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  1. %% LyX 2.3.0 created this file. For more info, see http://www.lyx.org/.
  2. %% Do not edit unless you really know what you are doing.
  3. \documentclass[french,english]{beamer}
  4. \usepackage{amsmath}
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  29. }
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  32.  
  33. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% User specified LaTeX commands.
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  35. %\usepackage{hyperref}
  36. \usepackage{tabularx}
  37. %\usepackage[super,sort&compress]{natbib}
  38. \usetheme{Warsaw}
  39. % for beamer version >= 3.5 only
  40. %\setbeamertemplate{page number in head/foot}[totalframenumber]
  41. \usepackage{dsfont}
  42. %\usepackage[table]{xcolor}
  43. %\usepackage{dcolumn}
  44. \addtobeamertemplate{footline}{\insertframenumber/\inserttotalframenumber}
  45. \AtBeginDocument{\renewcommand{\bibsection}{}
  46.  
  47. \makeatother
  48.  
  49. \usepackage{babel}
  50. \makeatletter
  51. \addto\extrasfrench{%
  52. \providecommand{\og}{\leavevmode\flqq~}%
  53. \providecommand{\fg}{\ifdim\lastskip>\z@\unskip\fi~\frqq}%
  54. }
  55.  
  56. \makeatother
  57. \begin{document}
  58.  
  59. \title[Evolution of EROIs until 2050]{Is Green Electricity Sustainable?\\
  60. Evolution of EROIs until 2050}
  61.  
  62. \author{Adrien Fabre}
  63.  
  64. \institute{École d'économie de Paris --- Université Paris 1}
  65.  
  66. \date{11/2018}
  67. \makebeamertitle
  68. \begin{frame}{Contents}
  69. \tableofcontents{}
  70. \end{frame}
  71.  
  72. \subsection*{Introduction}
  73. \begin{frame}{The material-energy nexus}
  74.  
  75. \begin{itemize}
  76. \item Renewable electricity is much more material-intensive that elec from
  77. fossils \citet{vidal_matieres_2018,hertwich_integrated_2015}
  78. \begin{figure}[H]
  79. \centering\includegraphics[width=0.6\columnwidth]{copper_intensity_energy_kg_MWh}
  80.  
  81. \caption{Copper intensity of different electricity technologies (kg/MWh).}
  82. \end{figure}
  83. \item Mineral extraction and processing is energy-intensive, it uses about
  84. 10\% of global primary energy \citep{nuss_life_2014}
  85. \end{itemize}
  86. \end{frame}
  87. %
  88. \begin{frame}{The relevant concept: EROI}
  89.  
  90. \begin{itemize}
  91. \item Energy Returned On Invested: $\text{EROI}=\frac{\text{delivered energy}}{\text{net embodied energy}}$
  92. \item An energy system is energetically sustainaible if its $\text{EROI}>1$
  93. \item EROI of electricity from renewables lower than that from fossils
  94. \end{itemize}
  95. \begin{figure}[H]
  96. \centering\includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth]{\string"EROI Weissbach buffered\string".eps}
  97.  
  98. \caption{Estimates of EROIs of different electricity technologies, from \citet{weisbach_energy_2013},
  99. where supplementary capacity and storage required for the deployment
  100. of these technologies is accounted for.}
  101. \end{figure}
  102.  
  103. \end{frame}
  104. %
  105. \begin{frame}{EROI is not an intrinsic property}
  106.  
  107. \begin{itemize}
  108. \item if trucks and plants currently used to build solar panels (PV) employed
  109. renewable electricity instead of gasoline or electricity from coal
  110. as their sources of energy => EROI of PV would decrease
  111. \item i.e. the EROI of a technology is not intrinsic, it depends on the
  112. chain of production / whole economic system (\citealp{king_matrix_2014})
  113. \end{itemize}
  114. $\implies$ Is decarbonized electricity energetically sustainable?
  115. Or will the EROIs of some technos fall below 1? \citet{tverberg_wind_2017},
  116. Jancovici (2018)
  117.  
  118. $\implies$ I compute the evolution of EROIs until 2050, relative
  119. to different scenarios.
  120. \end{frame}
  121. %
  122. \begin{frame}{Does size of EROI matter?}
  123.  
  124. {\tiny{}<<}\emph{\tiny{}Think of a society dependent upon one resource:
  125. its domestic oil. If the EROI for this oil was 1.1:1 then one could
  126. pump the oil out of the ground and look at it. If it were 1.2:1 you
  127. could also refine it and look at it, 1.3:1 also distribute it to where
  128. you want to use it but all you could do is look at it. Hall et al.
  129. {[}7{]} examined the EROI required to actually run a truck and found
  130. that if the energy included was enough to build and maintain the truck
  131. and the roads and bridges required to use it (i.e., depreciation),
  132. one would need at least a 3:1 EROI at the wellhead. Now if you wanted
  133. to put something in the truck, say some grain, and deliver it that
  134. would require an EROI of, say, 5:1 to grow the grain. If you wanted
  135. to include depreciation on the oil field worker, the refinery worker,
  136. the truck driver and the farmer you would need an EROI of say 7 or
  137. 8:1 to support the families. If the children were to be educated you
  138. would need perhaps 9 or 10:1, have health care 12:1, have arts in
  139. their lifemaybe 14:1 and so on.}{\tiny{}>>} \citet{hall_introduction_2011}.
  140.  
