梁启超其人其事). Beijing: Zhongguo renmin daxue chubanshe, 2011b.
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  371. Chapter 7 (pp. 85–96) “Lun Shiwu bao de Wang-Liang zhi zheng” (论《时务报》的汪梁之争) records the conflict between Liang Qichao and Wang Kangnian 汪康年 (1860–1911), revealing the battle among various factions around the period of the 1898 Reform. Argues that the Liang-Wang disputes were typical of the discord that existed between the reformers and the key figures of the Westernization movement.
  372. Find this resource:
  373. Weston, Timothy B. “The Founding of the Imperial University and the Emergence of Chinese Modernity.” In Rethinking the 1898 Reform Period: Political and Cultural Change in Late China. Edited by Rebecca E. Karl and Peter Gue Zarrow, 99–123. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Centre, 2002.
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  375. Examines the Regulations of the Imperial University (jingshi da xuetang 京师大学堂) drafted by Liang Qichao, unfolding Liang’s idea of how to rebuild a comprehensive Chinese knowledge system by incorporating both Western and Chinese learning.
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  377. Zhang Pengyuan 张朋园 (Chang P’eng-yuan). Liang Qichao yu Qingji geming (梁启超与清季革命). Taipei: Zhongyang yanjiuyuan jindiashi yanjiusuo zhuankai, 1964.
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  379. An original account with a critical and systematic analysis of Liang’s political ideas and motivation within the context of Chinese society during the period around the 1898 Reform.
  380. Find this resource:
  381. Political Ideas
  382.  
  383. Zhang 1999 offers a comprehensive account of Liang Qichao and the politics of the early Republic of China. Zhang 2006, Dong 2011, Ri 2005, and Xia 2008 cover Liang’s ideas and involvement in promoting consitutional reform. Dong 2012 focuses on Liang’s involvement in the war against Yuan Shikai. Lei 1989 and Zarrow 1997 discuss Liang’s ideas on elite politics and civil society.
  384.  
  385. Dong Fangkui 董方奎. Qingmo zhengti biange yu guoqing zhi lunzheng: Liang Qichao yu lixian zhengzhi (清末政体变革与国情之论争：梁启超与立宪政治). Wuhan, China: Huazhong shifan daxue chubanshe, 2011.
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  387. Investigates Liang’s political ideas, his pursuit of the sovereign republic, constitutional monarchy, and enlightened absolutism. Argues that Liang was a royalist in name but was actually a revolutionary.
  388. Find this resource:
  389. Dong Fangkui 董方奎. Liang Qichao yu huguo zhanzheng (梁启超与护国战争). Wuhan, China: Huazhong shifan daxue chubanshe, 2012.
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  391. A detailed account of Liang Qichao and his role in the war against Yuan Shikai袁世凯 (1915–1916).
  392. Find this resource:
  393. Lei Hui’er 雷慧儿. Liang Qichao de zhiguo zhi dao—rencai zhuyi de lixiang yu shijian (梁啟超的治國之道—人才主義的理想與實踐). Taipei: Dongda tushugongsi 東大圖書公司, 1989.
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  395. Offers a discussion of Liang Qichao’s support of elite politics that, the author argues, related to his gentry family background and the influence of his teacher Kang Youwei. It is from this perspective the author analyzes Liang’s approach to state politics and his involvement in the early republican government.
  396. Find this resource:
  397. Ri Gyōtō 李暁東 (Li Xiaodong). Kindai chūgoku no rikken kōsō: Gen fuku yō do ryō keichō to meiji keimō shisō (近代中国の立憲構想 厳復・楊度・梁啓超と明治啓蒙思想). Tokyo: Hōsei daigaku shuppankyoku, 2005.
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  399. Chapter 4 discusses Liang Qichao’s ideas on constitutional monarchy.
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  401. Xia Xiaohong夏晓虹. “Liang Qichao dai ni xianzheng zhegao kao” (梁启超代拟宪政折稿考). In Xiandai Zhongguo现代中国. Vol. 11. Edited by Chen Pingyuan 陈平原, 21–44. Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe, 2008.
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  403. By exploring the content of Xinmin congbao digao 新民丛报底稿, the rare collection in the Beijing University Library, along with other historical documents, Xia concludes that Liang drafted the memorials on consititutional monarchy that five Qing officials sent to the emperor upon their return from an overseas trip to examine the constitutional system of the West and Japan.
  404. Find this resource:
  405. Zarrow, Peter. “Liang Qichao and the Notion of Civil Society in Republican China.” In Imagining the People: Chinese Intellectuals and the Concept of Citizenship. Edited by Joshua A. Fogel and Peter Gue Zarrow, 232–257. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1997.
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  407. Offers a detailed discussion of Liang Qichao’s notion of civil society. Argues that the construction of “a sphere of rational discourse conducted by reasonably disinterested citizens” (pp. 250–251) is the key to building a civil society in China.
  408. Find this resource:
  409. Zhang Pengyuan 张朋园 (Chang P’eng-yuan). “Weihu gonghe: Liang Qichao zhi lianYuan yu taoYuan 维护共和 – 梁启超之联袁与讨袁.” Zhongyang yanjiuyuan jindaishi yanjiusuo jikan 中央研究院近代史研究所集刊 2 (1972): 377–396.
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  411. A detailed narrative of a series of events describing how Liang Qichao, initially as a constitutional monarchist, cooperated with the President Yuan Shikai against the National Party, then later led a successful campaign against Yuan’s attempt to have himself declared emperor.
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  413. Zhang Pengyuan 张朋园 (Chang P’eng-yuan). Liang Qichao yu Minguo zhengzhi (梁啟超與民國政治). Taipei: Zhongyang yanjiuyuan jindiashi yanjiusuo zhuankai, 1999.