  141. Strong underlying assumptions: factors used at full capacity, no future
  142. progress.\\
  143. {\footnotesize{}Still, this argument should not be neglected, and
  144. some authors draw a link between affluence of a society and its EROI:
  145. \citep{hall_what_2009,lambert_predicting_2011,lambert_energy_2014,fizaine_energy_2016}.}{\footnotesize\par}
  146. \end{frame}
  147.  
  148. \section{The EROI of a Technology Is Not Intrinsic}
  149. \begin{frame}{Input-Output Analysis and autopromotion}
  150.  
  151. \begin{itemize}
  152. \item In the US, input-output analysis is conducted in departments of Industrial
  153. Ecology
  154. \item Indeed, environmental economists do not identify these tools as belonging
  155. to economics but...
  156. \item ...IO analysis was developed by Leontief, an ``Nobel'' in economics
  157. (e.g. \citealp{leontief_input-output_1986})
  158. \item Yet, bridges exist: Life Cycle Analysis relies on the same theory,
  159. IO tables used in trade (GTAP)...
  160. \end{itemize}
  161. \end{frame}
  162.  
  163. \subsection{Simple Model With A Unique Energy Technology}
  164. \begin{frame}{Definitions}
  165.  
  166. The element $a_{i,j}$ of the technology matrix \emph{A} represents
  167. the quantity of input \emph{i} required to produce one unit of output
  168. \emph{j}.
  169.  
  170. \[
  171. \overset{A=\left(a_{\text{in, out}}\right)=\begin{pmatrix}a_{1,1} & \cdots & a_{1,n}\\
  172. \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\
  173. a_{n,1} & \ldots & a_{n,n}
  174. \end{pmatrix}\leftarrow\text{ inputs}}{\underset{\text{outputs}}{\downarrow}}
  175. \]
  176. \\
  177. \[
  178. A=\begin{pmatrix}0 & 0 & 1\\
  179. m_{e} & m_{m} & 0\\
  180. E_{e} & E_{m} & 0
  181. \end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}0 & 0 & 1\\
  182. m_{e} & 0.2 & 0\\
  183. 0.1 & 0.5 & 0
  184. \end{pmatrix}\begin{array}{c}
  185. \text{energy techno.}\\
  186. \text{materials}\\
  187. \text{energy}
  188. \end{array}
  189. \]
  190.  
  191. \end{frame}
  192.  
  193. \begin{frame}{EROI formula}
  194.  
  195. The embodied inputs \emph{x} required for a final demand \emph{y}
  196. can be calculated using the well known formula (\citealt{leontief_input-output_1986,eurostat_eurostat_2008,miller_input-output_2009}):
  197. \[
  198. x\left(y\right)=\left(I_{n}-A\right)^{-1}\cdot y\text{.}
  199. \]
  200. \\
  201. \begin{align*}
  202. \text{EROI} & =\frac{\text{delivered energy}}{\text{net embodied energy}}\\
  203. & =\frac{1}{\mathds{1}_{E}^{T}\cdot\left(\left(I_{n}-A\right)^{-1}\cdot\mathds{1}_{E}-\mathds{1}_{E}\right)}\text{.}
  204. \end{align*}
  205.  
  206. \end{frame}
  207.  
  208. \begin{frame}{EROI and material intensity}
  209.  
  210. \begin{columns}
  211.  
  212.  
  213. \column{.5\textwidth}
  214.  
  215. \begin{align*}
  216. \text{EROI} & =\frac{\left(1-E_{e}\right)\left(m_{m}-1\right)+E_{m}m_{e}}{E_{e}\left(m_{m}-1\right)-E_{m}m_{e}}\\
  217. & =\frac{0.72-0.5m_{e}}{0.08+0.5m_{e}}
  218. \end{align*}
  219.  
  220. EROI decreases with the material intensity of the energy technology,
  221. because extracting and processing material requires energy
  222.  
  223. \column{.5\textwidth}
  224.  
  225. \begin{figure}[h]
  226. \centering\includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{\string"EROI for different material intensity\string".eps}\caption{\label{fig:EROI-in-the}EROI in the simple model in function of the
  227. material intensity $m_{e}$ of the energy technology.}
  228. \end{figure}
  229.  
  230. \end{columns}
  231.  
  232. \end{frame}
  233.  
  234. \subsection{A Simple Model With A Mix of Two Technologies}
  235. \begin{frame}{}
  236.  
  237. \begin{align*}
  238. A & =\begin{pmatrix}0 & 0 & 0 & p\\
  239. 0 & 0 & 0 & 1-p\\
  240. m_{PV} & m_{g} & m_{m} & 0\\
  241. E_{PV} & E_{g} & E_{m} & 0
  242. \end{pmatrix}\\
  243. & =\begin{pmatrix}0 & 0 & 0 & p\\
  244. 0 & 0 & 0 & 1-p\\
  245. 0.7 & 0.1 & 0.2 & 0\\
  246. 0.1 & 0.1 & 0.5 & 0
  247. \end{pmatrix}\begin{array}{c}
  248. \text{PV}\\
  249. \text{gas}\\
  250. \text{materials}\\
  251. \text{energy}
  252. \end{array}
  253. \end{align*}
  254.  
  255. \end{frame}
  256.  
  257. \begin{frame}{EROI and material intensity}
  258.  
  259. \begin{columns}
  260.  
  261.  
  262. \column{.5\textwidth}
  263.  
  264. \[
  265. \text{EROI}_{sytem}=\frac{0.67-0.3p}{0.13+0.3p}
  266. \]
  267.  
  268. \begin{align*}
  269. \text{EROI}{}_{PV} & =1.558-0.698p\\
  270. \text{EROI}{}_{gas} & =5.154-2.308p
  271. \end{align*}
  272. \\
  273. The higher the share of PV in the mix, the lower the EROI of both
  274. technologies: this comes from the higher material intensity of PV\\
  275. For highest penetration of PV, the EROI falls below unity
  276.  
  277.  
  278. \column{.5\textwidth}
  279.  
  280. \begin{figure}[h]
  281. \centering\includegraphics[width=1.1\columnwidth]{\string"EROI for different energy mixes - gas\string".eps}\caption{\label{fig:EROIs-2-technos}EROIs in the two-technology model in function
  282. of the share \emph{p} of PV in the energy mix.}
  283. \end{figure}
  284.  
  285. \end{columns}
  286.  
  287. \end{frame}
  288.  
  289. \begin{frame}{Previous studies}
  290.  
  291. \begin{itemize}
  292. \item This argument was first made by \citet{king_matrix_2014}
  293. \item \citet{king_matrix_2014} provided a numerical application, where
  294. incidentally the EROI fell below 1 in a 100\% renewable mix (see Table)
  295. \item he did not comment on this result, because the computations had a
  296. purely illustrative purpose, were not supposed to be credible\\
  297. \begin{figure}[H]
  298. \centering\includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth]{\string"King 2014 table\string".eps}
  299.  
  300. \caption{Table 4 in \citep{king_matrix_2014}. NEER is the EROI concept defined
  301. afterwards.}
  302. \end{figure}
  303. \item No other study
  304. \end{itemize}
  305. \end{frame}
  306.  
  307. \section{Estimation of Current and Future EROIs}
  308.  
  309. \subsection{Setting and Data}
  310.  
  311. \begin{frame}{Data}
  312.  
  313. \begin{itemize}
  314. \item Exiobase: Multi-Regional Input-Output Tables (200 sectors, 48 regions,
  315. hundreds of impacts)
  316. \item ecoinvent: Life Cycle Inventory (15,000 processes) (Wood et al., 2014)
  317. \item IEA BaseLine (BAU) and Blue Map (+2°C) scenarios: energy mix for 9
  318. regions until 2050 (ETP 2017)
  319. \item THEMIS: hybrid MRIOT combining Exiobase (background), ecoinvent and
  320. other data (foreground) (Gibon et al., 2015)
  321. \item ``Greenpeace'''s scenarios (developed at DLR using model REMix,
  322. Teske et al., 2015)
  323. \end{itemize}
  324. Using an IO approach, I should find lower estimates that the literature
  325. relying on LCA
  326. \end{frame}
  327.  
  328. \begin{frame}{Different notions of EROIs}
  329.  
  330. \begin{itemize}
  331. \item \citealt{brandt_general_2011,murphy_order_2011} clarify the different
  332. concepts and try to harmonize namings
  333. \item Most relevant notion in our case: Gross Energy Ratio...
  334. \item ... called Net External Energy Ratio by \citet{king_matrix_2014}
  335. \item The GER measures the ratio of energy delivered over energy embodied
  336. in inputs net of the energy of the fuels used in the process
  337. \item In this paper, we use secondary energies instead of the more common
  338. primary energy: both approaches are equally valid
  339. \end{itemize}
  340. \end{frame}
  341.  
  342. \begin{frame}{Formula for GER}
  343.  
  344. \[
  345. \text{supply}_{t}=E^{S}\odot y_{t}=\text{demand}_{t}\odot\mathds{1}_{t}
  346. \]
  347. \\
  348. \[
  349. \text{net secondary embodied}_{t}=E^{S}\odot\mathds{1}_{\text{secondary}}\odot\left(\left(I-A\right)^{-1}\cdot y_{t}-y_{t}\right)
  350. \]
  351. \\
  352. \[
  353. \text{fuel input}_{t}=E^{S}\odot\mathds{1}_{\text{secondary fuel}}\odot A\cdot y_{t}
  354. \]
  355. \\
  356. \[
  357. GER_{t}^{2nd}=\frac{\text{supply}_{t}}{\text{net secondary embodied}_{t}-\text{fuel input}_{t}}
  358. \]
  359.  
  360. \end{frame}
  361.  
  362. \subsection{Results}
  363. \begin{frame}{Baseline (BAU, IEA)}
  364.  
  365. \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{\string"Evolution of EROI in BL\string".eps}
  366. \end{frame}
  367.  
  368. \begin{frame}{Blue Map (+2°C, IEA)}
  369.  
  370. \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{\string"Evolution of EROI in BM\string".eps}
  371. \end{frame}
  372.  
  373. \begin{frame}{Energy {[}R{]}evolution (+2°C, no CCS no nuclear, Greenpeace)}
  374.  
  375. \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{\string"Evolution of EROI in ER\string".eps}
  376. \end{frame}
  377.  
  378. \begin{frame}{Baseline (BAU, IEA)}
  379.  