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  415. A systematic analysis of Liang’s political ideas and his position in the republican government. The book, with its informative narration and fair judgment, provides readers with a biography of Liang Qichao in the early Republic of China and contributes to the history of the politics of this era.
  416. Find this resource:
  417. Zhang Pengyuan 张朋园 (Chang P’eng-yuan). Lixianpai yu Xinhai geming (立宪派与辛亥革命). Shanghai: Sanlian shudian, 2006.
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  419. While the book does not focus solely on Liang Qichao, the narrative and analysis of Liang’s call for constitutional reform and his association with constitutionalists represent an important component of this book. This is a must read for anyone who wishes to understand Liang Qichao’s view on constititional reform. First published in 1969.
  420. Find this resource:
  421. Liang Qichao and Japan
  422.  
  423. Hazama 1999 and Hazama 2001 represent the achievement of a four-year research seminar on Japan and Liang Qichao organized by Professor Hazama Naoki. Hideo 2001 and Yoshihiro 2001 are two chapters from the Chinese version. The work of Fogel 2004 resulted from an international symposium following the Hazama seminar and participants included scholars from Japan, Taiwan, the People’s Republic of China, Australia, France, and the United States. The symposium addressed the same topic but drew from an even wider range of sources. Huang 1972 is the first English work on Liang Qichao that extensively utilizes the Japanese archival sources. Shi 2005 and Yuan 2009 are two works from mainland China that reflect a trend where Japanese sources in the study of Liang Qichao are utilized.
  424.  
  425. Fogel, Joshua A., ed. The Role of Japan in Liang Qichao’s Introduction of Modern Western Civilization to China. Berkeley: University of California, 2004.
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  427. A multinational scholarly work that can be considered a companion to Kyōdō kenkyū Ryō Keichō: Seiyō kindai shisō juyō to Meiji Nihon (Hazama 1999). Eleven essays draw on a wide range of sources to discuss the political, scholarly, personal, and cultural issues relating to how Liang Qichao’s Japanese experience influenced his thinking.
  428. Find this resource:
  429. Hazama Naoki 狭间直树. Kyōdō kenkyū Ryō Keichō: Seiyō kindai shisō juyō to Meiji Nihon (共同研究梁啓超: 西洋近代思想受容と明治日本). Tokyo: Misuzu shobō, 1999.
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  431. This volume is the result of the four-year research seminar organized by Professor Hazama Naoki at Kyoto University. It investigates the role of Japan in Liang Qichao’s introduction of Western learning into China. The volume draws on an impressive range of original Japanese sources to discuss the Meiji Japanese intellectual influence on Liang’s understanding of the political and philosophical thought of modern Western civilization.
  432. Find this resource:
  433. Hazama Naoki 狭间直树. Liang Qichao Mingzhi Riben Xifang: Riben Jingdu Daxue renwen kexue yanjiusuo gongtong yanjiu baogao (梁启超·明治日本·西方: 日本京都大学人文科学研究所共同研究报告). Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 2001.
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  435. The Chinese version of Hazama 1999.
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  437. Hideo Tsuchiya土屋英雄. “Liang Qichao de ‘Xiyang’shequ yu quanli-ziyou lun” (梁启超的‘西洋’摄取与权利-自由论). In Liang Qichao Mingzhi Riben Xifang: Riben Jingdu Daxue renwen kexue yanjiusuo gongtong yanjiu baogao (梁启超·明治日本·西方: 日本京都大学人文科学研究所共同研究报告). Edited by Hazama Naoki 狭间直树, 110–142. Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 2001.
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  439. Offers a discussion of Liang Qichao’s encounter with Western political and philosophical thought through the translation and writings by the thinkers of Meiji Japan and how he utilized them in his discussion of rights-freedom. Argues that this Japanese “medium” may have misinformed Liang’s understanding of Western theories.
  440. Find this resource:
  441. Huang, Philip C. Liang Chi-ch’ao and Modern Chinese Liberalism. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1972.
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  443. The first research work on Liang Qichao in the English literature that examines the role of Japan in Liang’s appreciation of liberalism by exploring the archives of the Japanese secret police that recorded Liang’s activities in Japan.
  444. Find this resource:
  445. Shi Yunyan石云艳. Liang Qichao yu Riben (梁启超与日本). Tianjin: Renmin chubanshe, 2005.
  446. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  447. By using Japanese archival sources and the research outputs by Hazama Naoki’s team, Shi traces Liang’s activtites and the influence of Meiji Japanese thinkers on his political and philosophical ideas.
  448. Find this resource:
  449. Yoshihiro Ishikawa石川祯浩. “Liang Qichao yu wenming de shidian” (梁启超与文明的视点). In Liang Qichao Mingzhi Riben Xifang: Riben Jingdu Daxue renwen kexue yanjiusuo gongtong yanjiu baogao (梁启超·明治日本·西方: 日本京都大学人文科学研究所共同研究报告). Edited by Hazama Naoki 狭间直树, 87–109. Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 2001.
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  451. A detailed account of how Liang Qichao imported the Western concept and theories of “civilization” to China via Meiji Japan.
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  453. Yuan Yonghong袁咏红. Liang Qichao dui Riben de renshi yu taidu (梁启超对日本的认识与态度). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 2009.
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  455. Another research output on Liang Qichao and Japan after Hazama Naoki team’s publications, with a focus on Liang, who changed from his pro-Japanese position—promoting a Japanese model for China’s reform and advocate of Japanese alliance—to the anti-Japan stance. Argues that Liang’s visit to Taiwan in 1911 and the Japanese twenty-one demands of 1915 were decisive in his changed attitude to Japan.