  380. \selectlanguage{french}%
  381. \centering \footnotesize%
  382. \begin{tabular}{c|cc|cc|cc}
  383. \noalign{\vskip-0.5cm}
  384. \multicolumn{1}{c}{\selectlanguage{english}%
  385. \selectlanguage{french}%
  386. } & \multicolumn{6}{c}{\selectlanguage{english}%
  387. \selectlanguage{french}%
  388. }\tabularnewline
  389. \selectlanguage{english}%
  390. \textbf{Year}\selectlanguage{french}%
  391. & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{\selectlanguage{english}%
  392. \textbf{2010}\selectlanguage{french}%
  393. } & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{\selectlanguage{english}%
  394. \textbf{2030}\selectlanguage{french}%
  395. } & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\selectlanguage{english}%
  396. \textbf{2050}\selectlanguage{french}%
  397. }\tabularnewline
  398. \selectlanguage{english}%
  399. \textbf{Variable}\selectlanguage{french}%
  400. & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\selectlanguage{english}%
  401. \textbf{EROI}\selectlanguage{french}%
  402. } & \selectlanguage{english}%
  403. \textbf{mix}\selectlanguage{french}%
  404. & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\selectlanguage{english}%
  405. \textbf{EROI}\selectlanguage{french}%
  406. } & \selectlanguage{english}%
  407. \textbf{mix}\selectlanguage{french}%
  408. & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\selectlanguage{english}%
  409. \textbf{EROI}\selectlanguage{french}%
  410. } & \selectlanguage{english}%
  411. \textbf{mix}\selectlanguage{french}%
  412. \tabularnewline
  413. \hline
  414. \selectlanguage{english}%
  415. \textrm{\textbf{Wind Onshore}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  416. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  417. \textrm{9.4}\selectlanguage{french}%
  418. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  419. \textrm{0.01}\selectlanguage{french}%
  420. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  421. \textrm{9.2}\selectlanguage{french}%
  422. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  423. \textrm{0.04}\selectlanguage{french}%
  424. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  425. \textrm{8.0}\selectlanguage{french}%
  426. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  427. \textrm{0.04}\selectlanguage{french}%
  428. \tabularnewline
  429. \selectlanguage{english}%
  430. \textrm{\textbf{Wind Offshore}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  431. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  432. \textrm{9.3}\selectlanguage{french}%
  433. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  434. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  435. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  436. \textrm{10.9}\selectlanguage{french}%
  437. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  438. \textrm{0.01}\selectlanguage{french}%
  439. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  440. \textrm{10.5}\selectlanguage{french}%
  441. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  442. \textrm{0.01}\selectlanguage{french}%
  443. \tabularnewline
  444. \selectlanguage{english}%
  445. \textrm{\textbf{Solar PV}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  446. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  447. \textrm{9.2}\selectlanguage{french}%
  448. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  449. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  450. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  451. \textrm{6.9}\selectlanguage{french}%
  452. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  453. \textrm{0.01}\selectlanguage{french}%
  454. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  455. \textrm{6.6}\selectlanguage{french}%
  456. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  457. \textrm{0.01}\selectlanguage{french}%
  458. \tabularnewline
  459. \selectlanguage{english}%
  460. \textrm{\textbf{Coal}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  461. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  462. \textrm{12.6}\selectlanguage{french}%
  463. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  464. \textrm{0.42}\selectlanguage{french}%
  465. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  466. \textrm{11.3}\selectlanguage{french}%
  467. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  468. \textrm{0.45}\selectlanguage{french}%
  469. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  470. \textrm{11.3}\selectlanguage{french}%
  471. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  472. \textrm{0.45}\selectlanguage{french}%
  473. \tabularnewline
  474. \selectlanguage{english}%
  475. \textrm{\textbf{Oil}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  476. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  477. \textrm{8.2}\selectlanguage{french}%
  478. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  479. \textrm{0.06}\selectlanguage{french}%
  480. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  481. \textrm{9.6}\selectlanguage{french}%
  482. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  483. \textrm{0.02}\selectlanguage{french}%
  484. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  485. \textrm{9.7}\selectlanguage{french}%
  486. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  487. \textrm{0.01}\selectlanguage{french}%
  488. \tabularnewline
  489. \selectlanguage{english}%
  490. \textrm{\textbf{Gas}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  491. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  492. \textrm{13.7}\selectlanguage{french}%
  493. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  494. \textrm{0.21}\selectlanguage{french}%
  495. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  496. \textrm{14.8}\selectlanguage{french}%
  497. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  498. \textrm{0.21}\selectlanguage{french}%
  499. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  500. \textrm{14.6}\selectlanguage{french}%
  501. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  502. \textrm{0.23}\selectlanguage{french}%
  503. \tabularnewline
  504. \selectlanguage{english}%
  505. \textrm{\textbf{Nuclear}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  506. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  507. \textrm{10.4}\selectlanguage{french}%
  508. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  509. \textrm{0.14}\selectlanguage{french}%
  510. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  511. \textrm{7.2}\selectlanguage{french}%
  512. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  513. \textrm{0.11}\selectlanguage{french}%
  514. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  515. \textrm{7.0}\selectlanguage{french}%
  516. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  517. \textrm{0.10}\selectlanguage{french}%
  518. \tabularnewline
  519. \selectlanguage{english}%
  520. \textrm{\textbf{Hydro}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  521. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  522. \textrm{13.1}\selectlanguage{french}%
  523. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  524. \textrm{0.16}\selectlanguage{french}%
  525. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  526. \textrm{11.8}\selectlanguage{french}%
  527. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  528. \textrm{0.14}\selectlanguage{french}%
  529. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  530. \textrm{11.8}\selectlanguage{french}%
  531. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  532. \textrm{0.12}\selectlanguage{french}%
  533. \tabularnewline
  534. \selectlanguage{english}%
  535. \textrm{\textbf{Coal w CCS}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  536. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  537. \textrm{--}\selectlanguage{french}%
  538. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  539. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  540. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  541. \textrm{--}\selectlanguage{french}%
  542. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  543. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  544. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  545. \textrm{6.1}\selectlanguage{french}%
  546. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  547. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  548. \tabularnewline
  549. \selectlanguage{english}%
  550. \textrm{\textbf{Gas w CCS}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  551. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  552. \textrm{--}\selectlanguage{french}%
  553. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  554. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  555. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  556. \textrm{--}\selectlanguage{french}%
  557. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  558. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  559. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  560. \textrm{7.4}\selectlanguage{french}%
  561. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  562. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  563. \tabularnewline
  564. \selectlanguage{english}%
  565. \textrm{\textbf{Biomass \& Waste}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  566. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  567. \textrm{11.3}\selectlanguage{french}%
  568. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  569. \textrm{0.01}\selectlanguage{french}%
  570. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  571. \textrm{6.3}\selectlanguage{french}%
  572. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  573. \textrm{0.02}\selectlanguage{french}%
  574. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  575. \textrm{5.8}\selectlanguage{french}%
  576. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  577. \textrm{0.03}\selectlanguage{french}%
  578. \tabularnewline
  579. \selectlanguage{english}%
  580. \textrm{\textbf{Biomass w. CCS}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  581. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  582. \textrm{--}\selectlanguage{french}%
  583. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  584. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  585. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  586. \textrm{--}\selectlanguage{french}%
  587. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  588. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  589. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  590. \textrm{--}\selectlanguage{french}%
  591. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  592. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  593. \tabularnewline
  594. \selectlanguage{english}%
  595. \textrm{\textbf{Ocean}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  596. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  597. \textrm{5.5}\selectlanguage{french}%
  598. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  599. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  600. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  601. \textrm{2.1}\selectlanguage{french}%
  602. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  603. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  604. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  605. \textrm{2.4}\selectlanguage{french}%
  606. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  607. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  608. \tabularnewline
  609. \selectlanguage{english}%
  610. \textrm{\textbf{Geothermal}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  611. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  612. \textrm{5.1}\selectlanguage{french}%
  613. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  614. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  615. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  616. \textrm{4.7}\selectlanguage{french}%
  617. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  618. \textrm{0.01}\selectlanguage{french}%
  619. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  620. \textrm{4.5}\selectlanguage{french}%
  621. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  622. \textrm{0.01}\selectlanguage{french}%
  623. \tabularnewline
  624. \selectlanguage{english}%
  625. \textrm{\textbf{Solar CSP}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  626. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  627. \textrm{21.0}\selectlanguage{french}%
  628. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  629. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  630. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  631. \textrm{1.0}\selectlanguage{french}%
  632. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  633. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  634. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  635. \textrm{1.2}\selectlanguage{french}%
  636. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  637. \textrm{0.01}\selectlanguage{french}%
  638. \tabularnewline
  639. \hline
  640. \selectlanguage{english}%
  641. \textbf{Total}\selectlanguage{french}%
  642. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  643. \textrm{\textbf{8.0}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  644. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  645. \textrm{1.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  646. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  647. \textrm{\textbf{7.3}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  648. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  649. \textrm{1.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  650. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  651. \textrm{\textbf{7.1}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  652. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  653. \textrm{1.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  654. \tabularnewline
  655. \end{tabular}
  656. \end{frame}
  657. \selectlanguage{english}%
  658.  
  659. \begin{frame}{Blue Map (+2°C, IEA)}
  660.  
  661. \selectlanguage{french}%
  662. \centering \footnotesize%
  663. \begin{tabular}{c|cc|cc|cc}
  664. \noalign{\vskip-0.5cm}
  665. \multicolumn{1}{c}{\selectlanguage{english}%
  666. \selectlanguage{french}%
  667. } & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\selectlanguage{english}%
  668. \selectlanguage{french}%
  669. } & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\selectlanguage{english}%
  670. \selectlanguage{french}%
  671. }\tabularnewline
  672. \selectlanguage{english}%
  673. \textbf{Year}\selectlanguage{french}%
  674. & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{\selectlanguage{english}%
  675. \textbf{2010}\selectlanguage{french}%
  676. } & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{\selectlanguage{english}%
  677. \textbf{2030}\selectlanguage{french}%
  678. } & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\selectlanguage{english}%
  679. \textbf{2050}\selectlanguage{french}%
  680. }\tabularnewline
  681. \selectlanguage{english}%
  682. \textbf{Variable}\selectlanguage{french}%
  683. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  684. \textbf{EROI}\selectlanguage{french}%
  685. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  686. \textbf{mix}\selectlanguage{french}%
  687. & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\selectlanguage{english}%
  688. \textbf{EROI}\selectlanguage{french}%
  689. } & \selectlanguage{english}%
  690. \textbf{mix}\selectlanguage{french}%
  691. & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\selectlanguage{english}%
  692. \textbf{EROI}\selectlanguage{french}%
  693. } & \selectlanguage{english}%
  694. \textbf{mix}\selectlanguage{french}%
  695. \tabularnewline
  696. \hline
  697. \selectlanguage{english}%
  698. \textrm{\textbf{Wind Onshore}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  699. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  700. \textrm{9.4}\selectlanguage{french}%
  701. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  702. \textrm{0.01}\selectlanguage{french}%
  703. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  704. \textrm{7.1}\selectlanguage{french}%
  705. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  706. \textrm{0.08}\selectlanguage{french}%
  707. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  708. \textrm{7.4}\selectlanguage{french}%
  709. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  710. \textrm{0.08}\selectlanguage{french}%
  711. \tabularnewline
  712. \selectlanguage{english}%
  713. \textrm{\textbf{Wind Offshore}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  714. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  715. \textrm{9.3}\selectlanguage{french}%
  716. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  717. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  718. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  719. \textrm{7.7}\selectlanguage{french}%
  720. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  721. \textrm{0.03}\selectlanguage{french}%
  722. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  723. \textrm{6.3}\selectlanguage{french}%
  724. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  725. \textrm{0.04}\selectlanguage{french}%
  726. \tabularnewline
  727. \selectlanguage{english}%
  728. \textrm{\textbf{Solar PV}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  729. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  730. \textrm{9.2}\selectlanguage{french}%
  731. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  732. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  733. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  734. \textrm{5.8}\selectlanguage{french}%
  735. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  736. \textrm{0.02}\selectlanguage{french}%
  737. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  738. \textrm{5.1}\selectlanguage{french}%
  739. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  740. \textrm{0.06}\selectlanguage{french}%
  741. \tabularnewline
  742. \selectlanguage{english}%
  743. \textrm{\textbf{Coal}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  744. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  745. \textrm{12.6}\selectlanguage{french}%