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  457. On “New Citizens” and Education
  458.  
  459. Liang Qichao’s xinmin “new citizen” theory closely links with his ideas on education. Hazama 2001 informs us of the Japanese influence on the formation and development of Liang’s xinmin theory. Huang 1994 and Li 2010 provide systematic studies of Liang’s xinmin thesis. Lin 2005 analyzes Liang’s educational ideas from the perspective of societial reform, while Bai 2001 demonstrates how Liang connects the survival of China with the education of children on the eve of the 1898 Reform. Zheng 1980 analyzes the evolution of Liang’s educational thought, while Liu 2005 and Shi 2005 contain case studies of Liang Qichao’s activities relating to education.
  460.  
  461. Bai, Limin. “Children and the Survival of China: Liang Qichao on Education Before the 1898 Reform.” Late Imperial China 22.2 (2001): 124–155.
  462. DOI: 10.1353/late.2001.0005Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  463. A detailed account and analysis of Liang Qichao’s proposal for the reform of elementary education prior to the 1898 Reform.
  464. Find this resource:
  465. Hazama, Naoki狭间直树. “Xinmin shuo luelun” (《新民说》略论). In Liang Qichao Mingzhi Riben Xifang: Riben Jingdu Daxue renwen kexue yanjiusuo gongtong yanjiu baogao (梁启超·明治日本·西方: 日本京都大学人文科学研究所共同研究报告). Edited by Hazama Naoki, 62–86. Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 2001.
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  467. Argues that Liang’s theory of new citizen was orignated in Meiji Japanese thought and inspired by the success of Meiji reform.
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  469. Huang Kewu黄克武. Yige bei fangqi de xuanze: Liang Qichao tiaoshi sixiang zhi yanjiu (一个被放弃的选择：梁启超调适思想之研究). Taipei: Zhongyanyuan jinshisuo zhuankan, 1994.
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  471. With a focus on Liang Qichao’s New Citizens, this book examines reformist and revolutionary ideas in the late Qing and early republican era within the framework of accommodative and transformative approaches proposed by Thomas A. Metzger. It reappraises the changes in Liang Qichao’s thought, pointing to a paradigm shift in Chinese research on Liang after the 1980s when Liang’s reformist approach gained favour.
  472. Find this resource:
  473. Li Jinhe 李金和. Pingmin hua ziyou renge—Liang Qichao xinmin renge yanjiu (平民化自由人格 – 梁启超新民人格研究). Beijing: Zhishi Chanquan chubanshe, 2010.
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  475. By analyzing Liang’s strategy of shifting the focus of education from the “elite” to the “masses,” from the “saint” to “ordinary people,” the author argues that the xinmin theory combined Wang Yangming’s “zhi liangzhi” 致良智 with Western ideas such as individuality, freedom, and liberty.
  476. Find this resource:
  477. Lin Jiayou 林家有. “Lun Liang Qichao de shehui zhuanxin yu jiaoyu gaizao sixiang”(论梁启超的社会转型与教育改造思). In Liang Qichao yu jindai Zhongguo shehui wenhua (梁启超与近代中国社会文化). Edited by Li Xisuo 李喜所, 459–477. Tianjin, China: Guji chubanshe, 2005.
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  479. Examines Liang Qichao’s educational ideas, arguing that Liang, instead of being an advocate for revolution, proposed a paradigm shift in the focus of the education system from the elite to the citizen (guomin jiaoyu 国民教育).
  480. Find this resource:
  481. Liu Xiaoqing 刘晓琴. “Liang Qichao yu Qinghua” (梁启超与清华). In Liang Qichao yu jindai Zhongguo shehui wenhua (梁启超与近代中国社会文化). Edited by Li Xisuo 李喜所, 478–499. Tianjin, China: Guji chubanshe, 2005.
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  483. A detailed account of Liang Qichao scholarly actitivites at Qinghua University, including his association with the Institute of Qinghua National Learning staff and students.
  484. Find this resource:
  485. Shi Yunyan 石云艳. Liang Qichao yu Riben (梁启超与日本). Tianjin, China: Renmin chubanshe, 2005.
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  487. Chapter 7 (pp. 244–274) “Liang Qichao liuwang Riben shiqi de banxue huodong jiqi jiaoyu sixiang”(梁启超流亡日本时期的办学活动及其教育思想) researches the schools Liang Qichao established in Yokohama, Kobe, and Tokyo, and traces his educational activities in order to reveal Liang’s ideas on education.
  488. Find this resource:
  489. Zheng Shixing 郑世兴. Liang Qichao jiaoyu sixiang (梁启超教育思想). Taipei: Youshi shudian, 1980.
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  491. A study of Liang Qichao’s ideas on education from a philosophical perspective. Touches upon various aspects of Liang’s concerns with education, including the purpose of education, teachers’ training, education of children, female education, and higher education.
  492. Find this resource:
  493. Views on Other Subjects
  494.  
  495. Liang’s ideas were imporatant across a whole range of other intellectual areas, such as historiography, literature, journalism, language and translation, philosophy, Buddhism and national learning, laws, economics, and race theory.
  496.  
  497. Historiography
  498.  
  499. Shi 2010 delivers a broad range of topics on Liang Qichao’s historiography, while Xia 2006, Wang 2005, and Tang 2011 provide introductions to Liang’s works on historiography. Huang 2003 and Wang 1971 examine the Chinese elements in Liang’s new history while Matsuo 2001 points to the Western influence (via Japanese translations) on Liang’s biographic writings. Zarrow 2003 reveals how old myths formed the building blocks for Liang’s new history.