  746. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  747. \textrm{0.42}\selectlanguage{french}%
  748. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  749. \textrm{11.5}\selectlanguage{french}%
  750. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  751. \textrm{0.18}\selectlanguage{french}%
  752. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  753. \textrm{12.6}\selectlanguage{french}%
  754. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  755. \textrm{0.01}\selectlanguage{french}%
  756. \tabularnewline
  757. \selectlanguage{english}%
  758. \textrm{\textbf{Oil}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  759. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  760. \textrm{8.2}\selectlanguage{french}%
  761. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  762. \textrm{0.06}\selectlanguage{french}%
  763. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  764. \textrm{9.5}\selectlanguage{french}%
  765. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  766. \textrm{0.03}\selectlanguage{french}%
  767. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  768. \textrm{7.4}\selectlanguage{french}%
  769. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  770. \textrm{0.01}\selectlanguage{french}%
  771. \tabularnewline
  772. \selectlanguage{english}%
  773. \textrm{\textbf{Gas}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  774. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  775. \textrm{13.7}\selectlanguage{french}%
  776. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  777. \textrm{0.21}\selectlanguage{french}%
  778. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  779. \textrm{17.3}\selectlanguage{french}%
  780. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  781. \textrm{0.14}\selectlanguage{french}%
  782. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  783. \textrm{20.2}\selectlanguage{french}%
  784. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  785. \textrm{0.11}\selectlanguage{french}%
  786. \tabularnewline
  787. \selectlanguage{english}%
  788. \textrm{\textbf{Nuclear}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  789. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  790. \textrm{10.4}\selectlanguage{french}%
  791. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  792. \textrm{0.14}\selectlanguage{french}%
  793. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  794. \textrm{7.3}\selectlanguage{french}%
  795. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  796. \textrm{0.19}\selectlanguage{french}%
  797. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  798. \textrm{7.5}\selectlanguage{french}%
  799. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  800. \textrm{0.24}\selectlanguage{french}%
  801. \tabularnewline
  802. \selectlanguage{english}%
  803. \textrm{\textbf{Hydro}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  804. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  805. \textrm{13.1}\selectlanguage{french}%
  806. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  807. \textrm{0.16}\selectlanguage{french}%
  808. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  809. \textrm{12.7}\selectlanguage{french}%
  810. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  811. \textrm{0.18}\selectlanguage{french}%
  812. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  813. \textrm{13.2}\selectlanguage{french}%
  814. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  815. \textrm{0.14}\selectlanguage{french}%
  816. \tabularnewline
  817. \selectlanguage{english}%
  818. \textrm{\textbf{Coal w CCS}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  819. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  820. \textrm{--}\selectlanguage{french}%
  821. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  822. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  823. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  824. \textrm{7.1}\selectlanguage{french}%
  825. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  826. \textrm{0.05}\selectlanguage{french}%
  827. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  828. \textrm{7.2}\selectlanguage{french}%
  829. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  830. \textrm{0.12}\selectlanguage{french}%
  831. \tabularnewline
  832. \selectlanguage{english}%
  833. \textrm{\textbf{Gas w CCS}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  834. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  835. \textrm{--}\selectlanguage{french}%
  836. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  837. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  838. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  839. \textrm{7.9}\selectlanguage{french}%
  840. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  841. \textrm{0.01}\selectlanguage{french}%
  842. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  843. \textrm{9.3}\selectlanguage{french}%
  844. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  845. \textrm{0.05}\selectlanguage{french}%
  846. \tabularnewline
  847. \selectlanguage{english}%
  848. \textrm{\textbf{Biomass \& Waste}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  849. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  850. \textrm{11.3}\selectlanguage{french}%
  851. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  852. \textrm{0.01}\selectlanguage{french}%
  853. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  854. \textrm{5.5}\selectlanguage{french}%
  855. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  856. \textrm{0.06}\selectlanguage{french}%
  857. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  858. \textrm{5.3}\selectlanguage{french}%
  859. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  860. \textrm{0.05}\selectlanguage{french}%
  861. \tabularnewline
  862. \selectlanguage{english}%
  863. \textrm{\textbf{Biomass w. CCS}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  864. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  865. \textrm{--}\selectlanguage{french}%
  866. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  867. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  868. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  869. \textrm{4.6}\selectlanguage{french}%
  870. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  871. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  872. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  873. \textrm{4.1}\selectlanguage{french}%
  874. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  875. \textrm{0.01}\selectlanguage{french}%
  876. \tabularnewline
  877. \selectlanguage{english}%
  878. \textrm{\textbf{Ocean}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  879. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  880. \textrm{5.5}\selectlanguage{french}%
  881. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  882. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  883. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  884. \textrm{2.3}\selectlanguage{french}%
  885. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  886. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  887. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  888. \textrm{3.0}\selectlanguage{french}%
  889. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  890. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  891. \tabularnewline
  892. \selectlanguage{english}%
  893. \textrm{\textbf{Geothermal}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  894. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  895. \textrm{5.1}\selectlanguage{french}%
  896. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  897. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  898. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  899. \textrm{4.6}\selectlanguage{french}%
  900. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  901. \textrm{0.01}\selectlanguage{french}%
  902. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  903. \textrm{4.8}\selectlanguage{french}%
  904. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  905. \textrm{0.02}\selectlanguage{french}%
  906. \tabularnewline
  907. \selectlanguage{english}%
  908. \textrm{\textbf{Solar CSP}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  909. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  910. \textrm{21.0}\selectlanguage{french}%
  911. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  912. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  913. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  914. \textrm{1.4}\selectlanguage{french}%
  915. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  916. \textrm{0.02}\selectlanguage{french}%
  917. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  918. \textrm{1.5}\selectlanguage{french}%
  919. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  920. \textrm{0.06}\selectlanguage{french}%
  921. \tabularnewline
  922. \hline
  923. \selectlanguage{english}%
  924. \textbf{Total}\selectlanguage{french}%