  500.  
  501. Huang Kewu黃克武. “Liang Qichao yu Zhongguo xiandai shixue zhi zhuixun” (梁启超与中國现代史學之追寻). Zhongyang yanjiuyuan jindaishi yanjiusuo jikan 41 (September 2003): 181–213.
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  503. Through an examinination of Liang’s scholarship in Buddhism and Confucianism, Huang argues that Liang combined traditional Chinese learning with his pursuit of a modern Chinese historiography
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  505. Matsuo, Yuji松尾洋二. “Liang Qichao yu shizhuan—Dong Ya jindai jingshenshi de benliu” (梁启超与史传–东亚近代精神史的奔流). In Liang Qichao Mingzhi Riben Xifang: Riben Jingdu Daxue renwen kexue yanjiusuo gongtong yanjiu baogao (梁启超·明治日本·西方: 日本京都大学人文科学研究所共同研究报告). Edited by Naoki Hazama狭间直树, 223–262. Beijing: Shehui Kexue Wenxian chubanshe, 2001.
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  507. Argues that Liang Qichao’s biographies of historical figures reflected the influence of Japanese translated versions of Western biographies, as evidenced by his Luolan furen zhuan罗兰夫人传. An account of Liang’s encounters with Tokutomi Sohō 徳富 蘇峰(b. 1863–d. 1957) and the Kokumin no Tomo国民の友(The People’s Friend) is quite informative and supports the author’s argument.
  508. Find this resource:
  509. Shi Yingli 石莹丽. Liang Qichao yu Zhongguo xiandai shixue (梁启超与中国现代史学). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 2010.
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  511. A book adapted from the author’s PhD thesis. Covers a broad range of themes relating to the evaluation of Liang’s contribution to the history of geography, social history, economic history, psychohistory, and historical statistics.
  512. Find this resource:
  513. Tang Zhijun汤志钧. Liang Qichao qiren qishi (梁启超其人其事). Beijing: Zhongguo remin daxue chubanshe, 2011.
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  515. Chapter 3 (pp. 32–44) “Liang Qichao he ta de Zhongguo lishi yanjiufa” 梁启超和他的<中国历史研究法> provides an informative introduction to Liang Qichao’s Zhongguo lishi yanjiufa中国历史研究法and bubian 补编, including also a history of its publication and a list of Liang’s publications from 1903 to 1937.
  516. Find this resource:
  517. Wang Rongzu 汪荣祖. “Liang Qichao xin shixue shilun” (梁啟超新史學試論). Zhongyang yanjiuyuan jindaishi yanjiusuo jikan 2 (1971): 227–236.
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  519. A detailed analysis of Liang Qichao’s New History. Wang argues that this New History is closely linked with Liang Qichao’s political ideas and his advocacy for jingshi 经世, liberalism, and nationalism.
  520. Find this resource:
  521. Wang Rongzu 汪荣祖. “Lun Liang Qichao shixue de qianhouqi” 论梁启超史学的前后期. In Liang Qichao yu jindai Zhongguo shehui wenhua (梁启超与近代中国社会文化). Edited by Li Xisuo 李喜所, 96–120. Tianjin, China: Guji chubanshe, 2005.
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  523. Liang Qichao’s trip to Europe in 1918–1919 marked a turning point in his resarch on history and his historiographical thought. The author discusses Liang’s historiography in these two periods with a focus on his Zhongguo Lishi Yanjiufa 中国历史研究法narrating Liang’s advocacy for a new methodology in the study of Chinese history. The author disagrees with Tang Xiaobing’s evalution of Liang as an international thinker.
  524. Find this resource:
  525. Xia Xiaohong夏晓虹. Yuedu Liang Qichao (阅读梁启超). Beijing: Sanlian shudian, 2006.
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  527. Chapter 22 (pp. 247–264) “Zhongguo xueshushi shang de chuifan zhi zuo” (中国学术史上的垂范之作), originally an introduction to Liang Qichao’s Lun Zhongguo xueshu sixiang bianqian zhi dashi (论中国学术思想变迁之大势) published by Shanghai Guji chubanshe in 2001. Argues that Liang’s discussion of scholarship from a political perspective affected his evaluation of the schools of thought and scholarly community.
  528. Find this resource:
  529. Zarrow, Peter. “Old Myth into New History: The Building Blocks of Liang Qichao’s ‘New History.’” Historiography East and West 1.2 (2003): 204–241.
  530. DOI: 10.1163/157018603774004502Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  531. A well-researched piece on Liang’s historiography that provided a new narrative structure for the Chinese nation by using many of the building blocks of the old myth-history.
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  533. Literature
  534.  
  535. Both Lian 1991 and Xia 2006a provide comprehensive accounts of Liang Qichao’s views on literature and his own literary works. Xia 2006b, Xia 2006c, and Xia 2006d are three chapters from her essay collections on Liang Qichao, each of which discusses one specific topic relating to Liang Qichao and literature. Mareshi 2001, Wong 1998, and Hsia 1976 analyze Liang’s views on the political function of novels.
  536.  
  537. Hsia, T. C. (Xia Zhiqing夏志清). “Yen Fu and Liang Ch’i-Ch’ao as Advocates of New Fiction.” Journal of Oriental Studies (HK) 14.2 (1976): 133–149.
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  539. Chinese translation entitled “Xin xiaoshuo de tichangzhe: Yan Fu yu Liang Qichao” (新小說的提倡者：嚴復與梁啟超). In Lin Mingde 林明德 ed., Wan Qing xiaoshuo yanjiu 晚清小說研究. Taipei: Lianjing chubanshe, 1986, pp. 59–92. It compares the differences and similarities in Liang Qichao and Yen Fu’s discourse on the political function of novels.