  925. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  926. \textrm{\textbf{8.0}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  927. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  928. \textrm{1.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  929. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  930. \textrm{\textbf{7.3}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  931. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  932. \textrm{1.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  933. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  934. \textrm{\textbf{7.2}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  935. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  936. \textrm{1.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  937. \tabularnewline
  938. \end{tabular}
  939. \end{frame}
  940. \selectlanguage{english}%
  941.  
  942. \begin{frame}{Energy {[}R{]}evolution (+2°C, Greenpeace)}
  943.  
  944. \selectlanguage{french}%
  945. \centering \footnotesize%
  946. \begin{tabular}{c|cc|cc|cc}
  947. \noalign{\vskip-0.5cm}
  948. \multicolumn{1}{c}{\selectlanguage{english}%
  949. \selectlanguage{french}%
  950. } & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\selectlanguage{english}%
  951. \selectlanguage{french}%
  952. } & \selectlanguage{english}%
  953. \selectlanguage{french}%
  954. & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\selectlanguage{english}%
  955. \selectlanguage{french}%
  956. } & \selectlanguage{english}%
  957. \selectlanguage{french}%
  958. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  959. \selectlanguage{french}%
  960. \tabularnewline
  961. \selectlanguage{english}%
  962. \textbf{Year}\selectlanguage{french}%
  963. & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{\selectlanguage{english}%
  964. \textbf{2010}\selectlanguage{french}%
  965. } & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{\selectlanguage{english}%
  966. \textbf{2030}\selectlanguage{french}%
  967. } & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\selectlanguage{english}%
  968. \textbf{2050}\selectlanguage{french}%
  969. }\tabularnewline
  970. \selectlanguage{english}%
  971. \textbf{Variable}\selectlanguage{french}%
  972. & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\selectlanguage{english}%
  973. \textbf{EROI}\selectlanguage{french}%
  974. } & \selectlanguage{english}%
  975. \textbf{mix}\selectlanguage{french}%
  976. & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\selectlanguage{english}%
  977. \textbf{EROI}\selectlanguage{french}%
  978. } & \selectlanguage{english}%
  979. \textbf{mix}\selectlanguage{french}%
  980. & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\selectlanguage{english}%
  981. \textbf{EROI}\selectlanguage{french}%
  982. } & \selectlanguage{english}%
  983. \textbf{mix}\selectlanguage{french}%
  984. \tabularnewline
  985. \hline
  986. \selectlanguage{english}%
  987. \textrm{\textbf{Wind Onshore}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  988. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  989. \textrm{9.4}\selectlanguage{french}%
  990. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  991. \textrm{0.01}\selectlanguage{french}%
  992. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  993. \textrm{7.0}\selectlanguage{french}%
  994. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  995. \textrm{0.15}\selectlanguage{french}%
  996. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  997. \textrm{7.2}\selectlanguage{french}%
  998. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  999. \textrm{0.22}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1000. \tabularnewline
  1001. \selectlanguage{english}%
  1002. \textrm{\textbf{Wind Offshore}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1003. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1004. \textrm{9.3}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1005. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1006. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1007. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1008. \textrm{7.6}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1009. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1010. \textrm{0.03}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1011. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1012. \textrm{6.2}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1013. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1014. \textrm{0.08}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1015. \tabularnewline
  1016. \selectlanguage{english}%
  1017. \textrm{\textbf{Solar PV}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1018. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1019. \textrm{9.2}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1020. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1021. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1022. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1023. \textrm{6.2}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1024. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1025. \textrm{0.11}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1026. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1027. \textrm{5.8}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1028. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1029. \textrm{0.20}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1030. \tabularnewline
  1031. \selectlanguage{english}%
  1032. \textrm{\textbf{Coal}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1033. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1034. \textrm{12.6}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1035. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1036. \textrm{0.42}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1037. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1038. \textrm{6.5}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1039. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1040. \textrm{0.19}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1041. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1042. \textrm{6.6}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1043. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1044. \textrm{0.01}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1045. \tabularnewline
  1046. \selectlanguage{english}%
  1047. \textrm{\textbf{Oil}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1048. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1049. \textrm{8.2}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1050. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1051. \textrm{0.06}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1052. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1053. \textrm{4.3}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1054. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1055. \textrm{0.01}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1056. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1057. \textrm{3.7}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1058. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1059. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1060. \tabularnewline
  1061. \selectlanguage{english}%
  1062. \textrm{\textbf{Gas}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1063. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1064. \textrm{13.7}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1065. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1066. \textrm{0.21}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1067. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1068. \textrm{8.7}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1069. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1070. \textrm{0.21}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1071. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1072. \textrm{9.4}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1073. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1074. \textrm{0.06}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1075. \tabularnewline
  1076. \selectlanguage{english}%
  1077. \textrm{\textbf{Nuclear}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1078. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1079. \textrm{10.4}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1080. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1081. \textrm{0.14}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1082. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1083. \textrm{7.0}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1084. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1085. \textrm{0.02}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1086. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1087. \textrm{7.0}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1088. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1089. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1090. \tabularnewline
  1091. \selectlanguage{english}%