  540. Find this resource:
  541. Lian Yantang 连燕堂. Liang Qichao yu wan Qing wenxue geming (梁启超与晚清文学革命). Guilin, China: Lijiang chubanshe, 1991.
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  543. Examines Liang Qichao’s role and influence on Chinese literature, including poetry, novels, and traditional Chinese opera, in the late Qing and early republican periods.
  544. Find this resource:
  545. Mareshi, Saitō 斋藤希史. “Jindai wenxue guannian xingcheng shiqi de Liang Qichao” (近代文学观念形成期的梁启超). In Liang Qichao Mingzhi Riben Xifang: Riben Jingdu Daxue renwen kexue yanjiusuo gongtong yanjiu baogao (梁启超·明治日本·西方: 日本京都大学人文科学研究所共同研究报告). Edited by Hazama Naoki 狭间直树, 263–292. Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 2001.
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  547. Argues that Liang used political novels to shape the souls of citizens, which is an idea that derived from Meiji Japan’s literature.
  548. Find this resource:
  549. Wong, Wang-chi. “The Sole Purpose is to Express my Political Views: Liang Qichao and the Translation and Writing of Political Novels in the Late Qing.” In Translation and Creation. Edited by David Polland, 105–126. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1998.
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  551. A discussion of Liang Qichao’s role in the development of political fiction in the first decade of the 20th century.
  552. Find this resource:
  553. Xia Xiaohong 夏晓虹. Jueshi yu chuanshi—Liang Qichao de wenxue daolu (觉世与传世-梁启超的文学道路). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2006a.
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  555. A comparative study with thorough research evidence from both Liang’s writings and Japanese sources, demonstrating the connection between Liang’s literature works and the influence of Meiji Japan.
  556. Find this resource:
  557. Xia Xiaohong 夏晓虹. Yuedu Liang Qichao (阅读梁启超). Beijing: Sanlian shudian, 2006b.
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  559. Chapter 1 of the third section (pp. 89–124) “Liang Qichao qulun yu juzuo tanwei”(梁启超曲论与剧作探微) examines two plays written by Liang: the Xin Luoma chuanqi新罗马传奇 and Ban Dingyuan ping Xiyu 班定远平西域, and shows how Liang transformed traditional Chinese plays into useful tools for the education of the masses.
  560. Find this resource:
  561. Xia Xiaohong 夏晓虹. Yuedu Liang Qichao (阅读梁启超). Beijing: Sanlian shudian, 2006c.
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  563. Chapter 3 of the third section (pp. 123–155) “Liang Qichao wenxue lei gainian bianxi” (梁启超文类概念辨析) analyzes Liang Qichao’s classification of literature, arguing that after the May Fourth movement of 1919 Liang shifted his emphaisis from the sociopolitical utility of literature to an appreciation of the beauty of literature.
  564. Find this resource:
  565. Xia Xiaohong夏晓虹. Yuedu Liang Qichao (阅读梁启超). Beijing: Sanlian shudian, 2006d.
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  567. Chapter 6 of the third section (pp. 179–243) “Liang Qichao de wenxueshi yanjiu” (梁启超的文学史研究) focuses on Liang Qichao’s research on the history of Chinese literature, emphasizing the scientific methodology and cultural and historical assessments.
  568. Find this resource:
  569. Journalism, Language, and Translation
  570.  
  571. Lai 1968 documents Liang Qichao’s views on journalism and his experience in managing newspapers, while Vittinghoff 2002 re-appraises the nature of Liang’s advocacy for freedom of the press. Wang 2000, Jiang 2009, and Luo 2006 discuss Liang’s translation of Japanese political novels from various perspectives. Mareshi 2004 discusses the role of Japan in Liang’s introduction of Western ideas into China from a linguistic perspective, while Wang 2012 focuses on Liang Qichao’s method for learning to read Japanese. Li 2003 traces “Japanese borrowed words” in Liang’s writings to demonstrate Liang’s role in the development of modern Chinese vocabulary.
  572.  
  573. Jiang Lin 蒋林. Liang Qichao ‘haojie yi’yanjiu (梁启超“豪杰译”研究). Shanghai: Yiwen chubanshe, 2009.
  574. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  575. A monograph on Liang Qichao’s translation method called haojie yi豪杰译. Traces the origin and historical background of the formation and evolution of this particular translation method, providing an in-depth analysis of Liang’s translation of political novels via Japanese translation, his approach to translation, and his impact on translation and literature in China.
  576. Find this resource:
  577. Lai Guanglin赖光临. Liang Qichao yu jindai baoye yanjiu (梁启超与近代报业研究). Taipei: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1968.
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  579. A pioneering work on Liang Qichao’s contribution to newspapers in modern China with detailed narrative of Liang’s management of various newspapers along with an analysis of his views on the newspaper industry.
  580. Find this resource:
  581. Li Yunbo 李运博. “Liuru dao jindai Zhongguo de Riyu jieci—Liang Qichao zuopin zhong de Riyu jieci” (流入到近代中国的日语借词—梁启超作品中的日语借词). Tianjin waiguoyu xueyuan xuebao 天津外国语学院学报 4 (2003): 37–40.
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  583. By revewing Liang Qichao’s Yinbingshi heji 饮冰室合集, the author characterizes the role of Liang Qichao in the fusion of Japanese borrowed words and the modern Chinese vocabulary.
  584. Find this resource:
  585. Luo Xuanmin罗选民. “Yishi xingtai yu wenxue fanyi: Lun Liang Qichao de fanyi shijian” (意识形态与文学翻译-论梁启超的翻译实践). Journal of Tsinghua University 1 (2006): 46–52.
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  587. Argues that while exiled in Japan, Liang selected political novels via Japanese translation and translated them into Chinese by using the method of rewriting.
  588. Find this resource:
  589. Mareshi, Saito. “Liang Qichao’s Consciousness of Language.” In The Role of Japan in Liang Qichao’s Introduction of Modern Western Civilization to China. Edited by Joshua A. Fogel, 247–271. Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley, 2004.
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  591. Explains how the linguistic familiarity of Japanese enabled Liang to capture the essence of Western learning that had been translated into Japanese and that he then combined with traditional Chinese learning.
  592. Find this resource:
  593. Vittinghoff, Narascha. “Unity vs. Uniformity: Liang Qichao and the Invention of a ‘New Journalism’ for China.” Late Imperial China 23.2 (2002): 91–143.
  594. DOI: 10.1353/late.2002.0005Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  595. This article challenges the generally held opinion that regards Liang as the most influential newspaper journalist to exert his influence on the development of a new press in China. It argues that Liang was one of the first influential figures who played a key role in the process of creating a press dominated by party politics.
  596. Find this resource:
  597. Wang Zhisong 王志松. “Xi Shiwu xiao haojie de haojie yi—jian lun zhanghui baihua xiaoshuoti yu wan Qing fanyi xiaoshuo de lianzai wenti” (析《十五小豪杰》的豪杰译—兼论章回白话小说体与晚清翻译小说的连载问题). Zhongguo bijiao wenxue （中国比较文学） 3 (2000): 66–75.
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  599. Examines Liang Qichao’s translation of the Japanese version of the Story of Fifteen Boys and argues that Liang utilised zhanghui 章回, the style of the traditional Chinese novel, in his translation.
  600. Find this resource:
  601. Wang Zhisong 王志松. “Liang Qichao he Hewen Handufa” (梁启超与《和文汉读法》). Riyu xuexi yu yanjiu 日语学习与研究 2 (2012): 60–69.
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  603. A discussion of “Kun-reading” in Liang Qichao’s Chinese Pronounciation of Japanese and its relationship to translation and the new style of writing.
  604. Find this resource:
  605. Philosophy, Buddhism, and National Learning
  606.  
  607. Xiao 2002 and Huang 2005 seek the traditional Chinese learning underlying Liang’s philosophy. Jiang 2001 examines Liang’s efforts to create a new type of scholarship blending the East and West. Sang 2004, Sueoka 2001, and Mori 2001 discuss the Japanese influence on Liang with respect to his insight into Buddhism and philosophy and his view on national learning, while Huang 2004 scrutinizes the impact of Immanuel Kant on Liang. Bastid-Bruguière 2001 studies Liang’s interest in Buddhism after 1918. Lu 2013 provides a general survey of Liang’s research on philosophy.
  608.  
  609. Bastid-Bruguière, Marianne. “Liang Qichao yu zongjiao wenti” (梁启超与宗教问题). In Liang Qichao Mingzhi Riben Xifang: Riben Jingdu Daxue renwen kexue yanjiusuo gongtong yanjiu baogao (梁启超·明治日本·西方: 日本京都大学人文科学研究所共同研究报告). Edited by Hazama Naoki 狭间直树, 367–419. Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 2001.
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  611. Argues that Liang’s interest in Buddhism after 1918 corresponds to the rise of Buddhism that was influenced by sociopolitical situations of the latter part of the Qing and the early years of the Republic of China. By comparing Liang’s Buddhism with Zhang Taiyan and Xiong Shili’s research on Buddhism, it contends that Liang’s Buddhism is an offshoot focusing on the shaping of moral personality.
  612. Find this resource:
  613. Huang Kewu黄克武. “Liang Qichao and Immanuel Kant.” In The Role of Japan in Liang Qichao’s Introduction of Modern Western Civilization to China. Edited by Joshua A. Fogel, 125–155. Berkeley: University of California, 2004.
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  615. Translation of the author’s Chinese article “Liang Qichao yu Kang De”(梁启超与康德). Zhongyang yanjiuyuan jindaishi yanjiusuo jikan 30 (1998): 101–148. The article provides a detailed account of Liang Qichao’s indirect introduction to Immanuel Kant.
  616. Find this resource:
  617. Huang Kewu黄克武. “Liang Qichao yu rujia chuantongL yi Qing mo Wang xue wei zhongxin de kaocha” (梁启超与儒家传统：以清末王学为中心之考察). In Liang Qichao yu jindai Zhongguo shehui wenhua (梁启超与近代中国社会文化). Edited by Li Xisuo 李喜所, 141–153. Tianjin, China: Guji chubanshe, 2005.
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  619. A synthesis of the author’s various studies on the shaping of Liang Qichao’s philosophy by Western and Japanese influences and traditional Chinese learning. It argues that Liang Qichao in late Qing attemped to use Wang Yangming’s thought to bridge Confucianism, Buddhism, and Moism with Western sicences and Kant’s ethics in order to create a new value system for his idealized new citizens.
  620. Find this resource:
  621. Jiang Guangxue 蒋广学. Liang Qichao he Zhongguo gudai xueshu de zhongjie (梁启超和中国古代学术的终结). Jiangsu, China: Jiaoyu chubanshe, 2001.
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  623. Traces the evolution of Liang Qichao’s thought by analyzing his studies of Legalism, Moism, Laozi, and Zhuangzi, Confucianism, Buddhism, and the Qing evidential scholarship, emphasizing the value of Liang’s efforts to create a type of new scholarship based on a fusion of Chinese and Western learning.