  1092. \textrm{\textbf{Hydro}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1093. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1094. \textrm{13.1}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1095. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1096. \textrm{0.16}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1097. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1098. \textrm{12.6}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1099. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1100. \textrm{0.14}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1101. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1102. \textrm{12.9}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1103. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1104. \textrm{0.10}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1105. \tabularnewline
  1106. \selectlanguage{english}%
  1107. \textrm{\textbf{Coal w CCS}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1108. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1109. \textrm{--}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1110. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1111. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1112. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1113. \textrm{--}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1114. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1115. \textrm{--}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1116. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1117. \textrm{--}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1118. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1119. \textrm{--}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1120. \tabularnewline
  1121. \selectlanguage{english}%
  1122. \textrm{\textbf{Gas w CCS}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1123. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1124. \textrm{--}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1125. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1126. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1127. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1128. \textrm{--}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1129. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1130. \textrm{--}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1131. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1132. \textrm{--}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1133. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1134. \textrm{--}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1135. \tabularnewline
  1136. \selectlanguage{english}%
  1137. \textrm{\textbf{Biomass \& Waste}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1138. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1139. \textrm{11.3}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1140. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1141. \textrm{0.01}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1142. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1143. \textrm{5.4}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1144. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1145. \textrm{0.06}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1146. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1147. \textrm{5.2}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1148. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1149. \textrm{0.06}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1150. \tabularnewline
  1151. \selectlanguage{english}%
  1152. \textrm{\textbf{Biomass w. CCS}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1153. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1154. \textrm{--}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1155. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1156. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1157. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1158. \textrm{--}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1159. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1160. \textrm{--}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1161. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1162. \textrm{--}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1163. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1164. \textrm{--}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1165. \tabularnewline
  1166. \selectlanguage{english}%
  1167. \textrm{\textbf{Ocean}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1168. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1169. \textrm{5.5}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1170. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1171. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1172. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1173. \textrm{2.9}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1174. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1175. \textrm{0.01}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1176. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1177. \textrm{3.8}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1178. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1179. \textrm{0.03}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1180. \tabularnewline
  1181. \selectlanguage{english}%
  1182. \textrm{\textbf{Geothermal}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1183. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1184. \textrm{5.1}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1185. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1186. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1187. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1188. \textrm{4.8}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1189. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1190. \textrm{0.03}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1191. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1192. \textrm{4.9}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1193. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1194. \textrm{0.07}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1195. \tabularnewline
  1196. \selectlanguage{english}%
  1197. \textrm{\textbf{Solar CSP}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1198. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1199. \textrm{21.0}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1200. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1201. \textrm{0.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1202. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1203. \textrm{2.1}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1204. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1205. \textrm{0.05}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1206. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1207. \textrm{2.3}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1208. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1209. \textrm{0.17}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1210. \tabularnewline
  1211. \hline
  1212. \selectlanguage{english}%
  1213. \textbf{Total}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1214. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1215. \textrm{\textbf{8.0}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1216. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1217. \textrm{1.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1218. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1219. \textrm{\textbf{7.0}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1220. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1221. \textrm{1.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1222. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1223. \textrm{\textbf{6.4}}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1224. & \selectlanguage{english}%
  1225. \textrm{1.00}\selectlanguage{french}%
  1226. \tabularnewline
  1227. \end{tabular}
  1228. \end{frame}
  1229. \selectlanguage{english}%
  1230.  
  1231. \subsection{Conclusion}
  1232. \begin{frame}
  1233.  
  1234. \begin{itemize}
  1235. \item The EROIs of renewables decrease, as anticipated
  1236. \item However they remain largely above 1, suggesting that renewables are
  1237. truly sustainable
  1238. \item The system-wide EROI is currently 8.0; it decreases slightly until
  1239. $7.2\pm0.1$ in 2030 and 2050 in both THEMIS scenarios.
  1240. \item The decrease is a little more pronounced in the Greenpeace scenario:
  1241. at 7.0 in 2030 and 6.4 in 2050
  1242. \item First and crude attempt: room for improvement, e.g. including the
  1243. transportation system. However, technical progress is notoriously
  1244. difficult to predict, so we will never know future EROIs for sure
  1245. \end{itemize}
  1246. \end{frame}
  1247. %
  1248. \begin{frame}[allowframebreaks]{}
  1249.  
  1250. \bibliographystyle{plainnatnourl_clean}
  1251. \bibliography{\string"C:/Users/a.fabre/Google Drive/Economie/Articles/Environment\string"}
  1252. \end{frame}
  1253.  
  1254. \end{document}
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