  624. Find this resource:
  625. Lu Xinli陆信礼. Liang Qichao Zhongguo zhexueshi yanjiu pingshu (梁启超中国哲学史研究评述). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 2013.
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  627. A general survey of Liang’s research on Chinese philosophy based on the author’s PhD dissertation. Discusses Liang’s influence on Chinese philosophy by examining the scholarly discourses between Liang and Hu Shi.
  628. Find this resource:
  629. Mori, Noriko森 纪子. “Liang Qichao de Foxue yu Riben” (梁启超的佛学与日本). In Liang Qichao Mingzhi Riben Xifang: Riben Jingdu Daxue renwen kexue yanjiusuo gongtong yanjiu baogao (梁启超·明治日本·西方: 日本京都大学人文科学研究所共同研究报告). Edited by Hazama Naoki 狭间直树, 168–198. Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 2001.
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  631. A well-researched paper that connects Liang Qichao’s research on Buddhism to the Buddhist Thought of Enryo Inoue井上圓了(1858–1919) which, in Liang’s opinion, contained the elements of evolutionary theory and was therefore suitable for modern nation building. A similar English version of this paper can be found in Fogel 2004 (cited under Liang Qichao and Japan).
  632. Find this resource:
  633. Sang, Bing. “Japan and Liang Qichao’s Research in the Field of National Learning.” In The Role of Japan in Liang Qichao’s Introduction of Modern Western Civilization to China. Edited by Joshua A. Fogel, 177–202. Berkeley: University of California, 2004.
  634. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  635. A discussion of the Japanese influence on Liang Qichao’s conceptual framework for clarifying the “national essence” for a “national citizenry.”
  636. Find this resource:
  637. Sueoka, Hiroshi 末岡, 宏. “Liang Qichao yu Riben de Zhongguo zhexue yanjiu” (梁启超与日本的中国哲学研究). In Liang Qichao Mingzhi Riben Xifang: Riben Jingdu Daxue renwen kexue yanjiusuo gongtong yanjiu baogao (梁启超·明治日本·西方: 日本京都大学人文科学研究所共同研究报告). Edited by Hazama Naoki 狭间直树, 143–167. Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 2001.
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  639. This study seeks the rationale behind Liang Qichao’s adoption of Tetsujirō Inoue’s approach to the study of Chinese philosophy and highlights the similarities in their political ideas and scholarly pursuits.
  640. Find this resource:
  641. Thoraval, Joël. “The Appropriation of the Concept of ‘Liberty’ at the End of the Qing Dynasty: Beginning with the Interpretation of Kant by Liang Qichao.” In China, Democracy, and Law: A Historical and Contemporary Approach. Edited by Mireille Delmas-Marty and Pierre-Étienne Will, 211–226. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2011.
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  643. A study of the Chinese appropriation of the European concept of “liberty” by examining Liang Qichao’s essay “The Doctrines of the Greatest Philosopher in Modern Times—Kant” written in 1903.
  644. Find this resource:
  645. Xiao, Yang. “Liang Qichao’s Political and Social Philosophy.” In Contemporary Chinese Philosophy. Edited by Chung-ying Cheng and Nicholas Bunnin, 17–36. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2002.
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  647. Examines how Liang’s political and social philosophy was progressed as a result of his appropriation of Western ideas and knowledge of traditional Chinese philosophy.
  648. Find this resource:
  649. Laws and Economics
  650.  
  651. Zhu 2004 focuses on Liang’s attempt to apply Western economics to the late Qing reforms while Lai 2010 offers a detailed analysis of Liang’s views on economics. Tokihiko 2001 examines the formation and development of Liang’s concept of shengjixue 生计学, and Shi 2005 offers a study of Liang’s Shengjixue xueshuo yange xiaoshi生计学学说沿革小史. Jiao 2006 and Song 1990 examine Liang’s ideas on law.
  652.  
  653. Jiao Runming焦润明. Liang Qichao falü sixiang zongrun(梁启超法律思想综论). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju， 2006.
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  655. Focuses on Liang Qichao’s views on constitutional reform and political systems along with his understanding of traditional Chinese perception of law.
  656. Find this resource:
  657. Lai Jiancheng 赖建诚. Liang Qichao de jingji mianxiang (梁启超的经济面向). Hangzhou, China: Zhejiang daxue chubanshe, 2010.
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  659. First published in Taiwan and reprinted in mainland China. Presents a critical and explicit study of Liang Qichao’s views on economics.
  660. Find this resource:
  661. Shi Yunyan 石云艳. Liang Qichao yu Riben (梁启超与日本). By Shi Yunyan, 323–368. Tianjin, China: Renmin chubanshe, 2005.
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  663. Chapter 9 (pp. 323–368) “Liang Qichao de jingjixue sixiang”(梁启超的经济学思想) studies Liang’s Shengjixue xueshuo yange xiaoshi生计学学说沿革小史and its connection to the economic theory of Adam Smith along with German influence via Japanese translation.
  664. Find this resource:
  665. Song Ren宋仁. Liang Qichao Zhengzhi falü sixiang yanjiu (梁启超政治法律思想研究). Beijing: Xueyuan chubanshe, 1990.
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  667. Covers Liang’s ideas on reform, patriotism, people’s rights, and constitutionalism.
  668. Find this resource:
  669. Tokihiko Mori森 时彦. “Liang Qichao de jingji sixiang” (梁启超的经济思想). In Liang Qichao Mingzhi Riben Xifang: Riben Jingdu Daxue renwen kexue yanjiusuo gongtong yanjiu baogao (梁启超·明治日本·西方: 日本京都大学人文科学研究所共同研究报告). Edited by Hazama Naoki 狭间直树, 199–222. Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 2001.
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  671. A study of Liang’s sublimation of the term shengjixue 生计学into a concept uniquely his own by combining a modern Western connotation with a Confucian perspective.
  672. Find this resource:
  673. Zhu Junrui 朱俊瑞. Liang Qichao jingji sixiang yanjiu (梁启超经济思想研究). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 2004.
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  675. A study of how Liang Qichao introduced Western economics into China and compared it with Chinese economics drawn from Chinese classics and historical documents. Argues that Liang tried to translate these ideas into practice and contributed ideas to the economic reform of late Qing.
  676. Find this resource:
  677. Race and Liang’s Influence in Asia
  678.  
  679. Zarrow 2006, Price 2004, and Ishikawa 2004 are excellent studies on Liang Qichao’s appropriation of racial knowledge from different perspectives. Mishra 2012 provides a comparative study of Liang Qichao in an Asian context. Ishikawa 2001 links Liang’s views on racial knowledge to a common language in a so-called East Asian cultural sphere; Bai 2013 and Wen 2012 provide a discourse on Liang’s influence in Korea. Bai 2008 studies Liang’s notion of elementary education and race factors reflected in textbooks produced in 1895–1915.
  680.  
  681. Bai, Limin. “Children as the Youthful Hope of an Old Empire: Race, Nationalism, and Elementary Eduation in China, 1895–1915.” Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth 1.2 (2008): 210–231.
  682. DOI: 10.1353/hcy.0.0012Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  683. A study of Liang Qichao’s use of children as the symbolic representation of a new China and his notion of education, addressing race factors and the political systems reflected in the elementary textbooks on history, Chinese language, geography, and ethics produced during that period.
  684. Find this resource:
  685. Bai Yuchen 白玉陈. Chaoxian jindai aiguo qimeng yundong shiqi xiaoshuo lilun de gemin yu liang Qicho (朝鲜近代爱国启蒙运动时期小说理论的革命与梁启超). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu Daxue Chuban she, 2013.
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  687. An Analysis of Liang’s impact on the literature revolution in Korea. The appendix lists Liang’s works that were introduced in Korea, including publication dates, names of newspapers, and essay titles.
  688. Find this resource:
  689. Ishikawa Yoshihiro石川禎浩. “Kindai To Ajia ‘bunmeiken’ no seiritsu to sono kyodo gengo-Ryo Keicho ni okeru ‘jinshu’ o chūshin ni” (近代東アジア ‘文明圈’の成立とその共同言語 - 梁啟超における ‘人種’ お 中心に). In Seiya kindai bunmei to Chiika sekai (西洋近代文明の中華世界). Edited by Hazama Naoki狹間直樹, 25–40. Kyoto: Kyoto daigaku gakaujitsu shuppankai, 2001.
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  691. A provocative essay on how racial knowledge became central to Liang Qichao’s views on history and also a common language that lay at the base of a so-called East Asian cultural sphere in late 19th and early 20th centuries.
  692. Find this resource:
  693. Ishikawa Yoshihiro石川禎浩. “Liang Qichao, the Field of Geography in Meiji Japan, and Geographical Determinism.” In The Role of Japan in Liang Qichao’s Introduction of Modern Western Civilization to China. Edited by Joshua A. Fogel, 156–176. Berkeley: University of California, 2004.
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  695. A critical study of racial knowledge integrated with geography and Liang’s utilization of Western theories of geographical determinism.
  696. Find this resource:
  697. Mishra, Pankaj. From the Ruins of Empire: The Intellectuals Who Remade Asia. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012.
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  699. Chapter 5 (pp. 124–183) “Liang Qichao’s China and the Fate of Asia” argues provocatively that Liang was a leader of an anti-imperialist program of “self-strengthening” on behalf of the “the Chinese race” rather than an advocate of Western liberalism. The author is a journalist and novelist, but this book offers an Asian history through the biographies of Liang Qichao, the Muslim activist Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, and the Indian poet and philosopher Rabindranath Tagore.
  700. Find this resource:
  701. Price, Don C. “From Might to Right: Liang Qichao and the Comforts of Darwinism in Late-Meiji Japan.” In The Role of Japan in Liang Qichao’s Introduction of Modern Western Civilization to China. Edited by Joshua A. Fogel, 68–103. Berkeley: University of California, 2004.
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  703. A study of the early Chinese use of social Darwinism, with a focus on the influence of Kato Hiroyuki’s fusion of J. K. Bluntschli and Spencer on Liang Qichao’s views of the natural rights of individuals and the collective power/progress of the nation-state.
  704. Find this resource:
  705. Wen Dayi文大一. “Liang Qichao de ‘xinmin’ sixiang dui Shin Chao Ho’xin guomin’ sixiang de yingxiang” (梁启超的 ‘新民’思想对申采浩’新国民’思想的影响). Dongfang luntan （东方论坛）2 (2012): 9–15.
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  707. Traces Social Darwinism in Liang’s ideas of new citizens and its influence on the concept of “New Citizens in the Twentieth Century” advocated by Shin Chao Ho, an influencial Korean journalist and thinker.
  708. Find this resource:
  709. Zarrow, Peter. “Liang Qichao and the Conceptualization of ‘Race’ in Late Qing China.” Zhongyang yanjiuyuan jindaishi yanjiusuo jikan (中央研究院近代史研究所集刊) 52 (2006): 113–164.
  710. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  711. A comprehensive case study of Liang Qichao’s concept of race, through which to demonstrate how racial knowledge was exploited by Liang and other intellectuals of his generation to challenge the hegemony of Western imperialism.
  712. Find this resource:
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